含胺基聚电解质复合纳米粒子的制备和表征
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摘要
纳米生物技术是生物技术和纳米科技相结合的一个交叉领域,通过模拟或利用生物体系来制造纳米尺度的器件,或者是利用微器件在纳米尺度上来研究或改变生物体的结构和性能。聚合物纳米粒子具有比表面积大、易于分离、表面可修饰多种官能团、分散性好和生物相容性好等优势；无机纳米粒子,如金属纳米粒子和半导体纳米粒子,更具有很多独特的性能。功能性聚合物复合微球在药物输送、生物分离、生物标记、光热治疗及生物催化等生物医学领域有巨大的应用潜力。
本论文是以含有胺基的聚电解质为基础,分别研究了聚电解质共聚物(h-PAM-g-PEG)的自组装和聚电解质与无机纳米粒子的复合与组装,对得到的组装体与复合微球的形成因素进行了探讨。全文主要可以分为以下三个方面：
(1)在第二章中,我们合成了不同聚乙二醇接枝密度的亲水性聚电解质共聚物-聚乙二醇接枝的超支化聚酰胺胺(h-PAMAM-g-PEG),其在THF中自组装为球形胶束,使用1,6二溴己烷对胶束进行交联,在转到水相后可形成稳定的空心/实心微球；PEG的接枝密度会对胶束的尺寸、胶束的形成时间及转到水相后的形态产生影响。基于h-PAMAM的自身荧光性能,微球具有pH依赖的荧光性能,且不随自组装和相转变过程改变。综上所述,我们获得了稳定的、形状规整的、生物相容的和具有荧光性能的聚电解质微球。
(2)在第三章中,继续沿用第二章中制备的聚电解质h-PAMAM-g-PEG,使用pH敏感的顺式乌头酸酐作为中间体,共价连接DOX和h-PAMAM-g-PEG；产物仍然可在THF中组装形成胶束,交联转到水相成为稳定的载药聚合物微球,DOX的载药率为12.4%。由于h-PAMAM-g-PEG上有大量的胺基,形成的微球仍带有正电；载药聚合物微球具有pH敏感性：这些均有利于此载药聚合物微球用于肿瘤靶向药物载体。
(3)在第四章中,我们通过还原法制备了柠檬酸钠稳定的金纳米粒子,通过水热法制备了稳定的CdTe荧光纳米粒子。利用带有胺基的聚电解质与带有羧基的无机纳米粒子之间的静电作用,分别研究了AuNPs/PLL、QDs/PLL和QDs/CS的静电组装行为。通过改变纳米粒子种类、聚电解质和纳米粒子的摩尔比,可控制复合组装体的形貌。此外,引入EDC/NHS活化量子点表面的羧基,使其与聚电解质PLL或h-PAMAM-g-PEG上的胺基发生酰胺反应,得到复合组装体。还将量子点和酞菁同时接枝在h-PAMAM-g-PEG上,得到一类线性网状结构体。研究表明,得到的聚电解质组装体具有较好的稳定性,且保留了无机纳米粒子本身的特性。
Nano-biotechnology is the interdisciplinary field of nanotechnology and bio-technology, that is, to manufacture the nano-scale devices through simulation or biological systems, or to research and change the structure and properties of organisms by using micro-devices at nano-scale. Polymer nanoparticles have large specific surface areas, easy separation, ability of anchoring with various functional groups, good separation, biocompatibility and lots of other advantages, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metals and semiconductors, have unique properties. So the functional polymer composite microspheres have large potential in biomedical field such as medical delivery, bio-separation, bio- label, therapeutic, and bio-catalysis.
This paper is based on the amino polyelectrilyte, focus on the self-assembly of the copolymer (h-PAMAM-g-PEG) and the composition and assembly between the polyelectrilyte and inotganic nanoparticles, discussed the formation of the assembly and the composite microspheres. The results can be divided into three parts as follows:
(1) In the second chapter, we synthesized hydrophilic polyelectrolyte copolymer PEG grafted hyperbranched polyamidoamine (h-PAMAM-g-PEG) with different PEG graft density, the copolymer was micellization in selective solvent (THF). Hollow/Solid microspheres were obtained when the micelle was crosslinked with 1,6-dibromohexane in THF and transferred into water phase. The grafting density of PEG will impact the dimension, the formation time, and the morphology transformation of the micelle. Meanwhile,h-PAMAM had pH dependent fluorescent characteristic which do not change with the self-assemble and phase transition. Above all, we get a polyelectrolyte microspheres with stable, regular shape, biological compatibility and fluorescent properties.
(2) In the third chapter, continue to use the polyelectrolyte h-PAMAM-g-PEG prepared ahead. Acid-sensitive cis-aconityl linkage was introduced between DOX and h-PAMAM-g-PEG to produce PPCD conjugates. Drug-loaded polymer microspheres were obtained when the self-assembly micelle was crosslinked in THF and transferred into water phase, the loading rate of adriamycin(DOX) was 12.4%. Since there is a large number of amine on the h-PAMAM-g-PEG, positive microspheres was obtained after the assembly. The drug-loaded microspheres possessed the pH sensitivity, all of these will promote the application of drug-loaded polymeric microspheres (PPCD) as tumor targeting drug carrier.
(3) In the chapter four, we prepared gold nanoparticles by the method sodium citrate reduction,and stable CdTe fluorescence quantum dots were prepared by hydrothermal method. Through the electrostatic interaction between the amino groups of polyelectrolyte and carboxyl groups of inorganic nanoparticles, we studied the electrostatic assembly behavior of AuNPs/PLL, QDs/PLL and QDs/CS respective. The morphology of composite assembly can be controlled by changing the type of the Nanoparticles, and the molar ratio of the polyelectrolyte and the nanoparticles. In addition, EDC/NHS was introduced by activating the surface carboxyl of the quantum dots, the amidation occurred between the amino groups of the polyelectrolyte PLL or h-PAMAM-g-PEG and the carboxyl group to formed composite assembly. What's more, both quantum dots and phthalocyanine was grafted on h-PAMAM-g-PEG to obtain the linear network structure. It showed that we formed stabile polyelectrolyte assembly remained the characteristic of the inorganic nanoparticles.
本论文是以含有胺基的聚电解质为基础,分别研究了聚电解质共聚物(h-PAM-g-PEG)的自组装和聚电解质与无机纳米粒子的复合与组装,对得到的组装体与复合微球的形成因素进行了探讨。全文主要可以分为以下三个方面：
(1)在第二章中,我们合成了不同聚乙二醇接枝密度的亲水性聚电解质共聚物-聚乙二醇接枝的超支化聚酰胺胺(h-PAMAM-g-PEG),其在THF中自组装为球形胶束,使用1,6二溴己烷对胶束进行交联,在转到水相后可形成稳定的空心/实心微球；PEG的接枝密度会对胶束的尺寸、胶束的形成时间及转到水相后的形态产生影响。基于h-PAMAM的自身荧光性能,微球具有pH依赖的荧光性能,且不随自组装和相转变过程改变。综上所述,我们获得了稳定的、形状规整的、生物相容的和具有荧光性能的聚电解质微球。
(2)在第三章中,继续沿用第二章中制备的聚电解质h-PAMAM-g-PEG,使用pH敏感的顺式乌头酸酐作为中间体,共价连接DOX和h-PAMAM-g-PEG；产物仍然可在THF中组装形成胶束,交联转到水相成为稳定的载药聚合物微球,DOX的载药率为12.4%。由于h-PAMAM-g-PEG上有大量的胺基,形成的微球仍带有正电；载药聚合物微球具有pH敏感性：这些均有利于此载药聚合物微球用于肿瘤靶向药物载体。
(3)在第四章中,我们通过还原法制备了柠檬酸钠稳定的金纳米粒子,通过水热法制备了稳定的CdTe荧光纳米粒子。利用带有胺基的聚电解质与带有羧基的无机纳米粒子之间的静电作用,分别研究了AuNPs/PLL、QDs/PLL和QDs/CS的静电组装行为。通过改变纳米粒子种类、聚电解质和纳米粒子的摩尔比,可控制复合组装体的形貌。此外,引入EDC/NHS活化量子点表面的羧基,使其与聚电解质PLL或h-PAMAM-g-PEG上的胺基发生酰胺反应,得到复合组装体。还将量子点和酞菁同时接枝在h-PAMAM-g-PEG上,得到一类线性网状结构体。研究表明,得到的聚电解质组装体具有较好的稳定性,且保留了无机纳米粒子本身的特性。
Nano-biotechnology is the interdisciplinary field of nanotechnology and bio-technology, that is, to manufacture the nano-scale devices through simulation or biological systems, or to research and change the structure and properties of organisms by using micro-devices at nano-scale. Polymer nanoparticles have large specific surface areas, easy separation, ability of anchoring with various functional groups, good separation, biocompatibility and lots of other advantages, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metals and semiconductors, have unique properties. So the functional polymer composite microspheres have large potential in biomedical field such as medical delivery, bio-separation, bio- label, therapeutic, and bio-catalysis.
This paper is based on the amino polyelectrilyte, focus on the self-assembly of the copolymer (h-PAMAM-g-PEG) and the composition and assembly between the polyelectrilyte and inotganic nanoparticles, discussed the formation of the assembly and the composite microspheres. The results can be divided into three parts as follows:
(1) In the second chapter, we synthesized hydrophilic polyelectrolyte copolymer PEG grafted hyperbranched polyamidoamine (h-PAMAM-g-PEG) with different PEG graft density, the copolymer was micellization in selective solvent (THF). Hollow/Solid microspheres were obtained when the micelle was crosslinked with 1,6-dibromohexane in THF and transferred into water phase. The grafting density of PEG will impact the dimension, the formation time, and the morphology transformation of the micelle. Meanwhile,h-PAMAM had pH dependent fluorescent characteristic which do not change with the self-assemble and phase transition. Above all, we get a polyelectrolyte microspheres with stable, regular shape, biological compatibility and fluorescent properties.
(2) In the third chapter, continue to use the polyelectrolyte h-PAMAM-g-PEG prepared ahead. Acid-sensitive cis-aconityl linkage was introduced between DOX and h-PAMAM-g-PEG to produce PPCD conjugates. Drug-loaded polymer microspheres were obtained when the self-assembly micelle was crosslinked in THF and transferred into water phase, the loading rate of adriamycin(DOX) was 12.4%. Since there is a large number of amine on the h-PAMAM-g-PEG, positive microspheres was obtained after the assembly. The drug-loaded microspheres possessed the pH sensitivity, all of these will promote the application of drug-loaded polymeric microspheres (PPCD) as tumor targeting drug carrier.
(3) In the chapter four, we prepared gold nanoparticles by the method sodium citrate reduction,and stable CdTe fluorescence quantum dots were prepared by hydrothermal method. Through the electrostatic interaction between the amino groups of polyelectrolyte and carboxyl groups of inorganic nanoparticles, we studied the electrostatic assembly behavior of AuNPs/PLL, QDs/PLL and QDs/CS respective. The morphology of composite assembly can be controlled by changing the type of the Nanoparticles, and the molar ratio of the polyelectrolyte and the nanoparticles. In addition, EDC/NHS was introduced by activating the surface carboxyl of the quantum dots, the amidation occurred between the amino groups of the polyelectrolyte PLL or h-PAMAM-g-PEG and the carboxyl group to formed composite assembly. What's more, both quantum dots and phthalocyanine was grafted on h-PAMAM-g-PEG to obtain the linear network structure. It showed that we formed stabile polyelectrolyte assembly remained the characteristic of the inorganic nanoparticles.
引文
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