面向彩色图像版权保护的数字水印技术研究
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摘要
近年来,面向版权保护的抗去同步攻击图像水印技术研究取得了很大进展,然而,现有绝大多数鲁棒图像水印算法都是针对灰度图像的,直接用于彩色载体图像的数字水印算法较少。大部分彩色图像方法也只是通过提取其亮度信息或使用单色通道信息嵌入数字水印,由于其未能很好体现彩色图像自身特点及保留不同色彩分量间内在联系,故普遍存在遭受色彩攻击时鲁棒性较差等问题。
本文结合彩色图像自身特点及颜色分量相关性,将传统鲁棒灰度图像水印理论拓展到彩色图像领域,提出了可有效抵抗去同步攻击的新型彩色图像水印理论与方法。具体工作包括
(1)提出了基于彩色图像归一化的数字水印算法。该算法首先根据不变质心理论与颜色分量相关性,构造出原始彩色载体的归一化图像；然后充分利用彩色图像的视觉掩蔽特性,将数字水印信息自适应嵌入到归一化彩色图像重要区域的最低频子带内。进行数字水印检测时,结合颜色分量相关性构造训练特征,并利用支持向量机(SVM)预测能力提取水印信息。
(2)提出了一种基于四元数Legendre矩校正的抗去同步攻击彩色图像水印检测方案。该算法将传统灰度图像的Legendre矩不变量理论推广到四元数层面,并构造出适合于描述彩色图像内容的四元数Legendre矩不变量,并选取部分低阶四元数Legendre矩不变量作为特征向量获得最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)训练模型,提高了彩色图像分类器的性能。
(3)提出了基于局部直方图不变特征的抗去同步攻击彩色图像水印模型。该方案首先构造出性能优越的多尺度概率密度特征点检测器,以提取出均匀而稳定的彩色图像特征点；然后,结合基于概率密度的二阶自相关矩阵,构造出完全仿射不变的局部特征区域；最后,结合位平面与直方图理论,建立起基于局部重要位平面直方图的多比特彩色图像水印模型。
With the advances of multimedia and Internet technologies, digital data can be easily reproduced, manipulated and distributed without any quality degradation. This has resulted in strong demand for preventing illegal use of copyrighted data. Digital watermarking is an important technique for copyright protection and integrity authentication in an open network environment. Generally, digital watermarking is the technology of embedding information (watermark signal) into the multimedia data (such as video, image, audio, and text), called host signal or cover signal, in order to produce watermarked signal for use in certain applications. For different purposes, digital watermarking has been branched into two classifications:robust watermarking technique and fragile watermarking technique. Robust digital watermarking is used to protect ownership of the digital media. In contrast, the purpose of fragile watermarking technique is digital media authentication, that is, to ensure the integrity of the digital media.
In recent years, there has been increasing research interest in robust gray image watermarking, and many robust gray image watermarking algorithms have been developed. With the introduction of color imaging, some of grayscale watermarking techniques have been extended to color images. But, they were mainly designed to mark grayscale images or use the color components, which ignore the significant correlation between different color channels, so they are always fragile to some attacks such as color variation. It is a challenging work to design a robust color image watermarking scheme.
Based on the color image characteristic and the correlation between different color channels, we expanded the traditional robust gray image watermarking to color image, and proposed the new color image watermarking methods against desynchronization attacks. The main contributions of the paper are summarized as follows:
(1) An effective color image watermarking based on new color image normalization is proposed. Firstly, the geometrically invariant space is constructed by using color image normalization. Then, a significant region is obtained from normalized color image by utilizing the invariant centroid theory. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded adaptively into the host color image by modifying the low frequency coefficients, in which the HVS masking is used to control the watermark embedding strength. In watermark detection, according to the high correlation among different color channels of the color image, the digital watermark can be recovered by using SVM technique.
(2) Based on Legendre moment invariants, a robust color image watermark detection method is proposed. Firstly, by using the algebra of quaternions, the quaternion Legendre moments is derived and introduced to deal with the color images in a holistic manner. Secondly, a set of affine invariants is derived from quaternion Legendre moments, which are regarded as the effective feature vectors. Thirdly, the appropriate kernel function is selected for training, and a LS-SVM training model can be obtained. Finally, the watermarked color image is corrected with the well trained LS-SVM model, and the digital watermark is extracted from the corrected watermarked color image.
(3) Based on local invariant histogram, a new color image watermarking model robust to desynchronization attacks is proposed. Firstly, the stable and uniform color image feature points are extracted by the new color image detector, in which the probability density gradient and color invariance model are used. Secondly, the affine invariant local feature regions are constructed adaptivcly according to the variation of local probability density. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the affine invariant local feature regions by modifying the significant bitplane histogram. Experimental results show that the proposed image watermarking model is not only invisible and robust against common image processing operation, but also robust against the global affine transforms and local geometric distortions.
本文结合彩色图像自身特点及颜色分量相关性,将传统鲁棒灰度图像水印理论拓展到彩色图像领域,提出了可有效抵抗去同步攻击的新型彩色图像水印理论与方法。具体工作包括
(1)提出了基于彩色图像归一化的数字水印算法。该算法首先根据不变质心理论与颜色分量相关性,构造出原始彩色载体的归一化图像；然后充分利用彩色图像的视觉掩蔽特性,将数字水印信息自适应嵌入到归一化彩色图像重要区域的最低频子带内。进行数字水印检测时,结合颜色分量相关性构造训练特征,并利用支持向量机(SVM)预测能力提取水印信息。
(2)提出了一种基于四元数Legendre矩校正的抗去同步攻击彩色图像水印检测方案。该算法将传统灰度图像的Legendre矩不变量理论推广到四元数层面,并构造出适合于描述彩色图像内容的四元数Legendre矩不变量,并选取部分低阶四元数Legendre矩不变量作为特征向量获得最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)训练模型,提高了彩色图像分类器的性能。
(3)提出了基于局部直方图不变特征的抗去同步攻击彩色图像水印模型。该方案首先构造出性能优越的多尺度概率密度特征点检测器,以提取出均匀而稳定的彩色图像特征点；然后,结合基于概率密度的二阶自相关矩阵,构造出完全仿射不变的局部特征区域；最后,结合位平面与直方图理论,建立起基于局部重要位平面直方图的多比特彩色图像水印模型。
With the advances of multimedia and Internet technologies, digital data can be easily reproduced, manipulated and distributed without any quality degradation. This has resulted in strong demand for preventing illegal use of copyrighted data. Digital watermarking is an important technique for copyright protection and integrity authentication in an open network environment. Generally, digital watermarking is the technology of embedding information (watermark signal) into the multimedia data (such as video, image, audio, and text), called host signal or cover signal, in order to produce watermarked signal for use in certain applications. For different purposes, digital watermarking has been branched into two classifications:robust watermarking technique and fragile watermarking technique. Robust digital watermarking is used to protect ownership of the digital media. In contrast, the purpose of fragile watermarking technique is digital media authentication, that is, to ensure the integrity of the digital media.
In recent years, there has been increasing research interest in robust gray image watermarking, and many robust gray image watermarking algorithms have been developed. With the introduction of color imaging, some of grayscale watermarking techniques have been extended to color images. But, they were mainly designed to mark grayscale images or use the color components, which ignore the significant correlation between different color channels, so they are always fragile to some attacks such as color variation. It is a challenging work to design a robust color image watermarking scheme.
Based on the color image characteristic and the correlation between different color channels, we expanded the traditional robust gray image watermarking to color image, and proposed the new color image watermarking methods against desynchronization attacks. The main contributions of the paper are summarized as follows:
(1) An effective color image watermarking based on new color image normalization is proposed. Firstly, the geometrically invariant space is constructed by using color image normalization. Then, a significant region is obtained from normalized color image by utilizing the invariant centroid theory. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded adaptively into the host color image by modifying the low frequency coefficients, in which the HVS masking is used to control the watermark embedding strength. In watermark detection, according to the high correlation among different color channels of the color image, the digital watermark can be recovered by using SVM technique.
(2) Based on Legendre moment invariants, a robust color image watermark detection method is proposed. Firstly, by using the algebra of quaternions, the quaternion Legendre moments is derived and introduced to deal with the color images in a holistic manner. Secondly, a set of affine invariants is derived from quaternion Legendre moments, which are regarded as the effective feature vectors. Thirdly, the appropriate kernel function is selected for training, and a LS-SVM training model can be obtained. Finally, the watermarked color image is corrected with the well trained LS-SVM model, and the digital watermark is extracted from the corrected watermarked color image.
(3) Based on local invariant histogram, a new color image watermarking model robust to desynchronization attacks is proposed. Firstly, the stable and uniform color image feature points are extracted by the new color image detector, in which the probability density gradient and color invariance model are used. Secondly, the affine invariant local feature regions are constructed adaptivcly according to the variation of local probability density. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the affine invariant local feature regions by modifying the significant bitplane histogram. Experimental results show that the proposed image watermarking model is not only invisible and robust against common image processing operation, but also robust against the global affine transforms and local geometric distortions.
引文
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