棉大卷叶螟主要生物生态学习性的再研究及主害代种群动态分析
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摘要
本文以转Cry1Ac单价基因棉“国抗22”及其亲本棉“泗棉3号”、转Cry1Ac+CpTI双价基因棉“中抗310”及其亲本棉“苏棉12”为材料,通过田间调查、室内辅助试验等,对棉大卷叶螟主要生物学、生态学习性、生活史及大田种群动态进行了系统研究;同时以这4个棉花品种为材料研究了对棉大卷叶螟实验种群与自然种群的影响,并初步分析了棉大卷叶螟的越冬机制。结果如下:
根据大田调查及室内饲养观察,绘制了扬州地区2005年棉大卷叶螟年生活史图。指出江苏棉区棉大卷叶螟年发生5-6代,主要以第五代老熟幼虫越冬,次年4月中下旬越冬幼虫化蛹,棉田幼虫始见在6月中下旬,但发生量少,进入7月中下旬虫量开始激增,8月-9月上旬达到高峰。2003-2005年田间调查数据显示,本地棉大卷叶螟种群在田间发生量大,“泗棉3号”棉田百株虫量三年分别平均是2077.1、2091.1、1711.8头,“苏棉12”棉田分别是1656.0、2324.3、1966.9头,始终保持高发态势,对棉花造成了较大损失。转基因棉田棉大卷叶螟种群受到抑制,其中“国抗22”田间发生最轻,百株虫量三年分别为618.6、772.9、788.7头,其次是“中抗310”田块,百株虫量分别为1133.0、1240.3、1358.3头。
通过对棉大卷叶螟生物生态学习性的详细观察,表明成虫多在夜间羽化,羽化后当天或第二天晚上交配,交配时间多在夜间20:00-2:00,交配时雌雄个体附于攀附物上呈“-”字形,交配持续时间1-4个小时。交配后的成虫一般在第2天、第3天开始产卵,少数在第4天产卵。成虫不同世代、同世代不同雌虫产卵量差异大,从73-638粒不等。成虫性比随着世代的不同有着一定变化,不同寄主条件下的实验种群性比也有所不同。幼虫多在下午及夜间孵化,上午孵化量少,同一天产的卵孵化时间比较整齐。幼虫共有5龄,以夜晚蜕皮为主,5龄幼虫老熟后即觅地化蛹,化蛹持续时间2-4天。
通过组建五种寄主(4种棉花寄主和1种杂草苘麻)的实验种群生命表,发现取食转基因棉花“国抗22”、“中抗310”棉花叶片的棉大卷叶螟不能完成1个世代,且幼虫各虫龄历期比亲本对照棉明显延长。在三个常规寄主“泗棉3号”、“苏棉12”和苘麻上繁殖的棉大卷叶螟各个虫态发育状况良好,均能完成1个世代。各个虫态发育历期稍有差异,但差异不显著。三个常规寄主上的实验种群趋势指数分别是25.67、16.35、33.68,不同寄主对棉大卷叶螟总产卵量影响不显著,但是三个寄主上的性比差异较大。
成虫产卵寄主选择性试验和初孵幼虫取食趋性的研究发现,转基因棉花对棉大卷叶螟产卵选择和幼虫寄主选择有负趋性。室内试验结果表明,“泗棉3号”、“苏棉12”、苘麻都是该虫的适宜寄主,而在转基因棉花“国抗22”、“中抗310”上则不适宜生存。
通过组建四个棉花品种田棉大卷叶螟自然种群生命表,以及分析不同品种棉田自然种群的致死因子,结果发现,转基因棉“国抗22”和“中抗310”棉田棉大卷叶螟种群趋势指数I值分别是0.08和0.01,远远小于1。“泗棉3号”和“苏棉12”上棉大卷叶螟种群趋势指数分别是1.61和1.12。这说明棉大卷叶螟在“泗棉3号”和“苏棉12”棉田能很好地完成一个世代,在转基因棉田种群数量呈下降趋势。比较不同田块棉大卷叶螟死亡因子致死力K值发现,常规棉田以捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌和田间病菌感染对棉大卷叶螟控制作用大,致死力K值分别为0.3462-0.4687、0.2084-0.2257和0.2417-0.2515,转基因棉田以抗虫棉的抗性致死、捕食致死对棉大卷叶螟种群的影响大,K值分别是0.9659-1.8612和0.573-0.9881。研究同时发现,寄生性天敌在两个转基因棉田的控害效果明显小于常规棉田。此外卵的孵化率低、各虫期的自然死亡率高等因素也对棉大卷叶螟种群的增长起到了一定的抑制作用。
通过对棉大卷叶螟第五代、第六代室内种群的饲养,初步发现该虫的有效越冬虫源为第五代滞育的老熟幼虫,滞育率24.43%-33.09%,第六代棉大卷叶螟的发生对第二年的种群基数影响不大。滞育老熟幼虫的越冬存活率为60%-71.88%。次年越冬代羽化的成虫雌虫少,雄虫多,单雌产卵量平均为163.44-198.83粒。
通过系统测定非滞育老熟幼虫与越冬代老熟幼虫越冬过程各阶段体内水分、生化物质含量及过冷却点,结果发现,越冬代滞育老熟幼虫过冷却点最高-18.23℃,最低-22.33℃,明显低于非滞育老熟幼虫。体内自由水含量非滞育老熟幼虫为78.00%,高于滞育老熟幼虫的74.72%,结合水、糖原、脂肪含量则以滞育老熟幼虫偏高。在越冬阶段前期,幼虫过冷却点逐步降低,体内自由水含量慢慢减少,糖原含量下降快,脂肪、结合水含量稍有增加;越冬后期,糖原含量减少趋势变缓,脂肪含量大幅度下降,自由水含量略有增加。说明棉大卷叶螟在越冬过程中能够随着外界温度的降低进一步适应环境,在越冬前期主要消耗糖原,后期则以脂肪为主要营养消耗物质。
Using single-copy transgenic cotton“GK22”and it’s non-transgenic, parent’s cotton“SM3”, double-copy transgenic cotton“ZK310”and it’s non-transgenic, parent’s cotton“SM12”, a series of researches were conducted in laboratory and field, which were biological characters, ecological characters, Life history, overwintering mechanism and fields’population dynamics of Sylepta derogate, and the relationship between laboratorial, natural population and different cottons types. The results were as follows:
By fields’investigating and laboratorial feeding, the life history of Sylepta derogate was illustrated in Yangzhou city, Jiangsu province in 2005. Sylepta derogate had five or six generations per-year and overwintered as 5rd instar old larvae, the overwintering larvae pupated in the last ten days of April in next year. Larvae could be found in cotton fields first in the second and last ten days of June, its’population grew quickly in the last ten days of July, and the major peaks of population were from August to the first ten days of September. The data of fields’investigation from 2003 to 2005 showed that the natural population of Sylepta derogate in Yangzhou was big. In non-transgenic cotton“SM3”fields, larvaes’density of 100 cottons was 2077.1, 2091.1 and 1711.8 from 2003 to 2005,“SM12”field was 1656.0, 2324.3 and 1966.9, showed that the natural population was very large. In transgenic cotton fields, the natural population was restrained, larvaes’density of 100 cottons in“GK22”field is the least, that was 618.6, 772.9 and 788.7 from 2003 to 2005,“ZK310”field took second place, that was 1133.0, 1240.3 and 1358.3 over three years.
By studying biological characters and ecological characters of Sylepta derogate, we found adult usually began eclosion at night, and started mating in the day of eclosion or the next day, the time was from 20:00 to 2:00, it continued 1 to 4 hours, and often oviposited after 2 or 3 days from its’mating, few after 4 days. The eggs laid by Female of different generations and different female of same generation was difference, the number of eggs laid by one female is from 73 to 638. The adult sex ratio was different with different generations or different plants in laboratory. The larvae usually hatched in afternoon and night, few in forenoon. The larvae had five instars, and exuviated at night, pupated at 5rd instar old larvae, pupation time need 2-4 days.
By constructing life tables of laboratory population of Sylepta derogate in five different host plants, we found Sylepta derogate that fed on transgenic cotton“GK22”and“ZK310”leaves could not complete whole a generation, could develop well and complete whole a genetation on non-transgenic cotton“SM3”and”SM12”, and the life spans feeding on transgenic cotton was significant longer than feeding on its’parents’cotton. Sylepta derogate feeding on“SM3”,“SM12”and“QingMa”had different life spans, but the difference is not significant. The population trend index were 25.67,16.35 and 33.68 feeding on“SM3”,“SM12”and“QingMa”. The influence of different host plants on ovipositing per female was not significant, but the difference of adult sex ratio was big. For studying host selectivity of adult oviposition and larvae eating, we found transgenic cotton had negative trend for adult oviposition and larvae eating. Those studies showed that“SM3”,“SM12”and“Qingma”were suitable host plants for Sylepta derogate, and Sylepta derogate couldn’t survive with feeding“GK22”and“ZK310”cotton leaves.
By constructing life tables of natural population of Sylepta derogate in different types cotton fields, we analysed the key-factors of population control. The population trend index were 1.61 and 1.12 in“SM3”and“SM12”fields, larger than in transgenic cotton“GK22”and“ZK310”fields (0.08 and 0.01), the results showed the natural population in“SM3”and“SM12”fields were increase, but on the contrary in“GK22”and“ZK310”fields. By analyzing the key-factors of population control, the results showed in non-transgenic cotton fields, predation, parasitism and disease were the major control factors on the development of population of Sylepta derogate, k-value were 0.3462-0.4687, 0.2084-0.2257 and 0.2417-0.2515, and in transgenic cotton fields, the major control factors were resistance of transgenic cotton and predation, k-value were 0.9659-1.8612 and 0.573-0.9881. Besides, the studies found the effects of parasitism in transgenic cotton fields is evidently less than that in its’parent’s cotton fields. With the exclusion of control factors above, the rate of eggs’hatch and natural death have some influences on the population increase of Sylepta derogate.
By feeding the fifth and sixth generation of Sylepta derogate in laboratory, it showed that the effective overwintering insect source in next year came mainly from diapaused larvae of fifth generation, the rates of diapause was from 24.43% to 33.09%, the development of sixth generation had small effect on the population development in next year. The survival of diapaused larvae that overwintered was from 60% to 71.88%. In next year the number of female adults coming from overwintered larvaes was more than male adults, and the number of eggs laid by one female is 163.44-198.83.
The contents of bound water and free water and physiological chemistries and super-cooling points were measured in overwintering diapause old larvaes and non-diapause old larvaes of Sylepta derogate in different overwintering stages. The results showed that the super-cooling points of overwintering diapause old larvaes was from -18.23℃of highest to -22.33℃of lowest, were evidently lower than that of non-diapause old larvaes. The contents of free water of overwintering diapause old larvaes (74.72%) was lower than that of non-diapause old larvaes (78.00%), and the contents of bound water and glycogen and fat was on the contrary. In the earlier stage of overwintering, the contents of free water and super-cooling points of larvae descended slowly, the content of glycogen descended quickly, and the contents of bound water and fat increased a little. In the later stage of overwintering, the descending of glycogen developed slowly, the content of free water increased a little, and the content of fat descended acutely. Those results showed that the overwintering diapause old larvaes of Sylepta derogate can adapt with the decline of natural temperature, and the major nutrition used in the earlier stage was glycogen, in the later stage was fat.
根据大田调查及室内饲养观察,绘制了扬州地区2005年棉大卷叶螟年生活史图。指出江苏棉区棉大卷叶螟年发生5-6代,主要以第五代老熟幼虫越冬,次年4月中下旬越冬幼虫化蛹,棉田幼虫始见在6月中下旬,但发生量少,进入7月中下旬虫量开始激增,8月-9月上旬达到高峰。2003-2005年田间调查数据显示,本地棉大卷叶螟种群在田间发生量大,“泗棉3号”棉田百株虫量三年分别平均是2077.1、2091.1、1711.8头,“苏棉12”棉田分别是1656.0、2324.3、1966.9头,始终保持高发态势,对棉花造成了较大损失。转基因棉田棉大卷叶螟种群受到抑制,其中“国抗22”田间发生最轻,百株虫量三年分别为618.6、772.9、788.7头,其次是“中抗310”田块,百株虫量分别为1133.0、1240.3、1358.3头。
通过对棉大卷叶螟生物生态学习性的详细观察,表明成虫多在夜间羽化,羽化后当天或第二天晚上交配,交配时间多在夜间20:00-2:00,交配时雌雄个体附于攀附物上呈“-”字形,交配持续时间1-4个小时。交配后的成虫一般在第2天、第3天开始产卵,少数在第4天产卵。成虫不同世代、同世代不同雌虫产卵量差异大,从73-638粒不等。成虫性比随着世代的不同有着一定变化,不同寄主条件下的实验种群性比也有所不同。幼虫多在下午及夜间孵化,上午孵化量少,同一天产的卵孵化时间比较整齐。幼虫共有5龄,以夜晚蜕皮为主,5龄幼虫老熟后即觅地化蛹,化蛹持续时间2-4天。
通过组建五种寄主(4种棉花寄主和1种杂草苘麻)的实验种群生命表,发现取食转基因棉花“国抗22”、“中抗310”棉花叶片的棉大卷叶螟不能完成1个世代,且幼虫各虫龄历期比亲本对照棉明显延长。在三个常规寄主“泗棉3号”、“苏棉12”和苘麻上繁殖的棉大卷叶螟各个虫态发育状况良好,均能完成1个世代。各个虫态发育历期稍有差异,但差异不显著。三个常规寄主上的实验种群趋势指数分别是25.67、16.35、33.68,不同寄主对棉大卷叶螟总产卵量影响不显著,但是三个寄主上的性比差异较大。
成虫产卵寄主选择性试验和初孵幼虫取食趋性的研究发现,转基因棉花对棉大卷叶螟产卵选择和幼虫寄主选择有负趋性。室内试验结果表明,“泗棉3号”、“苏棉12”、苘麻都是该虫的适宜寄主,而在转基因棉花“国抗22”、“中抗310”上则不适宜生存。
通过组建四个棉花品种田棉大卷叶螟自然种群生命表,以及分析不同品种棉田自然种群的致死因子,结果发现,转基因棉“国抗22”和“中抗310”棉田棉大卷叶螟种群趋势指数I值分别是0.08和0.01,远远小于1。“泗棉3号”和“苏棉12”上棉大卷叶螟种群趋势指数分别是1.61和1.12。这说明棉大卷叶螟在“泗棉3号”和“苏棉12”棉田能很好地完成一个世代,在转基因棉田种群数量呈下降趋势。比较不同田块棉大卷叶螟死亡因子致死力K值发现,常规棉田以捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌和田间病菌感染对棉大卷叶螟控制作用大,致死力K值分别为0.3462-0.4687、0.2084-0.2257和0.2417-0.2515,转基因棉田以抗虫棉的抗性致死、捕食致死对棉大卷叶螟种群的影响大,K值分别是0.9659-1.8612和0.573-0.9881。研究同时发现,寄生性天敌在两个转基因棉田的控害效果明显小于常规棉田。此外卵的孵化率低、各虫期的自然死亡率高等因素也对棉大卷叶螟种群的增长起到了一定的抑制作用。
通过对棉大卷叶螟第五代、第六代室内种群的饲养,初步发现该虫的有效越冬虫源为第五代滞育的老熟幼虫,滞育率24.43%-33.09%,第六代棉大卷叶螟的发生对第二年的种群基数影响不大。滞育老熟幼虫的越冬存活率为60%-71.88%。次年越冬代羽化的成虫雌虫少,雄虫多,单雌产卵量平均为163.44-198.83粒。
通过系统测定非滞育老熟幼虫与越冬代老熟幼虫越冬过程各阶段体内水分、生化物质含量及过冷却点,结果发现,越冬代滞育老熟幼虫过冷却点最高-18.23℃,最低-22.33℃,明显低于非滞育老熟幼虫。体内自由水含量非滞育老熟幼虫为78.00%,高于滞育老熟幼虫的74.72%,结合水、糖原、脂肪含量则以滞育老熟幼虫偏高。在越冬阶段前期,幼虫过冷却点逐步降低,体内自由水含量慢慢减少,糖原含量下降快,脂肪、结合水含量稍有增加;越冬后期,糖原含量减少趋势变缓,脂肪含量大幅度下降,自由水含量略有增加。说明棉大卷叶螟在越冬过程中能够随着外界温度的降低进一步适应环境,在越冬前期主要消耗糖原,后期则以脂肪为主要营养消耗物质。
Using single-copy transgenic cotton“GK22”and it’s non-transgenic, parent’s cotton“SM3”, double-copy transgenic cotton“ZK310”and it’s non-transgenic, parent’s cotton“SM12”, a series of researches were conducted in laboratory and field, which were biological characters, ecological characters, Life history, overwintering mechanism and fields’population dynamics of Sylepta derogate, and the relationship between laboratorial, natural population and different cottons types. The results were as follows:
By fields’investigating and laboratorial feeding, the life history of Sylepta derogate was illustrated in Yangzhou city, Jiangsu province in 2005. Sylepta derogate had five or six generations per-year and overwintered as 5rd instar old larvae, the overwintering larvae pupated in the last ten days of April in next year. Larvae could be found in cotton fields first in the second and last ten days of June, its’population grew quickly in the last ten days of July, and the major peaks of population were from August to the first ten days of September. The data of fields’investigation from 2003 to 2005 showed that the natural population of Sylepta derogate in Yangzhou was big. In non-transgenic cotton“SM3”fields, larvaes’density of 100 cottons was 2077.1, 2091.1 and 1711.8 from 2003 to 2005,“SM12”field was 1656.0, 2324.3 and 1966.9, showed that the natural population was very large. In transgenic cotton fields, the natural population was restrained, larvaes’density of 100 cottons in“GK22”field is the least, that was 618.6, 772.9 and 788.7 from 2003 to 2005,“ZK310”field took second place, that was 1133.0, 1240.3 and 1358.3 over three years.
By studying biological characters and ecological characters of Sylepta derogate, we found adult usually began eclosion at night, and started mating in the day of eclosion or the next day, the time was from 20:00 to 2:00, it continued 1 to 4 hours, and often oviposited after 2 or 3 days from its’mating, few after 4 days. The eggs laid by Female of different generations and different female of same generation was difference, the number of eggs laid by one female is from 73 to 638. The adult sex ratio was different with different generations or different plants in laboratory. The larvae usually hatched in afternoon and night, few in forenoon. The larvae had five instars, and exuviated at night, pupated at 5rd instar old larvae, pupation time need 2-4 days.
By constructing life tables of laboratory population of Sylepta derogate in five different host plants, we found Sylepta derogate that fed on transgenic cotton“GK22”and“ZK310”leaves could not complete whole a generation, could develop well and complete whole a genetation on non-transgenic cotton“SM3”and”SM12”, and the life spans feeding on transgenic cotton was significant longer than feeding on its’parents’cotton. Sylepta derogate feeding on“SM3”,“SM12”and“QingMa”had different life spans, but the difference is not significant. The population trend index were 25.67,16.35 and 33.68 feeding on“SM3”,“SM12”and“QingMa”. The influence of different host plants on ovipositing per female was not significant, but the difference of adult sex ratio was big. For studying host selectivity of adult oviposition and larvae eating, we found transgenic cotton had negative trend for adult oviposition and larvae eating. Those studies showed that“SM3”,“SM12”and“Qingma”were suitable host plants for Sylepta derogate, and Sylepta derogate couldn’t survive with feeding“GK22”and“ZK310”cotton leaves.
By constructing life tables of natural population of Sylepta derogate in different types cotton fields, we analysed the key-factors of population control. The population trend index were 1.61 and 1.12 in“SM3”and“SM12”fields, larger than in transgenic cotton“GK22”and“ZK310”fields (0.08 and 0.01), the results showed the natural population in“SM3”and“SM12”fields were increase, but on the contrary in“GK22”and“ZK310”fields. By analyzing the key-factors of population control, the results showed in non-transgenic cotton fields, predation, parasitism and disease were the major control factors on the development of population of Sylepta derogate, k-value were 0.3462-0.4687, 0.2084-0.2257 and 0.2417-0.2515, and in transgenic cotton fields, the major control factors were resistance of transgenic cotton and predation, k-value were 0.9659-1.8612 and 0.573-0.9881. Besides, the studies found the effects of parasitism in transgenic cotton fields is evidently less than that in its’parent’s cotton fields. With the exclusion of control factors above, the rate of eggs’hatch and natural death have some influences on the population increase of Sylepta derogate.
By feeding the fifth and sixth generation of Sylepta derogate in laboratory, it showed that the effective overwintering insect source in next year came mainly from diapaused larvae of fifth generation, the rates of diapause was from 24.43% to 33.09%, the development of sixth generation had small effect on the population development in next year. The survival of diapaused larvae that overwintered was from 60% to 71.88%. In next year the number of female adults coming from overwintered larvaes was more than male adults, and the number of eggs laid by one female is 163.44-198.83.
The contents of bound water and free water and physiological chemistries and super-cooling points were measured in overwintering diapause old larvaes and non-diapause old larvaes of Sylepta derogate in different overwintering stages. The results showed that the super-cooling points of overwintering diapause old larvaes was from -18.23℃of highest to -22.33℃of lowest, were evidently lower than that of non-diapause old larvaes. The contents of free water of overwintering diapause old larvaes (74.72%) was lower than that of non-diapause old larvaes (78.00%), and the contents of bound water and glycogen and fat was on the contrary. In the earlier stage of overwintering, the contents of free water and super-cooling points of larvae descended slowly, the content of glycogen descended quickly, and the contents of bound water and fat increased a little. In the later stage of overwintering, the descending of glycogen developed slowly, the content of free water increased a little, and the content of fat descended acutely. Those results showed that the overwintering diapause old larvaes of Sylepta derogate can adapt with the decline of natural temperature, and the major nutrition used in the earlier stage was glycogen, in the later stage was fat.
引文
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