合成孔径雷达回波模拟器的建模仿真与系统设计
|
摘要
合成孔径雷达成像技术作为一种新的雷达成像技术,现已广泛应用于军事和国民经济的许多领域中。随着SAR应用的日益广泛,许多诸如SAR系统设计、成像算法研究和评估、噪声和杂波抑制等场合对SAR原始回波数据有了更多的需要及更高的要求。
本文对SAR原始回波数据的模拟及模拟器的设计进行了全面的研究,其主要内容如下:
1.首先介绍了合成孔径雷达的高分辨力成像原理、SAR回波理论模型和几种SAR原始回波数据模拟算法。然后采用距离时域脉冲相干法对点目标的原始回波数据进行了模拟,并用经典RD算法对该回波进行处理,得到了期望的结果,本文还用同样的方法对点阵目标的原始回波数据进行了模拟。
2.采用Kirchhoff近似理论和Franceschetti的地面场景仿真模型,并根据小平面单元与SAR之间的几何关系模拟出了分布目标的后向散射系数,进而利用二维频域快速傅氏变换法进行了分布目标原始回波数据的模拟,文中给出了分布目标原始回波数据模拟的具体步骤,最后分析了模拟得到的原始回波数据的特征。
3.在介绍高斯海面模型的基础上,讨论了一种非高斯海面模型,这种海面考虑了海风引起的倾斜效果。然后在经典双尺度模型的基础上引入了修正双尺度模型,这样就考虑了海面在顺风和逆风方向散射的差异,同时还通过仿真分析了散射系数的幅值在不同极化方式和入射角下的变化情况。最后在静态场景的回波理论模型的基础上,给出了一种海面场景的回波生成方法,并通过仿真验证了该算法的正确性。
4.提出了一种SAR回波模拟器的实现方式,主要包括该模拟器的工作原理和各组成模块的硬件设计,本人负责完成了原理图和PCB图的绘制。
As a new imaging technology, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging technology has evolved to satisfy a variety of application for both civilian and military users. Along with the increasing and extensive application of SAR, many fields such as design of SAR system, evaluating of imaging algorithms, or suppression of noise and clutter ask for more demands and higher quality of SAR raw data.
SAR raw data simulation and the design of simulator have been generally studied in this dissertation, the main contents of the dissertation are as follows:
1. First of all, high resolution principle of SAR, SAR echo theoretical model and several algorithms of SAR raw data simulation are introduced. Then RTPC (Range Time domain Pulse Coherence) is adopted to simulate SAR point target raw data, which is processed by RD algorithm and anticipant result is presented, so is point array targets.
2. Adopting the theory of Kirchhoff approach and facet model, backscatter coefficient of distributed target is computed. Then the raw data of distributed target based on 2D FFT is simulated. Steps of simulation is given and characteristics of raw data are also analyzed in this dissertation.
3. Based on the introduction of Gaussian sea surface model, a non-Gaussian model is discussed, which is a skewed surface. Then a modified two-scale model is introduced to compute the backscatter coefficients, which accounts for up/down wind difference. The variation of backscatter coefficients' amplitude along with polarization and incidence is analyzed. Finally a method of ocean surface raw data simulation is discussed, which is proved by simulation results.
4. An implementation of SAR raw signal simulator is presented, including the function principle and hardware design of every part. Schematics and PCB layout are also carried out.
本文对SAR原始回波数据的模拟及模拟器的设计进行了全面的研究,其主要内容如下:
1.首先介绍了合成孔径雷达的高分辨力成像原理、SAR回波理论模型和几种SAR原始回波数据模拟算法。然后采用距离时域脉冲相干法对点目标的原始回波数据进行了模拟,并用经典RD算法对该回波进行处理,得到了期望的结果,本文还用同样的方法对点阵目标的原始回波数据进行了模拟。
2.采用Kirchhoff近似理论和Franceschetti的地面场景仿真模型,并根据小平面单元与SAR之间的几何关系模拟出了分布目标的后向散射系数,进而利用二维频域快速傅氏变换法进行了分布目标原始回波数据的模拟,文中给出了分布目标原始回波数据模拟的具体步骤,最后分析了模拟得到的原始回波数据的特征。
3.在介绍高斯海面模型的基础上,讨论了一种非高斯海面模型,这种海面考虑了海风引起的倾斜效果。然后在经典双尺度模型的基础上引入了修正双尺度模型,这样就考虑了海面在顺风和逆风方向散射的差异,同时还通过仿真分析了散射系数的幅值在不同极化方式和入射角下的变化情况。最后在静态场景的回波理论模型的基础上,给出了一种海面场景的回波生成方法,并通过仿真验证了该算法的正确性。
4.提出了一种SAR回波模拟器的实现方式,主要包括该模拟器的工作原理和各组成模块的硬件设计,本人负责完成了原理图和PCB图的绘制。
As a new imaging technology, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging technology has evolved to satisfy a variety of application for both civilian and military users. Along with the increasing and extensive application of SAR, many fields such as design of SAR system, evaluating of imaging algorithms, or suppression of noise and clutter ask for more demands and higher quality of SAR raw data.
SAR raw data simulation and the design of simulator have been generally studied in this dissertation, the main contents of the dissertation are as follows:
1. First of all, high resolution principle of SAR, SAR echo theoretical model and several algorithms of SAR raw data simulation are introduced. Then RTPC (Range Time domain Pulse Coherence) is adopted to simulate SAR point target raw data, which is processed by RD algorithm and anticipant result is presented, so is point array targets.
2. Adopting the theory of Kirchhoff approach and facet model, backscatter coefficient of distributed target is computed. Then the raw data of distributed target based on 2D FFT is simulated. Steps of simulation is given and characteristics of raw data are also analyzed in this dissertation.
3. Based on the introduction of Gaussian sea surface model, a non-Gaussian model is discussed, which is a skewed surface. Then a modified two-scale model is introduced to compute the backscatter coefficients, which accounts for up/down wind difference. The variation of backscatter coefficients' amplitude along with polarization and incidence is analyzed. Finally a method of ocean surface raw data simulation is discussed, which is proved by simulation results.
4. An implementation of SAR raw signal simulator is presented, including the function principle and hardware design of every part. Schematics and PCB layout are also carried out.
引文
[1]保铮,邢孟道,王彤.雷达成像技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2005
[2]皮亦鸣,杨建宇等.合成孔径雷达成像原理.电子科技大学出版社,2007
[3]刘永坦.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999
[4]周伯阳.SAR极化面目标原始数据模拟研究.中科院电子所硕士论文,2005
[5]万峰.星载合成孔径雷达分布目标原始数据模拟.中科院电子所硕士论文,2003
[6]张澄波.综合孔径雷达.北京:科学技术出版社,1989
[7]L.Tsang,J.A.Kong,R.T.Shin.Theory of Microwave Remote Sensing.New York:Wiley,1985
[8]岳海霞.合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟研究.中科院电子所博士论文.2005
[9]Giorgio Franceschetti,et al.SARAS:A synthetic aperture radar raw signal simulation.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1992,30(1):110-122.
[10]J.T.Johnson,J.V.Toporkov,G.S.Brown.A numerical study of backscattering from time-evolving sea surfaces:Comparison of hydrodynamic models.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sensing.2001,39(11):2411-2419
[11]徐德伦,于定勇.随机海浪理论.北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[12]文圣常,余宙文.海浪理论与计算原理.北京:科学出版社,1984
[13]Fuang A.K.,et al.A semi-empirical sea-spectrum model for scattering coefficient estimation.IEEE J.of Oceanic engineering.1982,OE-7(4).166-176
[14]D.L.Jaggard and Y.Kim.Diffraction by band-limited fractal screens.J.Opt.Soc.Am.A.1987,6,4(6):1055-1062
[15]E.I.Thorsos.The validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.1988,1,83(1):78-92
[16]K.S.Chen,A.K.Fung.An Empirical Bispectrum Model for Sea Surface Scattering.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1993,7,31(4):830-835
[17]A.M.Tayfun.On narrow-band representation of ocean waves;1:Theory.J.Geophys.Res.1986Vol.91,No.C6,pp.7743-7752
[18]D.Holliday.Resolution of a controversy surrounding the Kirchhoff approach and small perturbation method in rough surface scattering theory.IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.1987,1,35(1),pp.120-122
[19]E.I.Thorsos.The validity of the perturbation approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.1989,86(1),pp.261-277
[20]J.M.Soto-Crespo,M.Nieto-Vesperinas and A.T.Friberg.Scattering from slightly rough random surfaces:a detailed study on the validity of the small perturbation method.J.Opt.Soc.Am.A.1990,7(7),pp.1185-1201
[21]J.T.Johnson,R.T.Shin.A numerical study of the composite surface model for ocean backscatt-Ering.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote sensing.1998,1,36(1),pp.72-83
[22]S.L.Durden,J.K.Vesecky.A numerical study of the separation wavenumber in the two scale scattering approximation.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote sensing.1990,3,28(2),pp.271-272
[23]胡来平,刘占军.电磁学计算方法的比较.现代电子技术.2003,10,10,pp.75-78
[24]K.S.Yee.Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving maxwell's equations in isotropic media.IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.1966,5,14(5),pp.302-307
[25]R.F.Harrigton.Field Computation by Moment Method.New York:Macmillan Company.1968
[27]D.S.Weile,B.Shanker,E.Michielssen.An accurate scheme for the numerical solution of the time domain electric field integral equation.IEEE International Antennas and Propgation Symposium.2001,7,pp.516-519
[28]Tsuchida.M,et al.A simulator of synthetic aperture radar images;land,ocean surface,and manmade targets.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.2004,Vol.7,pp.4836-4838
[29]刘历博.粗糙海面的电磁散射研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2000
[30]王云华.海面及其与上方简单目标的复合电磁散射研究.西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2006
[31](美)朗(Long.M.W.),薛德镛译陆地和海面的雷达波散射特性.北京:科学出版社,1981
[32]姚纪欢.粗糙海面的电磁散射研究.西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2000
[33]K.S.Chen,A.K.Fung,et al.A Backscattering Model for Ocean Surface.IEEE Trans.Geoscience Remote Sensing.1992,7,Vol.30,No.4,pp.811-817
[34]K.S.Chen,A.K.Fung.A Bragg Scattering Model for Skewed Sea Surface.IEEE OCEAN'90Conference Proceedings.19902,9,pp.249-252
[35]朱世强,武星军,林建亚.海浪模拟的三维仿真研究.船舶工程,2000,18(4):32-35
[36]董庆,郭华东.合成孔径雷达海洋遥感.北京:科学出版社,2005
[37]郭立新,王运华,吴振森.修正双尺度模型在非高斯海面散射中的应用.电波科学学报,2007,4,22(2):212-218
[38]G.Franceschetti,M.Migliaccio,D.Riccio.On Ocean SAR Raw Signal Simulation.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing.1998,1,36(1):84-100
[39]G.Franceschetti,M.Migliaccio,D.Riccio.An Ocean SAR Simulator Based on the Distributed Surface Model.Proc.IGARSS'95,Firenze(Italy),1361-1363,1995
[40]G.Franceschetti,M.Migliaccio,D.Riccio.Ocean SAR Raw Data Simulation:Generation and Testing.IEEE OCEAN'96,1391-1395,1996
[41]G.Franceschetti,et al.SAR Raw Signal Simulation of Oil Slicks in Ocean Environment.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing.2002,9,40(9):1935-1949
[42]G.Franceschetti,V.Pascazio,G.Schirinzi.A SAR Raw-data Simulator of Nonstationary Scenes.Proc.IGARSS'90,2405-2408,1990
[43]P.W.Vachon,R.K.Raney.Ocean Waves and Optimal SAR Proscessing:Don't Adjust the Focus!IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sensing.GE-30,627-630,1992
[44](日)森 荣二著,薛培鼎译.LC滤波器设计与制作.北京:科学出版社,2006
[45]周波.SAR原始回波模拟相关技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2007
[46]戴建.机载相控阵雷达回波模拟器的研制.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2004
[47]钟科.机载SAR回波信号模拟器的研制.电子科技大学硕士论文,2006
[2]皮亦鸣,杨建宇等.合成孔径雷达成像原理.电子科技大学出版社,2007
[3]刘永坦.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999
[4]周伯阳.SAR极化面目标原始数据模拟研究.中科院电子所硕士论文,2005
[5]万峰.星载合成孔径雷达分布目标原始数据模拟.中科院电子所硕士论文,2003
[6]张澄波.综合孔径雷达.北京:科学技术出版社,1989
[7]L.Tsang,J.A.Kong,R.T.Shin.Theory of Microwave Remote Sensing.New York:Wiley,1985
[8]岳海霞.合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟研究.中科院电子所博士论文.2005
[9]Giorgio Franceschetti,et al.SARAS:A synthetic aperture radar raw signal simulation.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1992,30(1):110-122.
[10]J.T.Johnson,J.V.Toporkov,G.S.Brown.A numerical study of backscattering from time-evolving sea surfaces:Comparison of hydrodynamic models.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sensing.2001,39(11):2411-2419
[11]徐德伦,于定勇.随机海浪理论.北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[12]文圣常,余宙文.海浪理论与计算原理.北京:科学出版社,1984
[13]Fuang A.K.,et al.A semi-empirical sea-spectrum model for scattering coefficient estimation.IEEE J.of Oceanic engineering.1982,OE-7(4).166-176
[14]D.L.Jaggard and Y.Kim.Diffraction by band-limited fractal screens.J.Opt.Soc.Am.A.1987,6,4(6):1055-1062
[15]E.I.Thorsos.The validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.1988,1,83(1):78-92
[16]K.S.Chen,A.K.Fung.An Empirical Bispectrum Model for Sea Surface Scattering.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1993,7,31(4):830-835
[17]A.M.Tayfun.On narrow-band representation of ocean waves;1:Theory.J.Geophys.Res.1986Vol.91,No.C6,pp.7743-7752
[18]D.Holliday.Resolution of a controversy surrounding the Kirchhoff approach and small perturbation method in rough surface scattering theory.IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.1987,1,35(1),pp.120-122
[19]E.I.Thorsos.The validity of the perturbation approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.1989,86(1),pp.261-277
[20]J.M.Soto-Crespo,M.Nieto-Vesperinas and A.T.Friberg.Scattering from slightly rough random surfaces:a detailed study on the validity of the small perturbation method.J.Opt.Soc.Am.A.1990,7(7),pp.1185-1201
[21]J.T.Johnson,R.T.Shin.A numerical study of the composite surface model for ocean backscatt-Ering.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote sensing.1998,1,36(1),pp.72-83
[22]S.L.Durden,J.K.Vesecky.A numerical study of the separation wavenumber in the two scale scattering approximation.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote sensing.1990,3,28(2),pp.271-272
[23]胡来平,刘占军.电磁学计算方法的比较.现代电子技术.2003,10,10,pp.75-78
[24]K.S.Yee.Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving maxwell's equations in isotropic media.IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.1966,5,14(5),pp.302-307
[25]R.F.Harrigton.Field Computation by Moment Method.New York:Macmillan Company.1968
[27]D.S.Weile,B.Shanker,E.Michielssen.An accurate scheme for the numerical solution of the time domain electric field integral equation.IEEE International Antennas and Propgation Symposium.2001,7,pp.516-519
[28]Tsuchida.M,et al.A simulator of synthetic aperture radar images;land,ocean surface,and manmade targets.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.2004,Vol.7,pp.4836-4838
[29]刘历博.粗糙海面的电磁散射研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2000
[30]王云华.海面及其与上方简单目标的复合电磁散射研究.西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2006
[31](美)朗(Long.M.W.),薛德镛译陆地和海面的雷达波散射特性.北京:科学出版社,1981
[32]姚纪欢.粗糙海面的电磁散射研究.西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2000
[33]K.S.Chen,A.K.Fung,et al.A Backscattering Model for Ocean Surface.IEEE Trans.Geoscience Remote Sensing.1992,7,Vol.30,No.4,pp.811-817
[34]K.S.Chen,A.K.Fung.A Bragg Scattering Model for Skewed Sea Surface.IEEE OCEAN'90Conference Proceedings.19902,9,pp.249-252
[35]朱世强,武星军,林建亚.海浪模拟的三维仿真研究.船舶工程,2000,18(4):32-35
[36]董庆,郭华东.合成孔径雷达海洋遥感.北京:科学出版社,2005
[37]郭立新,王运华,吴振森.修正双尺度模型在非高斯海面散射中的应用.电波科学学报,2007,4,22(2):212-218
[38]G.Franceschetti,M.Migliaccio,D.Riccio.On Ocean SAR Raw Signal Simulation.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing.1998,1,36(1):84-100
[39]G.Franceschetti,M.Migliaccio,D.Riccio.An Ocean SAR Simulator Based on the Distributed Surface Model.Proc.IGARSS'95,Firenze(Italy),1361-1363,1995
[40]G.Franceschetti,M.Migliaccio,D.Riccio.Ocean SAR Raw Data Simulation:Generation and Testing.IEEE OCEAN'96,1391-1395,1996
[41]G.Franceschetti,et al.SAR Raw Signal Simulation of Oil Slicks in Ocean Environment.IEEE Trans.Geoscience and Remote Sensing.2002,9,40(9):1935-1949
[42]G.Franceschetti,V.Pascazio,G.Schirinzi.A SAR Raw-data Simulator of Nonstationary Scenes.Proc.IGARSS'90,2405-2408,1990
[43]P.W.Vachon,R.K.Raney.Ocean Waves and Optimal SAR Proscessing:Don't Adjust the Focus!IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sensing.GE-30,627-630,1992
[44](日)森 荣二著,薛培鼎译.LC滤波器设计与制作.北京:科学出版社,2006
[45]周波.SAR原始回波模拟相关技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2007
[46]戴建.机载相控阵雷达回波模拟器的研制.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2004
[47]钟科.机载SAR回波信号模拟器的研制.电子科技大学硕士论文,2006