连续波DF/HF化学激光器增益发生器结构与运转模式数值模拟研究
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摘要
连续波氟化氘/氟化氢化学激光器作为连续波输出功率最高的激光器,当前应用中最迫切的发展需求是紧凑化、机动性。增益发生器作为激光器中最关键的部件之一,在气流的输运、混合及反应方面起着重要作用,是激光器系统小型化、实用化发展道路上的重要研究内容。
本文采用三维数值模拟与一维数值模拟方法,针对增益发生器相关结构及运转方式对增强主、副气流混合,缩减燃料气体用量等问题的影响进行数值模拟研究。通过结合表面反应理论与总包反应模型,将氟原子壁面复合反应模型耦合入流场三维模拟程序中,完善三维计算程序,从而使主喷管及后续光腔段的计算与实际情况更相符。
对具有良好气流混合效果的TRIP型增益发生器流场进行三维数值模拟研究,发现扰流气技术主要通过扰流氦气拉伸扭曲反应气流界面来增强气流混合,而扰流射流产生的漩涡结构在下游很快即耗散掉,对增强气流混合效果有限。同时对激光器中扰流气由氦气更换为氦气、氘气混合气体应用的流场结构进行三维数值模拟研究,发现流场变化较小,扰流气技术有效增强主、副气流混合的优势依然存在,扰流气中含有的氘气成分使反应有所提前,谱线小信号增益系数峰值略向上游移动。扰流气与副气流来自同一气源可简化激光器燃料气体供给设备。
由于扰流气在增强主、副气流混合的同时给增益介质带来扰动,并造成激活区长度缩短,考虑在增益发生器中引入斜坡式结构,建立新型喷管模型。对氮气流场的三维模拟显示气流经主喷管后可产生漩涡结构,气流混合效果显著增强。以斜坡式喷管结构为基础构建HF激光器模型,并进行一维数值模拟,探明了过量系数、副稀释比等参数对激光器运转的重要影响。
结合基于高超音速低温喷管结构的单喉道氟化氘激光器无稀释剂运转的实验研究,采用一维模拟程序对其流场进行数值计算,与实验结果符合较好,计算结果同时显示出光腔内出现气流分离的趋势,表明副稀释剂的用量选择需慎重对待。在主稀释剂方面,结合国际上提出的两步混合氟原子发生器方法,建立了具有不同稀释剂注入位置的气膜冷却式喷管模型,其流场数值模拟结果表明氦气膜可同时保护主气流中氟原子及喷管壁面,采用具有合适间距的单排气膜孔是较为实际可行的。
将两步混合氟原子发生器方法应用于气膜冷却式喷管结构中,对氦气膜不同来源下光腔流场进行三维数值模拟研究。结果表明氦气膜对主、副气流混合反应有一定隔离作用,在主稀释剂减少情况下,通过调节其它燃料气流配比可以改善光腔内激射环境。最后根据氟原子复合与解离反应的临界温度等关系对氦气膜流量许可范围进行了近似计算。
本文以增强主、副气流混合,减少燃料气体用量等为目的,提出了激光器增益发生器新型结构及运转方式。这些工作对激光器紧凑化、稳定运转等方面的发展有重要意义,同时为进一步开展实验研究奠定了坚实基础。
The continuous wave (CW) deuterium fluoride/hydrogen fluoride chemical laser’s most urgent demands for development are compactification and mobility after obtaining the highest output power among lasers. As one of the key components in chemical laser, gain generator has great influences on gas transporting, mixing and reacting, which is the most important investigation object for lasers’miniaturization and practicability.
In this paper, 3-D simulation method and 1-D simulation method was used to investigate the influences of gain generator’s structure and operation mode on mixing enhancement, fuel’s saving, etc. Wall recombination model of the fluorine atoms was coupled into the three dimensional program by integrating the surface reaction theory and overall reaction model for bettering the simulation program. And the simulation for the flowfield would be more compatible with reality then.
The flowfield of TRIP gain generator was numerically simulated for its excellent mixing effect. The results show that mixing enhancement mostly depends on stretching and wraping the interface between fuel streams, while the helium trip jets’momentum flux are so small that the vortex structure will dissipate quickly which cannot enhance the gas mixing effectively. This technique has a latest use by changing helium jets to the mixture of helium and deuterium. The numerical simulation results show that advantage of mixing ehancement still remains and the deuterium gas in trip jets makes the peak value of the spectrums’small signal gain move upstream a little. The gas pipeline of laser can be simplified when trip jets and secondary stream coming from the same source.
Along with the mixing enhancement, trip jets also introduce unfavourable perturbation into the gain medium and shorten the gain region. Thus ramp stuctrue was applied into the gain generator. The simulation results of nitrogen flowfield show that the vortices are generated to enhance the mixing obviously. A HF laser model was established on the basis of ramp nozzle structure. The one dimensional simulation results about the flowfield prove up the important influences of excessive coefficient of primary oxidizer and secondary diluent ratio on laser’s operation.
According to laser’s experiments without diluent, the flowfield was numerically simulated using the 1-D program and the results have a similar distribution with the experimental data. The simulation results also reveal that streams in cavity tend to separate, so the secondary diluent’s usage should be treated carefully. As for the primary diluent, considering the method of producing the oxidising gas based on two-region mixing, a gas film nozzle model was established with the helium film injecting at the converging section of the nozzle. The simulation results show that the helium film provides well protection for both the fluorine atoms in primary stream and nozzle wall, and single row film holes with proper interval are more practical to use.
The two-region mixing method was applied to the gas film nozzle, and the flowfields with different helium film sources were numerically simulated. The results show that the reaction between streams is delayed a little bit by the helium film. When reducing the primary diluent, the medium can be in a better condition by adjusting mass flux ratio of the other gas fuel. According to restrictions of fluorine atoms’recombination and dissociation critical temperatures, the helium film’s permissive flow rate was calculated.
In this paper, gain generators with new structure and operation mode were investigated to enhance gas flow mixing, reduce gas fuel usage, etc. These works have great meanings for the compactification and operation stability of the laser. And the relevant results will be helpful for further experimental research.
本文采用三维数值模拟与一维数值模拟方法,针对增益发生器相关结构及运转方式对增强主、副气流混合,缩减燃料气体用量等问题的影响进行数值模拟研究。通过结合表面反应理论与总包反应模型,将氟原子壁面复合反应模型耦合入流场三维模拟程序中,完善三维计算程序,从而使主喷管及后续光腔段的计算与实际情况更相符。
对具有良好气流混合效果的TRIP型增益发生器流场进行三维数值模拟研究,发现扰流气技术主要通过扰流氦气拉伸扭曲反应气流界面来增强气流混合,而扰流射流产生的漩涡结构在下游很快即耗散掉,对增强气流混合效果有限。同时对激光器中扰流气由氦气更换为氦气、氘气混合气体应用的流场结构进行三维数值模拟研究,发现流场变化较小,扰流气技术有效增强主、副气流混合的优势依然存在,扰流气中含有的氘气成分使反应有所提前,谱线小信号增益系数峰值略向上游移动。扰流气与副气流来自同一气源可简化激光器燃料气体供给设备。
由于扰流气在增强主、副气流混合的同时给增益介质带来扰动,并造成激活区长度缩短,考虑在增益发生器中引入斜坡式结构,建立新型喷管模型。对氮气流场的三维模拟显示气流经主喷管后可产生漩涡结构,气流混合效果显著增强。以斜坡式喷管结构为基础构建HF激光器模型,并进行一维数值模拟,探明了过量系数、副稀释比等参数对激光器运转的重要影响。
结合基于高超音速低温喷管结构的单喉道氟化氘激光器无稀释剂运转的实验研究,采用一维模拟程序对其流场进行数值计算,与实验结果符合较好,计算结果同时显示出光腔内出现气流分离的趋势,表明副稀释剂的用量选择需慎重对待。在主稀释剂方面,结合国际上提出的两步混合氟原子发生器方法,建立了具有不同稀释剂注入位置的气膜冷却式喷管模型,其流场数值模拟结果表明氦气膜可同时保护主气流中氟原子及喷管壁面,采用具有合适间距的单排气膜孔是较为实际可行的。
将两步混合氟原子发生器方法应用于气膜冷却式喷管结构中,对氦气膜不同来源下光腔流场进行三维数值模拟研究。结果表明氦气膜对主、副气流混合反应有一定隔离作用,在主稀释剂减少情况下,通过调节其它燃料气流配比可以改善光腔内激射环境。最后根据氟原子复合与解离反应的临界温度等关系对氦气膜流量许可范围进行了近似计算。
本文以增强主、副气流混合,减少燃料气体用量等为目的,提出了激光器增益发生器新型结构及运转方式。这些工作对激光器紧凑化、稳定运转等方面的发展有重要意义,同时为进一步开展实验研究奠定了坚实基础。
The continuous wave (CW) deuterium fluoride/hydrogen fluoride chemical laser’s most urgent demands for development are compactification and mobility after obtaining the highest output power among lasers. As one of the key components in chemical laser, gain generator has great influences on gas transporting, mixing and reacting, which is the most important investigation object for lasers’miniaturization and practicability.
In this paper, 3-D simulation method and 1-D simulation method was used to investigate the influences of gain generator’s structure and operation mode on mixing enhancement, fuel’s saving, etc. Wall recombination model of the fluorine atoms was coupled into the three dimensional program by integrating the surface reaction theory and overall reaction model for bettering the simulation program. And the simulation for the flowfield would be more compatible with reality then.
The flowfield of TRIP gain generator was numerically simulated for its excellent mixing effect. The results show that mixing enhancement mostly depends on stretching and wraping the interface between fuel streams, while the helium trip jets’momentum flux are so small that the vortex structure will dissipate quickly which cannot enhance the gas mixing effectively. This technique has a latest use by changing helium jets to the mixture of helium and deuterium. The numerical simulation results show that advantage of mixing ehancement still remains and the deuterium gas in trip jets makes the peak value of the spectrums’small signal gain move upstream a little. The gas pipeline of laser can be simplified when trip jets and secondary stream coming from the same source.
Along with the mixing enhancement, trip jets also introduce unfavourable perturbation into the gain medium and shorten the gain region. Thus ramp stuctrue was applied into the gain generator. The simulation results of nitrogen flowfield show that the vortices are generated to enhance the mixing obviously. A HF laser model was established on the basis of ramp nozzle structure. The one dimensional simulation results about the flowfield prove up the important influences of excessive coefficient of primary oxidizer and secondary diluent ratio on laser’s operation.
According to laser’s experiments without diluent, the flowfield was numerically simulated using the 1-D program and the results have a similar distribution with the experimental data. The simulation results also reveal that streams in cavity tend to separate, so the secondary diluent’s usage should be treated carefully. As for the primary diluent, considering the method of producing the oxidising gas based on two-region mixing, a gas film nozzle model was established with the helium film injecting at the converging section of the nozzle. The simulation results show that the helium film provides well protection for both the fluorine atoms in primary stream and nozzle wall, and single row film holes with proper interval are more practical to use.
The two-region mixing method was applied to the gas film nozzle, and the flowfields with different helium film sources were numerically simulated. The results show that the reaction between streams is delayed a little bit by the helium film. When reducing the primary diluent, the medium can be in a better condition by adjusting mass flux ratio of the other gas fuel. According to restrictions of fluorine atoms’recombination and dissociation critical temperatures, the helium film’s permissive flow rate was calculated.
In this paper, gain generators with new structure and operation mode were investigated to enhance gas flow mixing, reduce gas fuel usage, etc. These works have great meanings for the compactification and operation stability of the laser. And the relevant results will be helpful for further experimental research.
引文
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