零中频脉冲压缩雷达接收机的性能研究
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摘要
雷达是探测空域内目标物体的距离、速度、角度位置等信息的重要手段之一。随着信息技术的不断发展,越来越多的新技术被应用于雷达系统。零中频技术作为接收机的一种新型方案,可以有效地简化电路结构,缩小硬件体积,减少功率消耗,降低生产成本。因此,将零中频技术引入雷达接收机系统已经引起了越来越多的研究机构关注。
按照辐射类型分类,雷达可分为脉冲雷达和连续波雷达。脉冲压缩雷达具有在保证平均发射功率的基础上实现较高距离分辨力的优势,因此在各个领域都有着广泛的应用。
本文提出了一种新型零中频接收机及距离模糊函数补偿算法,可应用于脉冲压缩雷达。与传统零中频接收机不同的是,新型零中频接收机通过特定滤波器直接滤除直流偏移和低频噪声,有效地克服了它们对信号质量的影响,降低了硬件实现难度。针对这种新型接收机产生的雷达距离模糊函数信噪比恶化问题,本文采用新型距离模糊函数补偿算法对其进行有效补偿,保证雷达距离探测性能。此研究使得脉冲压缩雷达既可以应用零中频接收机体系实现硬件的小型化,低功耗,同时也保证雷达仍具有良好的距离探测性能。
本文也给出了新型零中频接收机的实现方法和距离模糊函数补偿算法的基本推导,通过MATLAB仿真和电路实验验证了新型接收机和补偿算法的有效性。实验系统新颖地应用直接数字合成技术生成可灵活切换的多种回波信号,同时,为了克服直流偏移和低频噪声,提高灵敏度,采用宽带有源滤波器进行滤波,有利于接收机小型化。
Radar is one of the most important techniques to detect location, velocity and angle of the target objects. With the development of information technology, more and more new methods are applied in Radar system. Zero-IF receiver is a new architecture of receiver, which can efficiently simplify circuit structure, minimize the size of hardware, low power consumption and save the production cost. Thus, to apply zero-IF receiver in Radar system has attracted more and more research interests.
Radar can be divided as continuous wave radar and pulse radar. Pulse compression radar can achieve high range resolution with proper transmitting power. For this reason, it is widely used in various areas.
This article proposes a new zero-IF receiver and a new compensation algorithm for range resolution. This new zero-IF receiver directly filters the direct current offset and low frequency, which can low the complexity of hardware significantly. This article also develops a corresponding method to compensate the deterioration caused by the filter. This research proves that pulse compression radar can minimize its size and low the power consumption by using new zero-IF receiver, and also keeps radar's range detection precision.
This article presents how to design the new zero-IF receiver and the deduction of this compensation algorithm, as well as its performance in simulation and experiments. The experiment is supported by the novel design of direct digital synthesis signal generator as echo signal generator and easy integrated filters.
按照辐射类型分类,雷达可分为脉冲雷达和连续波雷达。脉冲压缩雷达具有在保证平均发射功率的基础上实现较高距离分辨力的优势,因此在各个领域都有着广泛的应用。
本文提出了一种新型零中频接收机及距离模糊函数补偿算法,可应用于脉冲压缩雷达。与传统零中频接收机不同的是,新型零中频接收机通过特定滤波器直接滤除直流偏移和低频噪声,有效地克服了它们对信号质量的影响,降低了硬件实现难度。针对这种新型接收机产生的雷达距离模糊函数信噪比恶化问题,本文采用新型距离模糊函数补偿算法对其进行有效补偿,保证雷达距离探测性能。此研究使得脉冲压缩雷达既可以应用零中频接收机体系实现硬件的小型化,低功耗,同时也保证雷达仍具有良好的距离探测性能。
本文也给出了新型零中频接收机的实现方法和距离模糊函数补偿算法的基本推导,通过MATLAB仿真和电路实验验证了新型接收机和补偿算法的有效性。实验系统新颖地应用直接数字合成技术生成可灵活切换的多种回波信号,同时,为了克服直流偏移和低频噪声,提高灵敏度,采用宽带有源滤波器进行滤波,有利于接收机小型化。
Radar is one of the most important techniques to detect location, velocity and angle of the target objects. With the development of information technology, more and more new methods are applied in Radar system. Zero-IF receiver is a new architecture of receiver, which can efficiently simplify circuit structure, minimize the size of hardware, low power consumption and save the production cost. Thus, to apply zero-IF receiver in Radar system has attracted more and more research interests.
Radar can be divided as continuous wave radar and pulse radar. Pulse compression radar can achieve high range resolution with proper transmitting power. For this reason, it is widely used in various areas.
This article proposes a new zero-IF receiver and a new compensation algorithm for range resolution. This new zero-IF receiver directly filters the direct current offset and low frequency, which can low the complexity of hardware significantly. This article also develops a corresponding method to compensate the deterioration caused by the filter. This research proves that pulse compression radar can minimize its size and low the power consumption by using new zero-IF receiver, and also keeps radar's range detection precision.
This article presents how to design the new zero-IF receiver and the deduction of this compensation algorithm, as well as its performance in simulation and experiments. The experiment is supported by the novel design of direct digital synthesis signal generator as echo signal generator and easy integrated filters.
引文
[1]Mahzfza, B. Radar System Analysis and Design Using MATLAB,2nd Ed. [M]. Taylor & Francis Group LLC,2008.
[2]Richards, M. Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing [M]. The McGraw-Hill Companies,2005.
[3]姚义强.中国雷达综述[J].电子工程,1995,35：23-35.
[4]Farnett, E.& Stevens, G. Pulse compression radar [M]. The McGraw-Hill Companies,1990.
[5]弋稳.雷达接收机技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004.
[6]何友.雷达数据处理及应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[7]承德宝.雷达原理[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2008.
[8]陈志恒,宋琦明.零中频无线接收机：理想,现实与演化[J].电子产品世界,2002,11A：56-59.
[9]李智群,王志功.零中频射频接收机技术[J].电子产品世界,2004,13：69-72.
[10]张乃通.零中频解调器与非零中频解调器的比较[J].无线电技术,2005,33：1-4.
[11]吴兴源.超外差接收机通信干扰问题的分析[J].电讯技术,1996,36：11-21.
[12]Razavi, B. Design considerations for direct-conversion receivers [J]. IEEE Transactions on Analog and Digital Signal Processing,1997,44:428-435.
[13]曹鹏,王明飞,费元春.直接正交上变频调制器的镜频抑制与本振泄漏对消技术研究[J].电子学报,38(B02)：6-9.
[14]方俊,赵秋明,莫玮.零中频接收机DC偏移和IM2消除的探讨[J].桂林电子工业学院学报,2004,24(3)：50-53.
[15]申华,吕昕.CMOS零中频接收机片上系统直流偏差的消除[J].北京理工大学学报,2010,30(2)：220-222.
[16]Keshner, M.1/f noise [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,1982,70(3):212-218.
[17]Chang, J. Abidi, A.& Viswanathan, C. Flicker noise in CMOS transistors from subthreshold to strong inversion at various temperatures [J]. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,1994,41(11):1965-1971.
[18]宋秀慧.浅议DDS技术设计信号发生器的优点[J].城市建设与商业网点,2009,6(8)：10-13.
[19]祝明波,常文革.采用数字方法实现宽带线性调频信号产生[J].系统工程与电子技术,2000,22(5)：93-96.
[20]岳流锋.30-3000MHz通用接收机射频前端的研制[D]；电子科技大学,2003.
[21]Nguyen, T., Kim, C., Ihm, G., Yang, M.,& Lee, S., CMOS low-noise amplifier design optimization techniques [J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2004,52(5):1433-1442.
[22]Safarian, A., Yazdi, A.,& Heydari, P. Design and analysis of an ultrawide-band distributed CMOS mixer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems,2005,13(5):618-629.
[23]Song, W., Lee, J., Oh, C., Kwon, J., Kim, O., and Kim, K., Low pass filter [M]. US Patents,2000.
[24]董在望.高等模拟集成电路[M].北京清华大学出版社,2006.
[25]Norsworthy, S., Schreier, R.,& Temes, C. Circuit, and Systems, Delta-sigma data converters:theory, design, and simulation [M]. IEEE press,1996.
[26]左群生.雷达系统导论[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[27]Langlois, J.& Al-Khalili, D. Phase to sinusoid amplitude conversion techniques for direct digital frequency synthesis [J]. IET Proceedings on Circuits, Devices and Systems,2004,151(6):519-528.
[28]盛仲英.微波遥感DDS雷达信号发生器的设计与实现[D].浙江大学,2007.
[29]FT2232D Dual USB UART/FIFO IC. Datasheet [M]. http://www.ftdichip.com/, 2008.
[30]LOW NOISE LDO VOLTAGE REGULATOR SPX3819. Datasheet [M]. http://www.exar.com,2005.
[31]Spartan-3 Generation FPGA User Guide. Datasheet [M]. http://www.xilinx.com, 2008.
[32]4-megabit 2.5-volt or 2.7-volt DataFlash AT45DB041D. Datasheet [M]. http://www.atmel.com,2002.
[33]HY57V643220D(L/S)T(T)Series Synchronous DRAM. Datasheet [M]. http://www.hynix.com,2005.
[34]14-Bit,300MSPS High Speed TxDAC+ D/A Converter. Datasheet [M]. http://www.analog.com/en/index.html,2003.
[35]700MHz to 2700MHz Quadrature Modulator. Datasheet [M]. http://www.analog.com/en/index.html,2004.
[36]林俊,黄炜.基于MATLAB的模拟滤波器设计实现[J].电脑知识与技术：学术交流.2008,10：163-165.
[37]Phillips, W., Anthony, D.,& Mantese, J. Passive low pass filter [M]. US Patents, 2001.
[38]李永安.Sallen-Key二阶低通滤波器的OTRA实现[J].电子工程师,2005,31(10)：28-29.
[39]250M General Purpose Voltage Feedback Op Amps. Datasheet [M]. http://www.analog.com/en/index.html,1995.
[2]Richards, M. Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing [M]. The McGraw-Hill Companies,2005.
[3]姚义强.中国雷达综述[J].电子工程,1995,35：23-35.
[4]Farnett, E.& Stevens, G. Pulse compression radar [M]. The McGraw-Hill Companies,1990.
[5]弋稳.雷达接收机技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004.
[6]何友.雷达数据处理及应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[7]承德宝.雷达原理[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2008.
[8]陈志恒,宋琦明.零中频无线接收机：理想,现实与演化[J].电子产品世界,2002,11A：56-59.
[9]李智群,王志功.零中频射频接收机技术[J].电子产品世界,2004,13：69-72.
[10]张乃通.零中频解调器与非零中频解调器的比较[J].无线电技术,2005,33：1-4.
[11]吴兴源.超外差接收机通信干扰问题的分析[J].电讯技术,1996,36：11-21.
[12]Razavi, B. Design considerations for direct-conversion receivers [J]. IEEE Transactions on Analog and Digital Signal Processing,1997,44:428-435.
[13]曹鹏,王明飞,费元春.直接正交上变频调制器的镜频抑制与本振泄漏对消技术研究[J].电子学报,38(B02)：6-9.
[14]方俊,赵秋明,莫玮.零中频接收机DC偏移和IM2消除的探讨[J].桂林电子工业学院学报,2004,24(3)：50-53.
[15]申华,吕昕.CMOS零中频接收机片上系统直流偏差的消除[J].北京理工大学学报,2010,30(2)：220-222.
[16]Keshner, M.1/f noise [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,1982,70(3):212-218.
[17]Chang, J. Abidi, A.& Viswanathan, C. Flicker noise in CMOS transistors from subthreshold to strong inversion at various temperatures [J]. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,1994,41(11):1965-1971.
[18]宋秀慧.浅议DDS技术设计信号发生器的优点[J].城市建设与商业网点,2009,6(8)：10-13.
[19]祝明波,常文革.采用数字方法实现宽带线性调频信号产生[J].系统工程与电子技术,2000,22(5)：93-96.
[20]岳流锋.30-3000MHz通用接收机射频前端的研制[D]；电子科技大学,2003.
[21]Nguyen, T., Kim, C., Ihm, G., Yang, M.,& Lee, S., CMOS low-noise amplifier design optimization techniques [J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2004,52(5):1433-1442.
[22]Safarian, A., Yazdi, A.,& Heydari, P. Design and analysis of an ultrawide-band distributed CMOS mixer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems,2005,13(5):618-629.
[23]Song, W., Lee, J., Oh, C., Kwon, J., Kim, O., and Kim, K., Low pass filter [M]. US Patents,2000.
[24]董在望.高等模拟集成电路[M].北京清华大学出版社,2006.
[25]Norsworthy, S., Schreier, R.,& Temes, C. Circuit, and Systems, Delta-sigma data converters:theory, design, and simulation [M]. IEEE press,1996.
[26]左群生.雷达系统导论[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[27]Langlois, J.& Al-Khalili, D. Phase to sinusoid amplitude conversion techniques for direct digital frequency synthesis [J]. IET Proceedings on Circuits, Devices and Systems,2004,151(6):519-528.
[28]盛仲英.微波遥感DDS雷达信号发生器的设计与实现[D].浙江大学,2007.
[29]FT2232D Dual USB UART/FIFO IC. Datasheet [M]. http://www.ftdichip.com/, 2008.
[30]LOW NOISE LDO VOLTAGE REGULATOR SPX3819. Datasheet [M]. http://www.exar.com,2005.
[31]Spartan-3 Generation FPGA User Guide. Datasheet [M]. http://www.xilinx.com, 2008.
[32]4-megabit 2.5-volt or 2.7-volt DataFlash AT45DB041D. Datasheet [M]. http://www.atmel.com,2002.
[33]HY57V643220D(L/S)T(T)Series Synchronous DRAM. Datasheet [M]. http://www.hynix.com,2005.
[34]14-Bit,300MSPS High Speed TxDAC+ D/A Converter. Datasheet [M]. http://www.analog.com/en/index.html,2003.
[35]700MHz to 2700MHz Quadrature Modulator. Datasheet [M]. http://www.analog.com/en/index.html,2004.
[36]林俊,黄炜.基于MATLAB的模拟滤波器设计实现[J].电脑知识与技术：学术交流.2008,10：163-165.
[37]Phillips, W., Anthony, D.,& Mantese, J. Passive low pass filter [M]. US Patents, 2001.
[38]李永安.Sallen-Key二阶低通滤波器的OTRA实现[J].电子工程师,2005,31(10)：28-29.
[39]250M General Purpose Voltage Feedback Op Amps. Datasheet [M]. http://www.analog.com/en/index.html,1995.