改性阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成及絮凝性能研究
|
摘要
本文对阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备及应用进行了初步的研究和探索。丙烯酰胺(AM)分别与二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC),甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)和丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)三种阳离子单体为原料,通过水溶液聚合,合成二元共聚的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺。并引入丙烯酸进一步合成了三元共聚的丙烯酰胺,而且将此三元共聚物与超支化聚酰胺胺进行接枝反应。采用Bruker-Tensor27型傅立叶变换红外分光光度仪表征了合成的几种产物的结构;并通过对聚合物特性粘度,阳离子度等的测定,讨论各因素对产物性能的影响,实验优化聚合条件为单体浓度为30%,DAC与AM摩尔比为3∶7,聚合温度为5℃,K2S2O8-NaHSO3为氧化还原低温段引发剂,浓度为0.05‰(对单体总量)其摩尔比为1∶2,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为高温段引发剂,浓度为0.125‰,尿素为溶解助剂,乙二胺四乙酸二钠为聚合络合剂,得到分子量为619×104的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)。实验对制得的聚合物进行了模拟三元复合驱污水的絮凝性能实验,把未接枝阳离子聚丙烯酰胺,阳离子改性和未改性超支化聚酰胺胺接枝聚合物的絮凝性能及不同丙烯酸含量接枝聚合物絮凝性能进行了比较。实验得出,接枝比未接枝聚合物具有更好的絮凝性,改性后超支化聚酰胺胺接枝物具有更明显的絮凝性,丙烯酸含量考察发现含量为30%时,阳离子改性超支化聚酰胺胺接枝共聚物具有最佳的絮凝效果,透光率可达94.3%。
In this paper, the synthesis and application of the cationic polymer flocculant were researched and discussed. Dual copolymerization cationic polyacrylamide was synthesized with acrylamide(AM) and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride(DMDAAC), methacry loyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(DMC), acyrloxyethyl trimethyl ammoniumchloride(DAC) separately, as raw materials, through the aqueous solution polymerization. On the basis of these, we synthesized ternary copolymer of cationic polyacrylamide. Then took this terpolymers react with hyperbranched polyamide. The structure of products’characteristic by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer of Bruker-Tensor27, and we discussed the impact on the flocculation, throgh determined the intrinsic viscosity, cationic degree of the copolymer. The results of optimized conditions experiment showed that the concentration of monomer was 30%, the molar ratio of DMDAAC and AM is 3:7, the reaction temperature was 30℃, the amount of initiators at the low temperature stage was 0.05‰(compared to the weight of the monomers joining the polymerization), the molar ratio of K2S2O8 to NaHSO3 is 1:2, while azoisobutyronitrile was initiators at the high temperature stage, ascertain the optimum dosage which is 0.125‰, auxiliaries for the dissolution of carbamide, EDTA disodium (EDTA-2Na) complexing agent for polymerization, nitrogen to oxygen displacement agent, then the high molecular weight cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM)(M= 619×104) could be got. The properties experiment of asp flooding simulated sewage on product, put not grafted cationic polyacrylamide, cationic modified or unmodified amino grafting hyperbranched polymer polyamide and different acrylic content grafted polymer flocculation properties are compared. Experimentally derived, graft better than no graft polymer, the modified hyperbranched polyamidoamine grafted with a more obvious flocculation. The results showed that the cationic polymer which obtained through reaction of acrylic acid terpolymer content of 30% and modified hyperbranched polyamidoamine had the best flocculation for the simulated oilfield water which was treated could reach a maximum transmission rate of 94.3%.
In this paper, the synthesis and application of the cationic polymer flocculant were researched and discussed. Dual copolymerization cationic polyacrylamide was synthesized with acrylamide(AM) and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride(DMDAAC), methacry loyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(DMC), acyrloxyethyl trimethyl ammoniumchloride(DAC) separately, as raw materials, through the aqueous solution polymerization. On the basis of these, we synthesized ternary copolymer of cationic polyacrylamide. Then took this terpolymers react with hyperbranched polyamide. The structure of products’characteristic by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer of Bruker-Tensor27, and we discussed the impact on the flocculation, throgh determined the intrinsic viscosity, cationic degree of the copolymer. The results of optimized conditions experiment showed that the concentration of monomer was 30%, the molar ratio of DMDAAC and AM is 3:7, the reaction temperature was 30℃, the amount of initiators at the low temperature stage was 0.05‰(compared to the weight of the monomers joining the polymerization), the molar ratio of K2S2O8 to NaHSO3 is 1:2, while azoisobutyronitrile was initiators at the high temperature stage, ascertain the optimum dosage which is 0.125‰, auxiliaries for the dissolution of carbamide, EDTA disodium (EDTA-2Na) complexing agent for polymerization, nitrogen to oxygen displacement agent, then the high molecular weight cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM)(M= 619×104) could be got. The properties experiment of asp flooding simulated sewage on product, put not grafted cationic polyacrylamide, cationic modified or unmodified amino grafting hyperbranched polymer polyamide and different acrylic content grafted polymer flocculation properties are compared. Experimentally derived, graft better than no graft polymer, the modified hyperbranched polyamidoamine grafted with a more obvious flocculation. The results showed that the cationic polymer which obtained through reaction of acrylic acid terpolymer content of 30% and modified hyperbranched polyamidoamine had the best flocculation for the simulated oilfield water which was treated could reach a maximum transmission rate of 94.3%.
引文
[1]房秀福,李浩然,王玉兰.水处理中絮凝剂的研究进展[J],黑龙江水利科技,2005,33(3):36~37.
[2] Bolto B A. Prog Polym Sci, 1995, 20: 1012-1016.
[3]黄志宇,何难,钱卫民.阳离子聚合物絮凝剂的研究[J].油气田环境保护,1995,5(4):8~11.
[4]蔡开勇,王久芬.超高相对分子质量聚丙烯酰胺的研究现状与进展[J].化工新型材料,1998,8:25~27.
[5]申迎华,王斌,王志忠.有机高分子絮凝剂在污泥脱水中的应用[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2004,20(5):55~85.
[6]高宝玉,岳钦艳等.有机絮凝剂聚环氧氯丙烷胺的脱色性能研究田[J].工业水处理,2005,25(10):39~41.
[7]刘宇程,万里平,陈明燕.水处理絮凝剂研究进展[J].化工时刊,2005,15(5):83~86.
[8]卢红霞.水处理用阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝性能研究[D].青岛:青岛科技大学,2007,4~6.
[9] Gupta K C, Khandekar K. Graftcopolymerization of acrymide-methylacryate comonmers onto cellulose using ceric ammonium nitrate[J]. Appl Polym. Sci. 2002, 86: 2631~2642.
[10] Zhang L M. Preparation and anti-clay-swelling ability of new water-soluble cellulose derivatives containing quaternary ammonium groups[J]. J Appl Polym Sci. 2001, 79: 1416~1422.
[11] Mohamed I K, Amal A A. Preparation and evaluation of some cationic starch derivatives as flocculants[J]. Starch/Starke, 2001, 53: 84~89.
[12]陆兴章,高华兴等.HC型阳离子高分子絮凝剂的絮凝性能及其应用研究[J].环境污治,1994,16(6):6~10.
[13]尹华,彭辉.天然高分子改性阳离子絮凝剂的合成及其性能与机理的研究[J].重庆环境科学,1999,21(6):18~22.
[14]李琪.反相乳液聚合制备阳离子高分子絮凝剂Poly(ADC-AM)研究[D].2005:5~6.
[15]王进,赵传山,陈夫山等.阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的助留助滤性能[J].造纸化学品,2003,1(1):56~58.
[16]蔡开勇,王久芬.超高相对分子质量聚丙烯酰胺的研究现状与进展[J].1998,8:25~28.
[17]张昕,郑广宏,乔俊莲,顾国维.微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理初探[J].江苏环境科技,2007,20(2):104~110..
[18]李志康.微生物絮凝剂在污水处理中的应用[J].时代文学,2007,11:3~5.
[19]赵凤,张蔚萍,胡庆华.微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理及应用研究[J].环境与可持续发展,2009,2:6~8.
[20] Hocking M B, Syme D T. Water-soluble imid-amide copolymers: Preparation and characterization of poly(acrylamide-co-solium N-(4-sulfophenyl)maleeimide)[J], Polym. Sci.part A: Polym Chem, 1990.28:2949.
[21] Yao K J, Zhuo G W. Synthesis and rheological properyies in aqueous solution of poly(acylamides-co-sodium allylsulfonate)[J], Appl.Polym. Sci., 1992, 44:1~7.
[22] McCarron A M, Crispo S, Smith-Palmer, the floccatino of kaolin by cationic PolyaCrylmaides and the effect of cationi surfactant on this process[J], Jounal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 83(11):2382~2389.
[23]佟瑞利,赵娜娜,刘成蹊,许泽胜.无机、有机高分子絮凝剂絮凝机理及进展[J].河北化工,2007,20(3):3~6.
[24]汤鸿霄.羟基聚合氯化铝的絮凝形态学[J].环境科学学报,1998,18(1):1~8.
[25]古昌红.有机高分子絮凝剂絮凝机理的研究进展[J].重庆工商大学学报,2007,24(6):573~576.
[26]鞠耐霜,曾文江.阳离子型聚丙烯酞胺合成与絮凝特性研究[J].化学世界,1999:260~264.
[27]李琪.反相乳液聚合制备阳离子高分子絮凝剂Poly(ADC-AM)研究[D],江苏:江南大学,2005,5~6.
[28]常青.二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵一丙烯酰胺共聚物的研究[J].兰州铁道学院学:自然科学版,2000,19(4):48~50.
[29]古昌红.有机高分子絮凝剂絮凝机理的研究进展[J].重庆工商大学学报,2007,24(6):573~576.
[30]任淑霞,陈樑，赵宏庆.阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的研究进展[J].天津化工,2007,21(4):1~3.
[31]潘祖仁.高分子化学(第三版)[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2003:17~81.
[32]吕生华,俞从正,章川波等.阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备与应用[J].西北轻工业学院学报,2000,18(4):17~21.
[33]闻振乾,钟宏,符剑刚,张文轩.阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的研究概况[J].材料研究与应用,2008,2(2):98~102.
[34]朱驯.阳离子单体DBPMA合成及改性聚丙烯酰胺的研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2000.
[35]马喜平,邵定波.阳离子化聚丙烯酰胺的合成及絮凝性能研究[J],油田化学,1999,16(1):37~40.
[36]胡瑞,周华.复合引发体系制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其应用[J].工业废水与用水,2006,37(1):73~75.
[37]赵彦生,李万捷,沈敬之等.淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的合成及其性能[J].水处理技术,1994,20(6):370~373.
[38]范宏,陈卓.淀粉/DMDAAC-AM接枝共聚物的合成及表征[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2002,l8(3):62~65.
[39]尹华,彭辉等.淀粉改性阳离子絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能研究[J].环境科学与技术,2000,1:13~15.
[40]卢绍杰,刘瑞贤,孙希明等.淀粉接枝聚丙烯酰胺反相胶乳的胺甲基化反应[J].化学通报,1998(9):48~51.
[41]巫拱生.玉米淀粉聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的应用研究[J].精细化工,1989,6(5):16~19.
[42] Mohamed I K, Amal A A. Preparation and evaluation of some cationic starch derivatives as flocculants[J]. Starch/Starke, 2001, 53: 84~89.
[43] Mallon, et al. Cationic water-soluble polymer precipitation in salt solutions[P]. US6, 013, 708, 2000-01-11.
[44] Cai, et al. Method for manufacturing grafted polyacrylamide flocculant of cationic/ampholyticions[P]. US5, 990, 216, 1999-11-23.
[45]张跃军等.阳离子絮凝剂PDA的合成与应用研究-对废纸再生造纸废水的处理研究[J].工业水处理,2001,21(2):12~15.
[46]马青山,张龙等.丙烯酰胺-丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵共聚物的合成及絮凝作用[J].高分子材料工程学报,2000,15(6):59~61.
[47]孙艳霞,车吉泰.高相对分子质量丙烯酰胺-DAC共聚物的研制[J].精细石油化工进展.2003,4(9):44~45。
[48]钱军.阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的生产应用及体会[J].西南造纸,2001,(2):20~23.
[49]赵吉滨.共聚粉状阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺的生产方法[P] .中国专利,ZL1590421.2005-03-09.
[50]吕广明,仲剑初,孙晶.阳离子型高分子絮凝剂及其制备方法[P].中国专利,ZL1247838.2000-03-22.
[51]钟宏,闻振乾,符剑刚,张文轩.高聚合度阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺的合成研究[J].应用化工,2008,32(2):117~120.
[52]赵松梅,刘昆元.二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵/丙烯酰胺共聚物的合成[J].北京化工大学学报,2005,32(4):29~32.
[53]于兵川,吴洪特,王湘平.二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺共聚物的结构表征[J].化工进展,2003,22(7):731~734.
[54]吴全才.PDA阳离子型絮凝剂合成及应用的研究[J].工业水处理.1997,17(4):40~42.
[55]田立颖,杜杨,吉法祥,魏焕曹.二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺共聚物的合成与结构表征[J].精细化工,2000,17(10):567~569.
[56]陶有和.特高分子阳离子聚丙烯酰胺制备方法[P] .中国专利,CN1824682A.2006-08-30.
[57]胡忠前,马喜平,王宁升,陶永平.甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵/丙烯酰胺共聚物溶液性质研究[J],长江大学学报,2007,4(1):51~54.
[58]孔凡亭.水分散型阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝性能研[J].河南化工,2008,8:21~25.
[59]丁伟,张艳秋,于涛等.新型超高相对分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成[J].胶体与聚合物.2004,23(4):23~25.
[60]程芹,孙艳霞等.高分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法[P].中国专利,CN1834127A,2006-09-20.
[61]丁伟.丙烯酰胺类聚合物合成及性能研究[D].黑龙江:大庆石油学院,2005.
[62]王春晓,董利,梁志.低温引发制备高阳离子度絮凝剂[J].化工时刊,2008,22(3):34~37.
[63]李琪,蒋平平,卢云,张典鹏.反相乳液聚合法制备阳离子型高分子絮凝剂Poly(DAC-AM)[J].江南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,5(5):581~584.
[64]任淑霞,陈樑，赵宏庆．阳离子聚丙烯?沸跄恋难芯拷筟J].天津化工,2007,21(4):1~3.
[65]吕生华,俞从正,章川波等.阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备与应用[J].西北轻工业学院学报,2000,18(4):18~22.
[66]闻振乾,钟宏,符剑刚,张文轩.阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的研究概况[J].材料研究与应用,2008,2(2):98~102.
[67]朱驯.阳离子单体DBPMA合成及改性聚丙烯酰胺的研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2000.
[68]寇玉霞,童身毅.超支化聚合物的合成及其端基改性[J].高分子学报,2004, 42(2):15~18.
[69]于世钧,赵洪霞,郭宏等.超支化聚酞胺的合成与表征[J].应用化学,2004,21(6):625~628.
[70] Lois J Hobnson, W james Feast. Poly(amidoamine) hyperbranched systems synthesis, structure and characterization[J]. Polymer. 1999, 40: 1279~1297.
[71] Jiang Bibao, Yang Yang, et al. Preparation of hyperbranched polymers byself- condensing viny radical polymerization[J].European Polymer Jour-nal. 2001, 37: 1975~1983.
[72]谭惠民,罗运军,超支化聚合物[M].北京∶化学工业出版社(材料科学与工程出版中心),2005:15-21,62-66,114~115.
[73] E. Malmstrom, M. Johansson, A. Hult. Hyperbranched alphatic polyesters[J]. Macromolecules, 1995, 28: 1698~1703.
[74]冯宗财,李琳.末端环氧化超支化荧光聚合物的合成[J].高分子材料与工程,2006,22(6):36~39.
[75] Struck Oliver, Przybyla Christian, Sieger Achim, etal. Process for preparing a polymer dispersion: US, 7091273[P]. 2006-8-15.
[76] Malmstrome, Hult A, Gedde UW. Relaxation processes in hyperbranched polyesters:influence of terminal groups[J]. Polymer, 1997, 38(19): 4873~4879.
[77]李洪巍.三元复合驱采出液乳化和稳定机理研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2003.
[78]马静,赵晓非,朱威等.三元复合驱污水的无机絮凝剂处理效果研究[J].工业用水与废水,2010,41(3):62~65.
[79]北京大学数学力学系概率统计组编著.正交设计-一种安排多因素试验的数学方法[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1977,77~78.
[80]张娜娜.阳离子型DM/DMC/DMDAAC三元共聚的合成与表征[D].山东:青岛科技大学,2009.
[2] Bolto B A. Prog Polym Sci, 1995, 20: 1012-1016.
[3]黄志宇,何难,钱卫民.阳离子聚合物絮凝剂的研究[J].油气田环境保护,1995,5(4):8~11.
[4]蔡开勇,王久芬.超高相对分子质量聚丙烯酰胺的研究现状与进展[J].化工新型材料,1998,8:25~27.
[5]申迎华,王斌,王志忠.有机高分子絮凝剂在污泥脱水中的应用[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2004,20(5):55~85.
[6]高宝玉,岳钦艳等.有机絮凝剂聚环氧氯丙烷胺的脱色性能研究田[J].工业水处理,2005,25(10):39~41.
[7]刘宇程,万里平,陈明燕.水处理絮凝剂研究进展[J].化工时刊,2005,15(5):83~86.
[8]卢红霞.水处理用阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝性能研究[D].青岛:青岛科技大学,2007,4~6.
[9] Gupta K C, Khandekar K. Graftcopolymerization of acrymide-methylacryate comonmers onto cellulose using ceric ammonium nitrate[J]. Appl Polym. Sci. 2002, 86: 2631~2642.
[10] Zhang L M. Preparation and anti-clay-swelling ability of new water-soluble cellulose derivatives containing quaternary ammonium groups[J]. J Appl Polym Sci. 2001, 79: 1416~1422.
[11] Mohamed I K, Amal A A. Preparation and evaluation of some cationic starch derivatives as flocculants[J]. Starch/Starke, 2001, 53: 84~89.
[12]陆兴章,高华兴等.HC型阳离子高分子絮凝剂的絮凝性能及其应用研究[J].环境污治,1994,16(6):6~10.
[13]尹华,彭辉.天然高分子改性阳离子絮凝剂的合成及其性能与机理的研究[J].重庆环境科学,1999,21(6):18~22.
[14]李琪.反相乳液聚合制备阳离子高分子絮凝剂Poly(ADC-AM)研究[D].2005:5~6.
[15]王进,赵传山,陈夫山等.阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的助留助滤性能[J].造纸化学品,2003,1(1):56~58.
[16]蔡开勇,王久芬.超高相对分子质量聚丙烯酰胺的研究现状与进展[J].1998,8:25~28.
[17]张昕,郑广宏,乔俊莲,顾国维.微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理初探[J].江苏环境科技,2007,20(2):104~110..
[18]李志康.微生物絮凝剂在污水处理中的应用[J].时代文学,2007,11:3~5.
[19]赵凤,张蔚萍,胡庆华.微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理及应用研究[J].环境与可持续发展,2009,2:6~8.
[20] Hocking M B, Syme D T. Water-soluble imid-amide copolymers: Preparation and characterization of poly(acrylamide-co-solium N-(4-sulfophenyl)maleeimide)[J], Polym. Sci.part A: Polym Chem, 1990.28:2949.
[21] Yao K J, Zhuo G W. Synthesis and rheological properyies in aqueous solution of poly(acylamides-co-sodium allylsulfonate)[J], Appl.Polym. Sci., 1992, 44:1~7.
[22] McCarron A M, Crispo S, Smith-Palmer, the floccatino of kaolin by cationic PolyaCrylmaides and the effect of cationi surfactant on this process[J], Jounal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 83(11):2382~2389.
[23]佟瑞利,赵娜娜,刘成蹊,许泽胜.无机、有机高分子絮凝剂絮凝机理及进展[J].河北化工,2007,20(3):3~6.
[24]汤鸿霄.羟基聚合氯化铝的絮凝形态学[J].环境科学学报,1998,18(1):1~8.
[25]古昌红.有机高分子絮凝剂絮凝机理的研究进展[J].重庆工商大学学报,2007,24(6):573~576.
[26]鞠耐霜,曾文江.阳离子型聚丙烯酞胺合成与絮凝特性研究[J].化学世界,1999:260~264.
[27]李琪.反相乳液聚合制备阳离子高分子絮凝剂Poly(ADC-AM)研究[D],江苏:江南大学,2005,5~6.
[28]常青.二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵一丙烯酰胺共聚物的研究[J].兰州铁道学院学:自然科学版,2000,19(4):48~50.
[29]古昌红.有机高分子絮凝剂絮凝机理的研究进展[J].重庆工商大学学报,2007,24(6):573~576.
[30]任淑霞,陈樑，赵宏庆.阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的研究进展[J].天津化工,2007,21(4):1~3.
[31]潘祖仁.高分子化学(第三版)[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2003:17~81.
[32]吕生华,俞从正,章川波等.阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备与应用[J].西北轻工业学院学报,2000,18(4):17~21.
[33]闻振乾,钟宏,符剑刚,张文轩.阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的研究概况[J].材料研究与应用,2008,2(2):98~102.
[34]朱驯.阳离子单体DBPMA合成及改性聚丙烯酰胺的研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2000.
[35]马喜平,邵定波.阳离子化聚丙烯酰胺的合成及絮凝性能研究[J],油田化学,1999,16(1):37~40.
[36]胡瑞,周华.复合引发体系制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其应用[J].工业废水与用水,2006,37(1):73~75.
[37]赵彦生,李万捷,沈敬之等.淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的合成及其性能[J].水处理技术,1994,20(6):370~373.
[38]范宏,陈卓.淀粉/DMDAAC-AM接枝共聚物的合成及表征[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2002,l8(3):62~65.
[39]尹华,彭辉等.淀粉改性阳离子絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能研究[J].环境科学与技术,2000,1:13~15.
[40]卢绍杰,刘瑞贤,孙希明等.淀粉接枝聚丙烯酰胺反相胶乳的胺甲基化反应[J].化学通报,1998(9):48~51.
[41]巫拱生.玉米淀粉聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的应用研究[J].精细化工,1989,6(5):16~19.
[42] Mohamed I K, Amal A A. Preparation and evaluation of some cationic starch derivatives as flocculants[J]. Starch/Starke, 2001, 53: 84~89.
[43] Mallon, et al. Cationic water-soluble polymer precipitation in salt solutions[P]. US6, 013, 708, 2000-01-11.
[44] Cai, et al. Method for manufacturing grafted polyacrylamide flocculant of cationic/ampholyticions[P]. US5, 990, 216, 1999-11-23.
[45]张跃军等.阳离子絮凝剂PDA的合成与应用研究-对废纸再生造纸废水的处理研究[J].工业水处理,2001,21(2):12~15.
[46]马青山,张龙等.丙烯酰胺-丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵共聚物的合成及絮凝作用[J].高分子材料工程学报,2000,15(6):59~61.
[47]孙艳霞,车吉泰.高相对分子质量丙烯酰胺-DAC共聚物的研制[J].精细石油化工进展.2003,4(9):44~45。
[48]钱军.阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的生产应用及体会[J].西南造纸,2001,(2):20~23.
[49]赵吉滨.共聚粉状阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺的生产方法[P] .中国专利,ZL1590421.2005-03-09.
[50]吕广明,仲剑初,孙晶.阳离子型高分子絮凝剂及其制备方法[P].中国专利,ZL1247838.2000-03-22.
[51]钟宏,闻振乾,符剑刚,张文轩.高聚合度阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺的合成研究[J].应用化工,2008,32(2):117~120.
[52]赵松梅,刘昆元.二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵/丙烯酰胺共聚物的合成[J].北京化工大学学报,2005,32(4):29~32.
[53]于兵川,吴洪特,王湘平.二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺共聚物的结构表征[J].化工进展,2003,22(7):731~734.
[54]吴全才.PDA阳离子型絮凝剂合成及应用的研究[J].工业水处理.1997,17(4):40~42.
[55]田立颖,杜杨,吉法祥,魏焕曹.二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺共聚物的合成与结构表征[J].精细化工,2000,17(10):567~569.
[56]陶有和.特高分子阳离子聚丙烯酰胺制备方法[P] .中国专利,CN1824682A.2006-08-30.
[57]胡忠前,马喜平,王宁升,陶永平.甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵/丙烯酰胺共聚物溶液性质研究[J],长江大学学报,2007,4(1):51~54.
[58]孔凡亭.水分散型阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝性能研[J].河南化工,2008,8:21~25.
[59]丁伟,张艳秋,于涛等.新型超高相对分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成[J].胶体与聚合物.2004,23(4):23~25.
[60]程芹,孙艳霞等.高分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法[P].中国专利,CN1834127A,2006-09-20.
[61]丁伟.丙烯酰胺类聚合物合成及性能研究[D].黑龙江:大庆石油学院,2005.
[62]王春晓,董利,梁志.低温引发制备高阳离子度絮凝剂[J].化工时刊,2008,22(3):34~37.
[63]李琪,蒋平平,卢云,张典鹏.反相乳液聚合法制备阳离子型高分子絮凝剂Poly(DAC-AM)[J].江南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,5(5):581~584.
[64]任淑霞,陈樑，赵宏庆．阳离子聚丙烯?沸跄恋难芯拷筟J].天津化工,2007,21(4):1~3.
[65]吕生华,俞从正,章川波等.阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备与应用[J].西北轻工业学院学报,2000,18(4):18~22.
[66]闻振乾,钟宏,符剑刚,张文轩.阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的研究概况[J].材料研究与应用,2008,2(2):98~102.
[67]朱驯.阳离子单体DBPMA合成及改性聚丙烯酰胺的研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2000.
[68]寇玉霞,童身毅.超支化聚合物的合成及其端基改性[J].高分子学报,2004, 42(2):15~18.
[69]于世钧,赵洪霞,郭宏等.超支化聚酞胺的合成与表征[J].应用化学,2004,21(6):625~628.
[70] Lois J Hobnson, W james Feast. Poly(amidoamine) hyperbranched systems synthesis, structure and characterization[J]. Polymer. 1999, 40: 1279~1297.
[71] Jiang Bibao, Yang Yang, et al. Preparation of hyperbranched polymers byself- condensing viny radical polymerization[J].European Polymer Jour-nal. 2001, 37: 1975~1983.
[72]谭惠民,罗运军,超支化聚合物[M].北京∶化学工业出版社(材料科学与工程出版中心),2005:15-21,62-66,114~115.
[73] E. Malmstrom, M. Johansson, A. Hult. Hyperbranched alphatic polyesters[J]. Macromolecules, 1995, 28: 1698~1703.
[74]冯宗财,李琳.末端环氧化超支化荧光聚合物的合成[J].高分子材料与工程,2006,22(6):36~39.
[75] Struck Oliver, Przybyla Christian, Sieger Achim, etal. Process for preparing a polymer dispersion: US, 7091273[P]. 2006-8-15.
[76] Malmstrome, Hult A, Gedde UW. Relaxation processes in hyperbranched polyesters:influence of terminal groups[J]. Polymer, 1997, 38(19): 4873~4879.
[77]李洪巍.三元复合驱采出液乳化和稳定机理研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2003.
[78]马静,赵晓非,朱威等.三元复合驱污水的无机絮凝剂处理效果研究[J].工业用水与废水,2010,41(3):62~65.
[79]北京大学数学力学系概率统计组编著.正交设计-一种安排多因素试验的数学方法[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1977,77~78.
[80]张娜娜.阳离子型DM/DMC/DMDAAC三元共聚的合成与表征[D].山东:青岛科技大学,2009.