网上示例演练教学系统研究
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摘要
近年来，我国围绕素质教育的开展，掀起了教学改革的浪潮。较为科学的教学改革思想是：充分了解学生获取知识的信息加工过程，根据学生认知过程和特点科学地设计教材和教法，通过启发式的方法引导学生有效地获取知识，发展认知技能。本着这一教学改革的思想，朱新明教授和Simon教授，进行10多年的协作研究提出了示例演练教学法。示例演练教学法将“例中学”和“做中学”有机地结合起来，以“示例演练”作为基本的学习形式，是一种有利于素质教育的教学模式。
本课题在前人对示例演练教学法的研究基础上，深入理解和分析了示例演练教学法。紧紧抓住示例演练教学法符合学生认知规律和适合不同层次学生的两大优点，弥补网络教学中传统教材电子化、缺乏教学策略的不足，尝试着将示例演练教学法应用于网络教学中，以达到两个目的：
1、解决目前网络教学存在的“书本搬家”的问题，使网络教学开展得更好。
2、变传统的“一刀切”的课堂教学模式为分类推进、共同进步，让不同层次的学生在网上示例演练教学环境下都以自己最好的状态进行学习，将自己的潜能最大程度地发挥，进行最有效地学习。
基于以上两个目的，本课题探索了网上示例演练教学模式，从知识库、学生模型、教师模型、支持系统四个方面入手，提出了网上示例演练教学系统模型。并据此模型，选择初中一年级代数为教学内容，设计开发了一个网上示例演练教学系统实例——网上示例演练教学学苑。
Recently, our country have been prevailing the trend of the reform of instruction focusing on the quality education. The more scientific principal of the reform should be as follows: Firstly, the process of information for assimilation of knowledge must be clearly find out. Secondly, Developmental method which instructs students' efficient gain for knowledge and the development for cognitional skills is rooted on these: the students' characteristics of cognitional process and scientific design for textbooks and instruction method. Based on the principle of the above reform of instruction, Prof. ZhuXinMing and Prof. Simon put up with Theory of Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving after ten years' corporative research. The instruction based on this theory systematically combine the "learning from examples" and "learning by doing". The fundamental form of the study model guided by the theory of learning from examples and solving by problems benefits the quality education.
This subject deeply understand and analyse the Theory Of Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving based on the former research for it. One of the two superiorities is the theory's accordance with students' cognitional rule, the other the theory's fitness for different level of students. This theory also crack the inferiority of the electronic edition of the traditional web-based instruction textbooks and the measures. Further, the theory's application to the web-based instruction is tried. All these aimed at the two goals below:
1. Solv ing the problem of "move of books" which exists in current web-based instruction and making the web-based instruction better.
2. The traditional instruction model of "one knife's cutting" are evolved to classified advance and entire progress. This evolve promotes students in different level study most efficiently by the web-based Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving, and exert the greatest potential with the best situation.
Based on the above two goals, this subject delve into the model of the web-based Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving. From the
knowledge-database, students' model - teachers' model and supportive system , the system model of the web-based Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving come into being .On the basis of the model, an applied system called "the study gardening of the web-based Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving are put up with choosing the algebra in the first-grade junior high school.
本课题在前人对示例演练教学法的研究基础上，深入理解和分析了示例演练教学法。紧紧抓住示例演练教学法符合学生认知规律和适合不同层次学生的两大优点，弥补网络教学中传统教材电子化、缺乏教学策略的不足，尝试着将示例演练教学法应用于网络教学中，以达到两个目的：
1、解决目前网络教学存在的“书本搬家”的问题，使网络教学开展得更好。
2、变传统的“一刀切”的课堂教学模式为分类推进、共同进步，让不同层次的学生在网上示例演练教学环境下都以自己最好的状态进行学习，将自己的潜能最大程度地发挥，进行最有效地学习。
基于以上两个目的，本课题探索了网上示例演练教学模式，从知识库、学生模型、教师模型、支持系统四个方面入手，提出了网上示例演练教学系统模型。并据此模型，选择初中一年级代数为教学内容，设计开发了一个网上示例演练教学系统实例——网上示例演练教学学苑。
Recently, our country have been prevailing the trend of the reform of instruction focusing on the quality education. The more scientific principal of the reform should be as follows: Firstly, the process of information for assimilation of knowledge must be clearly find out. Secondly, Developmental method which instructs students' efficient gain for knowledge and the development for cognitional skills is rooted on these: the students' characteristics of cognitional process and scientific design for textbooks and instruction method. Based on the principle of the above reform of instruction, Prof. ZhuXinMing and Prof. Simon put up with Theory of Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving after ten years' corporative research. The instruction based on this theory systematically combine the "learning from examples" and "learning by doing". The fundamental form of the study model guided by the theory of learning from examples and solving by problems benefits the quality education.
This subject deeply understand and analyse the Theory Of Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving based on the former research for it. One of the two superiorities is the theory's accordance with students' cognitional rule, the other the theory's fitness for different level of students. This theory also crack the inferiority of the electronic edition of the traditional web-based instruction textbooks and the measures. Further, the theory's application to the web-based instruction is tried. All these aimed at the two goals below:
1. Solv ing the problem of "move of books" which exists in current web-based instruction and making the web-based instruction better.
2. The traditional instruction model of "one knife's cutting" are evolved to classified advance and entire progress. This evolve promotes students in different level study most efficiently by the web-based Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving, and exert the greatest potential with the best situation.
Based on the above two goals, this subject delve into the model of the web-based Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving. From the
knowledge-database, students' model - teachers' model and supportive system , the system model of the web-based Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving come into being .On the basis of the model, an applied system called "the study gardening of the web-based Learning From Examples And Through Problem Solving are put up with choosing the algebra in the first-grade junior high school.
引文
[1]朱新明、李亦菲著，《示例演练教学法》，辽宁人民出版社，1998年版
[2]朱新明、李亦菲著，《架设人与计算机的桥梁：西蒙的认知与管理心理学》，湖北教育出版社，2000年版
[3]司马贺著，《人类的认知：思维的的信息加工理论》，科学出版社，1986年版
[4]朱新明、司马贺著，《示例演练实验用书代数第一册上》，中央广播电视大学出版社，1997年版
[5]潘菽著，《教育心理学》，人民教育出版社，1983年版
[6]李蔚、楚日辉译，《学习与教学心理学》，教育科学出版社，1986年版
[7]皮连生著，《智育心理学》，人民体育出版社，1996年版
[8]卢仲衡著，《自学辅导心理学》，地质出版社，1987年版
[9]皮连生、王小明、王映学著，《现代认知学习心理学——打开有效学习之门的钥匙》，警官教育出版社，1998年版
[10]陈其弼、周丽华著，《卢仲衡教育心理学论文集》，地质出版社，1997年版
[11]朱新明、李亦菲著，基于示例演练学习模型的LEPS—CAI系统，多媒体与教育，1995b
[12]朱新明、李亦菲著，示例演练学习理论与ICAI，心里发展与教育，VOL(2)
[13]施铁如著，解代数应用题的认知模式，心理学报，1988年第3期
[14]杨忠详、秦裕林、朱新明著，因式分解问题求解的学习系统，中国人工智能学会第四届学术会议论文，1984年
[15]朱新明、司马贺著，通过样例和问题解决建立产生式，心理学报，第2期
[16]Xinming Zhu、Herbert A. Simon, Learning Mathematics From Examples and By Doing,Cognition And Instruction, 1987, 4(3)
[17]Dr. Graham Cooper, Research into Cognitive Load Theory and Instructional Design at UNSW http://www.arts. unsw. edu. au/education/CLT_NET_Aug_97. HTML(1998/12)
[18]李亦菲，示例演练教学法的理论与实践 http://www.Simonedu.com/shililunyishijian.htm
[19]刘国丽、郭铁柱，基于Web的智能远程教学系统
http://www.pcworld.com.cn/99/script/9907/072601c.asp(1999/07/26)
[20]宋文、苗洪霞，网络时代教师角色的转换http://www.edu.cn/20011230/3015823.shtml(2001/12/30)
[21]袁宏伟，远程教学系统：多媒体与网络唱主角http://media.ccidnet.com/media/ciw/881/e0801/htm(1999/12/06)
[22]高丽霞，例谈在“示例演练教学”中如何更有效的提高学生的能力 http://www.simonedu.com/tangshangougu.htm
[23]李玉兰，使用示例演练教材如何过几何入门关 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/liyuelan.htm(2002/06/30)
[24]吴元生，使用示例演练教材，如何进行学法指导 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/wuyusheng.htm
[25]孟志峰，示例演练适合数学教学改革 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/meng.htm
[26]朱得升，浅析示例演练教学法中存在的问题及对策 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/zhudesheng.htm
[27]李洪涛，良好的开端是成功的一半——谈示例演练教学中得导入 http://www.simonedu.com/hebeibajiao.htm
[28]李玉蓉，初中数学示例演练教学”实验初步 http://www.Simonedu.com/allnote/liyurong.htm
[29]郭毅英，示例演练教学法是推进素质教育的杠杆 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/guoyiying.htm
[30]孟中联，使用《示例演练》教学体会点滴 http://www.simonedu.com/tangshan54.htm
[31]赵宝和，奇妙的教材，独特的教法——谈示例演练教学之我见 http://www.Simonedu.com/wampuzhuang.htm(2002/12/01)
[32]柳栋，网络教学的定义 http://www.edu.cn/20020513/3025923.shtml(2002/05/13)
[33]林君芬、余胜泉，关于我国网络课程现状与问题的思考 http://www.edu.cn/20020305/3021721.shtml(2002/03/05)
[34]张家全，利用现代信息技术促进教学过程的改善
http://www.edu.cn/20011119/3010509.shtml(2001/11/19)
[35]周洁贞、王少华，试析远程开放教育模式下的教师角色 http://www.edu/cn/20020320/3023066.shtml(2002/03/20)
[36]利君，TCL教育互联平台 http://online—edu.org/article/article/2772.html(2003/01/11)
[37]陈品德、克东，应性教育超媒体系统——模型、方法与技术http://czdj.czedu.com.cn/yjzy/llyj/lkdlw/llkdlw6.htm
[38]林金霖著，《ASP实务经典》，中国铁道出版社，1999年版
[39]邓文渊、陈惠贞、陈俊荣著，《ASP与网页数据库设计》，中国铁道出版社，2001年版
[40]杨洪涛著，《Dreamweaver 3.0网页设计制作指南》，科学出版社，2000年版
[41]王珏、王瑞波著，《Photoshop 5平面设计与实例》，电子工业出版社，2000年版
[2]朱新明、李亦菲著，《架设人与计算机的桥梁：西蒙的认知与管理心理学》，湖北教育出版社，2000年版
[3]司马贺著，《人类的认知：思维的的信息加工理论》，科学出版社，1986年版
[4]朱新明、司马贺著，《示例演练实验用书代数第一册上》，中央广播电视大学出版社，1997年版
[5]潘菽著，《教育心理学》，人民教育出版社，1983年版
[6]李蔚、楚日辉译，《学习与教学心理学》，教育科学出版社，1986年版
[7]皮连生著，《智育心理学》，人民体育出版社，1996年版
[8]卢仲衡著，《自学辅导心理学》，地质出版社，1987年版
[9]皮连生、王小明、王映学著，《现代认知学习心理学——打开有效学习之门的钥匙》，警官教育出版社，1998年版
[10]陈其弼、周丽华著，《卢仲衡教育心理学论文集》，地质出版社，1997年版
[11]朱新明、李亦菲著，基于示例演练学习模型的LEPS—CAI系统，多媒体与教育，1995b
[12]朱新明、李亦菲著，示例演练学习理论与ICAI，心里发展与教育，VOL(2)
[13]施铁如著，解代数应用题的认知模式，心理学报，1988年第3期
[14]杨忠详、秦裕林、朱新明著，因式分解问题求解的学习系统，中国人工智能学会第四届学术会议论文，1984年
[15]朱新明、司马贺著，通过样例和问题解决建立产生式，心理学报，第2期
[16]Xinming Zhu、Herbert A. Simon, Learning Mathematics From Examples and By Doing,Cognition And Instruction, 1987, 4(3)
[17]Dr. Graham Cooper, Research into Cognitive Load Theory and Instructional Design at UNSW http://www.arts. unsw. edu. au/education/CLT_NET_Aug_97. HTML(1998/12)
[18]李亦菲，示例演练教学法的理论与实践 http://www.Simonedu.com/shililunyishijian.htm
[19]刘国丽、郭铁柱，基于Web的智能远程教学系统
http://www.pcworld.com.cn/99/script/9907/072601c.asp(1999/07/26)
[20]宋文、苗洪霞，网络时代教师角色的转换http://www.edu.cn/20011230/3015823.shtml(2001/12/30)
[21]袁宏伟，远程教学系统：多媒体与网络唱主角http://media.ccidnet.com/media/ciw/881/e0801/htm(1999/12/06)
[22]高丽霞，例谈在“示例演练教学”中如何更有效的提高学生的能力 http://www.simonedu.com/tangshangougu.htm
[23]李玉兰，使用示例演练教材如何过几何入门关 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/liyuelan.htm(2002/06/30)
[24]吴元生，使用示例演练教材，如何进行学法指导 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/wuyusheng.htm
[25]孟志峰，示例演练适合数学教学改革 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/meng.htm
[26]朱得升，浅析示例演练教学法中存在的问题及对策 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/zhudesheng.htm
[27]李洪涛，良好的开端是成功的一半——谈示例演练教学中得导入 http://www.simonedu.com/hebeibajiao.htm
[28]李玉蓉，初中数学示例演练教学”实验初步 http://www.Simonedu.com/allnote/liyurong.htm
[29]郭毅英，示例演练教学法是推进素质教育的杠杆 http://www.simonedu.com/allnote/guoyiying.htm
[30]孟中联，使用《示例演练》教学体会点滴 http://www.simonedu.com/tangshan54.htm
[31]赵宝和，奇妙的教材，独特的教法——谈示例演练教学之我见 http://www.Simonedu.com/wampuzhuang.htm(2002/12/01)
[32]柳栋，网络教学的定义 http://www.edu.cn/20020513/3025923.shtml(2002/05/13)
[33]林君芬、余胜泉，关于我国网络课程现状与问题的思考 http://www.edu.cn/20020305/3021721.shtml(2002/03/05)
[34]张家全，利用现代信息技术促进教学过程的改善
http://www.edu.cn/20011119/3010509.shtml(2001/11/19)
[35]周洁贞、王少华，试析远程开放教育模式下的教师角色 http://www.edu/cn/20020320/3023066.shtml(2002/03/20)
[36]利君，TCL教育互联平台 http://online—edu.org/article/article/2772.html(2003/01/11)
[37]陈品德、克东，应性教育超媒体系统——模型、方法与技术http://czdj.czedu.com.cn/yjzy/llyj/lkdlw/llkdlw6.htm
[38]林金霖著，《ASP实务经典》，中国铁道出版社，1999年版
[39]邓文渊、陈惠贞、陈俊荣著，《ASP与网页数据库设计》，中国铁道出版社，2001年版
[40]杨洪涛著，《Dreamweaver 3.0网页设计制作指南》，科学出版社，2000年版
[41]王珏、王瑞波著，《Photoshop 5平面设计与实例》，电子工业出版社，2000年版