半导体光放大器的高速动态特性及应用于光信号处理的基础研究
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摘要
互联网业务的飞速发展，对光通信网络的带宽需求越来越大，推动光通信网络向具有超高速光传输和大容量光交换能力的全光网络方向发展。其中，骨干网中网络节点的全光透明对具备全光信号处理的光子器件提出了更高的要求，研究具有超高速、低功耗、集成化的全光信号处理集成芯片成为关键。半导体光放大器（SOA）具有非线性大、体积小、功耗低、易于集成等优点被认为是全光信号处理中非常有前景的非线性光学器件，因而成为国内外研究的热点。但是SOA存在载流子恢复速度慢，难以实现超高工作速率的缺点。针对超高速全光信号处理对SOA工作速率的要求，本文对SOA的增益、相位动态中的超快动态特性及相关的一些基本物理问题进行了深入研究，主要的研究成果和贡献有以下几个方面：
1.全面介绍和分析了与SOA超快动态特性相关的载流子速率方程及光波动方程。根据研究SOA超快动态特性和超高速光信号处理的要求，建立了一个包含带内、带间物理效应以及增益色散和群速色散等物理过程的SOA数值模型。
2.研究了SOA超快带内非线性效应对SOA增益和相位的贡献，数值论证了SOA相位恢复中存在超快的恢复过程。深入分析了SOA相位恢复特性与脉冲宽度的关系，发现在超短光脉冲入射条件下，SOA中会存在较强的载流子加热效应，使得SOA的相位动态中出现超快的恢复过程；在分析带内、带间非线性效应与泵浦脉冲在时间上对应关系的基础上，解释了相位和增益之间存在时间延迟的原因，并进一步分析了时延与泵浦脉冲宽度及泵浦脉冲峰值功率的变化关系；分析了载流子寿命与工作条件的关系，研究了直流光功率、SOA的工作电流和SOA有源区的长度对SOA增益恢复速度的影响，为优化SOA参数以提高其工作速率提供了依据。
3.采用泵浦-探测（pump-probe）的实验方案，实验验证了SOA相位中存在超快的恢复过程。结果显示在宽度为2ps的泵浦光脉冲输入下，超快相位恢复过程的持续时间约为2ps，对于相位恢复的贡献约为20%（0.15弧度）。基于测量的SOA增益变化和相位变化，分析了SOA线宽增强因子的时分变化特性；结果显示在短脉冲入射下，由于SOA中的超快非线性效应具有不同的增益和相位响应，导致SOA的线宽增强因子表现出较为强烈的变化，其中与载流子密度相关的线宽增强因子最小值约为4.5，并随着载流子密度的恢复而逐渐增大。
4.深入研究了不同工作条件下SOA的啁啾变化特性，发现泵浦光产生的增益饱和的增加会导致SOA载流子恢复速度的增大从而引起SOA蓝移啁啾的增大。深入分析了码型效应引起的SOA啁啾变化特性并解释了相关的物理原因，在此基础上系统地论述了失谐滤波技术消除码型效应的原理。论证了采用失谐滤波技术能够实现640Gbit/s的全光波长转换。
5.研究了对向传输模式下SOA的超快动态特性。发现在对向传输模式下SOA增益和相位动态中具有相对较小的超快恢复过程，同时具有大的增益饱和时间，导致SOA很难具有高的工作速率；提出通过减小SOA的长度来增加SOA增益和相位的超快恢复过程以实现对向传输模式下的超高速光信号处理的解决方案。
6.研究了将蓝移失谐滤波技术引入对向传输模式中来提高SOA工作速率的方案，实验论证了对向传输模式下蓝移滤波技术有效性，实现了无误码的同波长和不同波长的40Gbit/s的高速全光波长转换。
With the rapid progress of internet services, the demand for bandwidth isdramatically increasing, and optical communication networks are developing towardsall-optical networks to achieve all-optical transparency at the network notes, inparticular, for the backbone networks. One key factor in the all-optical networks is todevelop the optical signal processing integrated chips, which have the advantages ofultra-fast operating speed, low power consumption, and large scale of integration. Thesemiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are promising devices in the all-optical signalprocessing due to the small size, low power consumption, high nonlinearity and beeasily integrated with other semiconductor devices. The main drawback of the SOA isthe slow carrier density recovery speed, which limits its operating speed. In order tomeet the requirements of high speed optical signal processing, it is desirable that theSOAs can operate in high speed. Based on this consideration, the SOA ultra-fastdynamical characteristics and the associated physical phenomenon are studied. Themain contributions of this dissertation are summarized as following:
1. The basic propagation equation of electromagnetic field and the carrier rateequation for the SOAs are introduced, and the ultrafast intraband carrier dynamics areanalyzed. To meet the requirements of investigating the SOA ultrafast dynamics andultra high-speed optical signal processing, an extended SOA model, which includes theultrafast nonlinear effects, is built up.
2. The contributions of the intraband effects for the gain dynamics and phasedynamics of SOA under different pulse width injection are investigated, and theultrafast phase recovery in the phase dynamics is demonstrated. It is found that thecarrier heating (CH) becomes stronger due to the relative long relaxation time of CHwhen the ultrashort pump pulse is injected, resulting in a ultrafast phase recovery inphase dynamics of SOA. The reason why the delay occurs between SOA gain dynamicsand phase dynamics is explained by analyzing the timescales of the intraband effectsand interband effect. The delay variations with the pulse width and peak pulse power arealso investigated. The impact of the SOA operating conditions on carrier lifetime is investigated，which are useful to increase the SOA operating speed.
3. The ultrafast phase recovery in phase dynamics of SOA is demonstrated by thepump-probe experiment based on an integrated SOA-MZI. The results show that theultrafast phase recovery contributes about20%phase recovery (0.15rad) and theduration of the ultrafast process is about2ps when the pump pulse width is2ps. Basedon the measured gain dynamics and phase dynamics, the variation of time-resolvedlinewidth enhancement factor (α-factor) is investigated. The results show that theα-factor drastically varies when the short pump pulse injection due to different phaseresponses of intraband effects and interband effects, and the α-factor related to thecarriery density increases with the carrier density recovery from the minimum of4.5.
4. The chirp variation characteristics of SOA are analyzed under the injection ofclock pulses and random pulses. It is found that the gain saturation induced by pumppulses can increase recovery speed of carrier density, which results in larger blue-shiftchirp. The chirp variation characteristics induced by bit pattern are analyzed in detailand the physical explanation is given, the further comprehensively explanation theoperating principle of using blue-shift band pass filter to reduce the bit pattern effect isalso given. The640Gbit/s all-optical wavelength conversion is numericallydemonstrated by using a blue-shift Gaussian band pass filter.
5. The SOA ultrafast dynamical characteristics related to the gain dynamics,phase dynamics and chirp dynamics are investigated in the counter-propagating setup. Itis found that the SOA has smaller ultrafast recovery in the gain and phase dynamics inthe counter-propagating setup than in co-propagating setup. The smaller ultrafastrecovery also results in the smaller blue-shift in the chirp. It is also found that the gainsaturation time is a key factor of limiting the SOA operating speed in thecounter-propagating setup. The gain saturation time becomes large with the increase ofthe SOA active region length. And it can be decreased with the increase of work currentand pulse energy. To solve the the SOA slow operating speed in the counter-propagatingsetup, an effective way is to reduce the SOA active region length to increase the SOAultrafast dynamics. The ultrafast operating speed can be also achieved with theassistance of detuning filter or delay interferometer.
6. The blue-shift detuning filter technology is induced in the counter-propagatingsetup and its feasibility to achieve high speed all-optical wavelength conversion is demonstrated. A high-speed optical wavelength converter is presented, which is capableof converting the data to the same wavelength using a single semiconductor opticalamplifier in counter-propagating setup. Error-free wavelength conversion to a differentwavelength or the same wavelength is demonstrated at a bit-rate of40Gbit/s.
1.全面介绍和分析了与SOA超快动态特性相关的载流子速率方程及光波动方程。根据研究SOA超快动态特性和超高速光信号处理的要求，建立了一个包含带内、带间物理效应以及增益色散和群速色散等物理过程的SOA数值模型。
2.研究了SOA超快带内非线性效应对SOA增益和相位的贡献，数值论证了SOA相位恢复中存在超快的恢复过程。深入分析了SOA相位恢复特性与脉冲宽度的关系，发现在超短光脉冲入射条件下，SOA中会存在较强的载流子加热效应，使得SOA的相位动态中出现超快的恢复过程；在分析带内、带间非线性效应与泵浦脉冲在时间上对应关系的基础上，解释了相位和增益之间存在时间延迟的原因，并进一步分析了时延与泵浦脉冲宽度及泵浦脉冲峰值功率的变化关系；分析了载流子寿命与工作条件的关系，研究了直流光功率、SOA的工作电流和SOA有源区的长度对SOA增益恢复速度的影响，为优化SOA参数以提高其工作速率提供了依据。
3.采用泵浦-探测（pump-probe）的实验方案，实验验证了SOA相位中存在超快的恢复过程。结果显示在宽度为2ps的泵浦光脉冲输入下，超快相位恢复过程的持续时间约为2ps，对于相位恢复的贡献约为20%（0.15弧度）。基于测量的SOA增益变化和相位变化，分析了SOA线宽增强因子的时分变化特性；结果显示在短脉冲入射下，由于SOA中的超快非线性效应具有不同的增益和相位响应，导致SOA的线宽增强因子表现出较为强烈的变化，其中与载流子密度相关的线宽增强因子最小值约为4.5，并随着载流子密度的恢复而逐渐增大。
4.深入研究了不同工作条件下SOA的啁啾变化特性，发现泵浦光产生的增益饱和的增加会导致SOA载流子恢复速度的增大从而引起SOA蓝移啁啾的增大。深入分析了码型效应引起的SOA啁啾变化特性并解释了相关的物理原因，在此基础上系统地论述了失谐滤波技术消除码型效应的原理。论证了采用失谐滤波技术能够实现640Gbit/s的全光波长转换。
5.研究了对向传输模式下SOA的超快动态特性。发现在对向传输模式下SOA增益和相位动态中具有相对较小的超快恢复过程，同时具有大的增益饱和时间，导致SOA很难具有高的工作速率；提出通过减小SOA的长度来增加SOA增益和相位的超快恢复过程以实现对向传输模式下的超高速光信号处理的解决方案。
6.研究了将蓝移失谐滤波技术引入对向传输模式中来提高SOA工作速率的方案，实验论证了对向传输模式下蓝移滤波技术有效性，实现了无误码的同波长和不同波长的40Gbit/s的高速全光波长转换。
With the rapid progress of internet services, the demand for bandwidth isdramatically increasing, and optical communication networks are developing towardsall-optical networks to achieve all-optical transparency at the network notes, inparticular, for the backbone networks. One key factor in the all-optical networks is todevelop the optical signal processing integrated chips, which have the advantages ofultra-fast operating speed, low power consumption, and large scale of integration. Thesemiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are promising devices in the all-optical signalprocessing due to the small size, low power consumption, high nonlinearity and beeasily integrated with other semiconductor devices. The main drawback of the SOA isthe slow carrier density recovery speed, which limits its operating speed. In order tomeet the requirements of high speed optical signal processing, it is desirable that theSOAs can operate in high speed. Based on this consideration, the SOA ultra-fastdynamical characteristics and the associated physical phenomenon are studied. Themain contributions of this dissertation are summarized as following:
1. The basic propagation equation of electromagnetic field and the carrier rateequation for the SOAs are introduced, and the ultrafast intraband carrier dynamics areanalyzed. To meet the requirements of investigating the SOA ultrafast dynamics andultra high-speed optical signal processing, an extended SOA model, which includes theultrafast nonlinear effects, is built up.
2. The contributions of the intraband effects for the gain dynamics and phasedynamics of SOA under different pulse width injection are investigated, and theultrafast phase recovery in the phase dynamics is demonstrated. It is found that thecarrier heating (CH) becomes stronger due to the relative long relaxation time of CHwhen the ultrashort pump pulse is injected, resulting in a ultrafast phase recovery inphase dynamics of SOA. The reason why the delay occurs between SOA gain dynamicsand phase dynamics is explained by analyzing the timescales of the intraband effectsand interband effect. The delay variations with the pulse width and peak pulse power arealso investigated. The impact of the SOA operating conditions on carrier lifetime is investigated，which are useful to increase the SOA operating speed.
3. The ultrafast phase recovery in phase dynamics of SOA is demonstrated by thepump-probe experiment based on an integrated SOA-MZI. The results show that theultrafast phase recovery contributes about20%phase recovery (0.15rad) and theduration of the ultrafast process is about2ps when the pump pulse width is2ps. Basedon the measured gain dynamics and phase dynamics, the variation of time-resolvedlinewidth enhancement factor (α-factor) is investigated. The results show that theα-factor drastically varies when the short pump pulse injection due to different phaseresponses of intraband effects and interband effects, and the α-factor related to thecarriery density increases with the carrier density recovery from the minimum of4.5.
4. The chirp variation characteristics of SOA are analyzed under the injection ofclock pulses and random pulses. It is found that the gain saturation induced by pumppulses can increase recovery speed of carrier density, which results in larger blue-shiftchirp. The chirp variation characteristics induced by bit pattern are analyzed in detailand the physical explanation is given, the further comprehensively explanation theoperating principle of using blue-shift band pass filter to reduce the bit pattern effect isalso given. The640Gbit/s all-optical wavelength conversion is numericallydemonstrated by using a blue-shift Gaussian band pass filter.
5. The SOA ultrafast dynamical characteristics related to the gain dynamics,phase dynamics and chirp dynamics are investigated in the counter-propagating setup. Itis found that the SOA has smaller ultrafast recovery in the gain and phase dynamics inthe counter-propagating setup than in co-propagating setup. The smaller ultrafastrecovery also results in the smaller blue-shift in the chirp. It is also found that the gainsaturation time is a key factor of limiting the SOA operating speed in thecounter-propagating setup. The gain saturation time becomes large with the increase ofthe SOA active region length. And it can be decreased with the increase of work currentand pulse energy. To solve the the SOA slow operating speed in the counter-propagatingsetup, an effective way is to reduce the SOA active region length to increase the SOAultrafast dynamics. The ultrafast operating speed can be also achieved with theassistance of detuning filter or delay interferometer.
6. The blue-shift detuning filter technology is induced in the counter-propagatingsetup and its feasibility to achieve high speed all-optical wavelength conversion is demonstrated. A high-speed optical wavelength converter is presented, which is capableof converting the data to the same wavelength using a single semiconductor opticalamplifier in counter-propagating setup. Error-free wavelength conversion to a differentwavelength or the same wavelength is demonstrated at a bit-rate of40Gbit/s.
引文
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