家庭跨代对话话轮转换的会话分析
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摘要
话轮转换是会话分析的核心问题。自从20世纪60年代Sacks和他的同事提出会话分析的理论以来，尤其是话轮转换系统被提出后，国内外许多研究者从更广泛地领域对话轮转换现象进行了研究。但其研究兴趣主要集中在医患对话、访谈等机构性谈话，对家庭会话中的跨代对话的系统研究寥寥无几。在前人研究话轮转换方法的基础上，作者分析了跨代对话中的话轮转换系统、策略、标记语的使用特点，及父辈和子辈使用话轮转换的异同点。
本研究是基于理论的实证研究。相关语料来自于《走遍美国》第一、二册中的跨代对话。语料分析方法和步骤为：对语料进行分类和编码，在会话分析的理论支持下，作者对语料进行质化量化的分析。所有的数据会在Excel表格中显示。
研究发现主要有：1）父辈和子辈在运用话轮转换的特点上确实有相同点和不同点。2)就话轮转换系统来说，句子和句组是组成话轮的主要类型，当前说话人选择下一说话人和说话人自选是话轮分配的基本手段，Sacks等人提出的话轮转换规则有时在语料中并不适用。3）就话轮转换策略来说，陈述、话语未完成语、插入话题、疑问句、回应同一话题分别是话轮发起、保持、夺取、放弃、回应的主要策略。而且每一种话轮转换策略都有相应频繁出现的标记语。
论文最后指出了写作过程中的一些缺憾之处及研究意义。
The research on turn-taking is the fundamental study of conversation analysis.Since Harvey Sacks and his colleagues gave the pioneering research on conversationanalysis and put forward the approaches to conversation analysis in the1960s, andalso especially proposed the turn-taking system, other researchers abroad have tried toinvestigate turn-taking from many perspectives, but few studies were made oncross-generation conversations. So in this paper, the author will conclude the previousstudies on turn-taking and get the specific approach to analyze the cross-generationconversations from the aspect of turn-taking system, turn-taking strategies andmarkers used for turn-taking to ascertain the features of these three aspects andexplore the similarities and differences between parents and children.
This study is theoretically formed and empirically grounded. Data collected forthis study is from Family Album USA, which is a typical material of family talk. Theywere coded in categories and analyzed in quantitative and qualitative method underthe framework of the previous approaches to turn-taking. All the data is presented inthe form of Excel.
Data analysis comes to the results:1) There are some similarities and differencesbetween parents and children on these aspects.2) As for the feature of turn-takingsystem, sentences and sentence groups are main turn-unit types. Current speakerselection and self-selection are the basic ways of turn-allocation component; theturn-taking rules proposed by Sacks sometimes do not apply in the selected corpus.3)As for the turn-taking strategies, statement, utterance incompletor and hesitation filler,insertion with a topic, question, responding with the same topic are the main device ofturn-initiating, turn-holding, turn-claiming, turn-yielding, turn-responding separately.And there are some frequently used markers for every turn-taking strategy.
This thesis ends with a limitation and suggestion for future study, and alsopresents the implication of this study.
本研究是基于理论的实证研究。相关语料来自于《走遍美国》第一、二册中的跨代对话。语料分析方法和步骤为：对语料进行分类和编码，在会话分析的理论支持下，作者对语料进行质化量化的分析。所有的数据会在Excel表格中显示。
研究发现主要有：1）父辈和子辈在运用话轮转换的特点上确实有相同点和不同点。2)就话轮转换系统来说，句子和句组是组成话轮的主要类型，当前说话人选择下一说话人和说话人自选是话轮分配的基本手段，Sacks等人提出的话轮转换规则有时在语料中并不适用。3）就话轮转换策略来说，陈述、话语未完成语、插入话题、疑问句、回应同一话题分别是话轮发起、保持、夺取、放弃、回应的主要策略。而且每一种话轮转换策略都有相应频繁出现的标记语。
论文最后指出了写作过程中的一些缺憾之处及研究意义。
The research on turn-taking is the fundamental study of conversation analysis.Since Harvey Sacks and his colleagues gave the pioneering research on conversationanalysis and put forward the approaches to conversation analysis in the1960s, andalso especially proposed the turn-taking system, other researchers abroad have tried toinvestigate turn-taking from many perspectives, but few studies were made oncross-generation conversations. So in this paper, the author will conclude the previousstudies on turn-taking and get the specific approach to analyze the cross-generationconversations from the aspect of turn-taking system, turn-taking strategies andmarkers used for turn-taking to ascertain the features of these three aspects andexplore the similarities and differences between parents and children.
This study is theoretically formed and empirically grounded. Data collected forthis study is from Family Album USA, which is a typical material of family talk. Theywere coded in categories and analyzed in quantitative and qualitative method underthe framework of the previous approaches to turn-taking. All the data is presented inthe form of Excel.
Data analysis comes to the results:1) There are some similarities and differencesbetween parents and children on these aspects.2) As for the feature of turn-takingsystem, sentences and sentence groups are main turn-unit types. Current speakerselection and self-selection are the basic ways of turn-allocation component; theturn-taking rules proposed by Sacks sometimes do not apply in the selected corpus.3)As for the turn-taking strategies, statement, utterance incompletor and hesitation filler,insertion with a topic, question, responding with the same topic are the main device ofturn-initiating, turn-holding, turn-claiming, turn-yielding, turn-responding separately.And there are some frequently used markers for every turn-taking strategy.
This thesis ends with a limitation and suggestion for future study, and alsopresents the implication of this study.
引文
[1] Austin, J.L. How to Do Things with Words [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.1983.
[2] Berninger, G&C. Garvey. Questions and the Allocation, Construction, andTiming of Turns in Child Discourse [J]. Psycholinguistics Research,1981.10(4):375-402
[3] Brown, G.&Yule. Discourse analysis [M]. Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press&Cambridge university press,2000
[4] Cameron, D. Working with Spoken Discourse [M]. London: Sage Publication,2001
[5] Coulthard, M. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis [M]. London: LongmanGroup Ltd,197755-66
[6] Duncan, S. Some Signals and Rules for Taking Speaking Turns in Conversations.[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,(23).1972:283-292
[7] Edelslcy, C. Who’s Got the Floor?[J]. Language in society:10.1993
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[10] Heritage, J.,&Atkinson, J.M.1984.“Introduction”. In: J.M. Atkinson, J.Heritage,(eds.) Structure of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[11] Hiroko F. Turn-taking in English and Japanese [M] Routledge.2001
[12] Jacob L. Mey. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Second edition.[M]. Oxford:Blackwell.2001
[13] Leech, G.N. Principles of pragmatics.[M]. London: Longman,1983
[14] Lev, L d The Classroom and Language Learner [M]. London: Longman PubGroup.1988
[15] Levinson, S. Pragmatics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchPress.1983
[16] Michael. The Field of Analysis Foreign Language Conversation [J]. Pragmatics.1996(26):147-158
[17] Mey J.L. Pragmatics: An introduction.[M] Blackwell Publishers Ltd.2001
[18] Orestrom, B. Turn-taking in English Conversation.[M] Sweden: Gleerup Lund.1983
[19] Psathas, G. Conversation Analysis---The Study of Talk-In-Interaction [M].Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.1995:2-3
[20] Peccei, J.S. Pragmatics.[M] Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press,2000
[21] Sacks, H. Lectures on Conversations [M]. Oxford: Blackwell.1992
[22] Sacks. H, Schegloff. E.&Jefferson, G. A simplest systematics for turn-taking forconversation [J]. Pragmatics. London: Routledge,1974(5):193-242
[23] Schegloff, E.A.&Sacks. Opening up Closings [J]. Semiotic.1973(7):289-327.
[24] Schegloff, E. A. Notes on a Conversational Practice: Formulating Place [J].Social Interaction. New York: Free press.1972:95-124
[25] Schiffrin, D.,1987. Discourse Markers [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress
[26] Segerdahl, P. Scientific Studies of Aspects of Everyday Life: the Example ofConversation. Language&Communication [J]. Elsevier Science Ltd.1998(18):275-323
[27] Stubbs, M. Discourse Analysis [M]. Chicago: Chicago University Press.1983
[28] Taboada, M. Spontaneous and Non-spontaneous Turn-taking [J]. Pragmatics,200616(2-3).329-360
[29] Tsui, A.B. M. English Conversation [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.1994
[30] Verschueren, J. Handbook of Pragmatics [M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’sPublishing Company.1995:183
[31] Wardhaugh, R. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (third edition)[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000
[32] Yan,H. Pragmatics.[M]. Beijing: foreign language and research press,2009
[33] Yule,G. Pragmatics [M]. Shanghai: Foreign Language Teaching Press.2000
[34]范宏雅，李悦娥话语分析[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
[35]何兆熊新编语用学概要[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
[36]何自然语用学语英语学习[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
[37]胡壮麟语篇的衔接与连贯[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994
[38]黄国文语篇分析概要[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社，1997
[39]黄衍话轮替换系统[J].外语教学与研究，1987（1）
[40]姜望琪语用学理论及应用[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2000
[41]姜望琪当代语用学[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2003
[42]金翠萍拉里金电视谈话节目中的话轮转换策略分析[D].大连海事大学，2010.5
[43]李悦娥话语中的问与答结构探析[J].外国语，1998（3）
[44]刘虹话轮、非话轮和半话轮的区分[J].外语教学与研究，1992，（3）：17-24
[45]刘虹会话结构分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2004
[46]刘吉林中国访谈节目中话轮把持策略的研究[D]广东外语外贸大学2007
[47]刘森林语用策略[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社，2007
[48]刘运同会话分析概要[M].上海：学林出版社，2007
[49]冉永平语用学：现象与分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2006
[50]王得杏会话研究的进展[J].外语教学与研究，1988（4）
[51]辛斌，苗兴伟话语分析的两种方法论略[J]四川外国语学院学报，1998（4）
[2] Berninger, G&C. Garvey. Questions and the Allocation, Construction, andTiming of Turns in Child Discourse [J]. Psycholinguistics Research,1981.10(4):375-402
[3] Brown, G.&Yule. Discourse analysis [M]. Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press&Cambridge university press,2000
[4] Cameron, D. Working with Spoken Discourse [M]. London: Sage Publication,2001
[5] Coulthard, M. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis [M]. London: LongmanGroup Ltd,197755-66
[6] Duncan, S. Some Signals and Rules for Taking Speaking Turns in Conversations.[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,(23).1972:283-292
[7] Edelslcy, C. Who’s Got the Floor?[J]. Language in society:10.1993
[8] Gee, J.P. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method.[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2000
[9] Gumperz, J. Discourse Strategies.[M]. Cambridge University.1982
[10] Heritage, J.,&Atkinson, J.M.1984.“Introduction”. In: J.M. Atkinson, J.Heritage,(eds.) Structure of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[11] Hiroko F. Turn-taking in English and Japanese [M] Routledge.2001
[12] Jacob L. Mey. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Second edition.[M]. Oxford:Blackwell.2001
[13] Leech, G.N. Principles of pragmatics.[M]. London: Longman,1983
[14] Lev, L d The Classroom and Language Learner [M]. London: Longman PubGroup.1988
[15] Levinson, S. Pragmatics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchPress.1983
[16] Michael. The Field of Analysis Foreign Language Conversation [J]. Pragmatics.1996(26):147-158
[17] Mey J.L. Pragmatics: An introduction.[M] Blackwell Publishers Ltd.2001
[18] Orestrom, B. Turn-taking in English Conversation.[M] Sweden: Gleerup Lund.1983
[19] Psathas, G. Conversation Analysis---The Study of Talk-In-Interaction [M].Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.1995:2-3
[20] Peccei, J.S. Pragmatics.[M] Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press,2000
[21] Sacks, H. Lectures on Conversations [M]. Oxford: Blackwell.1992
[22] Sacks. H, Schegloff. E.&Jefferson, G. A simplest systematics for turn-taking forconversation [J]. Pragmatics. London: Routledge,1974(5):193-242
[23] Schegloff, E.A.&Sacks. Opening up Closings [J]. Semiotic.1973(7):289-327.
[24] Schegloff, E. A. Notes on a Conversational Practice: Formulating Place [J].Social Interaction. New York: Free press.1972:95-124
[25] Schiffrin, D.,1987. Discourse Markers [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress
[26] Segerdahl, P. Scientific Studies of Aspects of Everyday Life: the Example ofConversation. Language&Communication [J]. Elsevier Science Ltd.1998(18):275-323
[27] Stubbs, M. Discourse Analysis [M]. Chicago: Chicago University Press.1983
[28] Taboada, M. Spontaneous and Non-spontaneous Turn-taking [J]. Pragmatics,200616(2-3).329-360
[29] Tsui, A.B. M. English Conversation [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.1994
[30] Verschueren, J. Handbook of Pragmatics [M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’sPublishing Company.1995:183
[31] Wardhaugh, R. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (third edition)[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000
[32] Yan,H. Pragmatics.[M]. Beijing: foreign language and research press,2009
[33] Yule,G. Pragmatics [M]. Shanghai: Foreign Language Teaching Press.2000
[34]范宏雅，李悦娥话语分析[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
[35]何兆熊新编语用学概要[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
[36]何自然语用学语英语学习[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
[37]胡壮麟语篇的衔接与连贯[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994
[38]黄国文语篇分析概要[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社，1997
[39]黄衍话轮替换系统[J].外语教学与研究，1987（1）
[40]姜望琪语用学理论及应用[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2000
[41]姜望琪当代语用学[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2003
[42]金翠萍拉里金电视谈话节目中的话轮转换策略分析[D].大连海事大学，2010.5
[43]李悦娥话语中的问与答结构探析[J].外国语，1998（3）
[44]刘虹话轮、非话轮和半话轮的区分[J].外语教学与研究，1992，（3）：17-24
[45]刘虹会话结构分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2004
[46]刘吉林中国访谈节目中话轮把持策略的研究[D]广东外语外贸大学2007
[47]刘森林语用策略[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社，2007
[48]刘运同会话分析概要[M].上海：学林出版社，2007
[49]冉永平语用学：现象与分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2006
[50]王得杏会话研究的进展[J].外语教学与研究，1988（4）
[51]辛斌，苗兴伟话语分析的两种方法论略[J]四川外国语学院学报，1998（4）