合资企业管理中文化因素
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摘要
21世纪是一个信息时代，全球经济更加一体化， 跨国经营与合资企业的浪潮席卷全世界。21世纪的中国大市场将吸引更多的国外企业来投资，中国的企业也将会越来越多的将资金投向国外。
发展中外合资企业有利于发展国际分工和国际交换，引进先进技术和管理经验，输出更多更好的产品，从而加速我国的社会主义现代化建设。
合资企业从表面、浅层次上看是资本、技术、商品、劳务、管理的融合，而其深层次的内涵则是不同文化的撞击、冲突、融合和吸收。由于东西方文化上的差异，各国的管理理论、管理制度与方法也不相同，为此，合资企业内部各方管理人员之间的管理理念与方法都会不断地产生冲突与碰撞，对此，我们要善于吸收、融合各种文化的精华，在各种文化的结合点上创造出新的管理模式。
中国将于十二月十一日正式成为WTO成员。入世后，将会有越来越多的外国投资者进入中国，合资企业在中国也将会有更加长足的发展。了解文化因素在合资企业管理中发挥的作用，并学会相应的应对措施，对中国合资企业的发展具有非常现实的指导意义。正是基于以上考虑，本人最后选择了《了解合资企业管理中的文化因素》作为自己硕士论文的题目。本文旨在找出合资企业管理中存在的与文化相关的问题，并提出相应的对策。
本文共分5部分：第一部分对合资企业的概念、特征、动机和基本类型做了一个简单的介绍。第二部分首先明确了文化的概念，并对其特征和组成部分进行了阐述；接着讨论了文化的多样性以及文化差异问题；最后，分析了文化在跨国管理中发挥的作用。第三部分通过对合资企业管理中文化的各个不同侧面的论述，结合一项调查，详细讨论了合资企业管理中的存在的各种文化问题。第四部分针对合资企业管理中存在的与文化相关的问题提出了相应的对策。首先，讨论了进行文化比较的4种常用的模式；紧接着，论述了怎样区分合资企业中各种不同的文化类型以及如何应付文化冲突；最后，针对如何建立合资企业文化提出了一些具体建议。第五部分是一个案例分析，通过对中国文化特点
及其成因的分析，对中外合资企业中的外国管理者提出了一些可行的建议。
由于时间和能力有限，本文疏漏之处在所难免，作者将继续关注该议题的进一步发展，并对自己的分析与预测做出相应的修正。恳请各位师长和读者批评指正。
The 20th century witnessed and the 21st goes on witnessing an increasing interdependence of the world economy. Nowadays, multinationals and joint ventures are sweeping across the world. Attracted by its vast market, more and more foreign capital is expected to flow into China. On the other hand, an ever-growing number of Chinese enterprises are bound to go international. China is now the second largest country in exploiting foreign investment. By the end of 1998, there are approximately 324,667 Sino-foreign joint ventures in China. With the China's entry into WTO, joint ventures will undoubtedly play a more and more significant role in China's economy.
A joint venture is ex facie a fusion of capital, technology, commodities, labor and management of two partners. In terms of connotation, however, it is the clash, conflict, fusion and assimilation of various cultures. Because of the existence of cultural diversity and cultural differences, the theories, mechanisms and methods of management vary greatly from country to country. Consequently, cultural problems inevitably arise in joint ventures. Therefore, as far as joint venture management is concerned, cultural awareness is of vital importance.
Keeping all these in mind, I have chosen "Cultural Awareness in Joint Venture Management" as the topic of my thesis. The purpose of this paper is to point out the cultural problems present in joint venture management and try to find solutions to them.
This paper consists of five parts: Part Ⅰclarifies the concept, characteristics, motives and goals, and basic types of joint ventures. Part Ⅱ specially deals with culture and cultural differences. First, it introduces the definition, nature and components of culture. Then, it explains cultural diversity and cultural differences. These are followed by the role of culture in international management. Part Ⅲ elaborates on cultural factors in joint venture management. To begin with, it gives a brief introduction of the many facets of culture in joint ventures. Right after that comes a research project which helps to find out cultural problems present in joint venture management. Part Ⅳ provides a systematical approach to solving the cultural problems. First, it demonstrates a series of models of comparing cultures, including: Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck model of cultural orientation, Hall's notion of cultural context, Laurent's concepts of cultures, status, and function and
Trompenaars' applications for the consultant. Second, it expounds how to identify different cultures in joint venture management. Also, it covers diverse patterns of reactions to culture clashes. At last, strategies for building joint venture cultures are disserted. Part Ⅴ focuses on the Chinese cultural system. It describes the characteristics of Chinese culture and explains why it works the way it is now in the hope of providing some practical suggestions for Sino-foreign joint venture managers.
In this thesis, basic concepts, theories, as well as case analysis and research project are exploited. The leitmotif is to provide some practical suggestions for joint venture managers.
发展中外合资企业有利于发展国际分工和国际交换，引进先进技术和管理经验，输出更多更好的产品，从而加速我国的社会主义现代化建设。
合资企业从表面、浅层次上看是资本、技术、商品、劳务、管理的融合，而其深层次的内涵则是不同文化的撞击、冲突、融合和吸收。由于东西方文化上的差异，各国的管理理论、管理制度与方法也不相同，为此，合资企业内部各方管理人员之间的管理理念与方法都会不断地产生冲突与碰撞，对此，我们要善于吸收、融合各种文化的精华，在各种文化的结合点上创造出新的管理模式。
中国将于十二月十一日正式成为WTO成员。入世后，将会有越来越多的外国投资者进入中国，合资企业在中国也将会有更加长足的发展。了解文化因素在合资企业管理中发挥的作用，并学会相应的应对措施，对中国合资企业的发展具有非常现实的指导意义。正是基于以上考虑，本人最后选择了《了解合资企业管理中的文化因素》作为自己硕士论文的题目。本文旨在找出合资企业管理中存在的与文化相关的问题，并提出相应的对策。
本文共分5部分：第一部分对合资企业的概念、特征、动机和基本类型做了一个简单的介绍。第二部分首先明确了文化的概念，并对其特征和组成部分进行了阐述；接着讨论了文化的多样性以及文化差异问题；最后，分析了文化在跨国管理中发挥的作用。第三部分通过对合资企业管理中文化的各个不同侧面的论述，结合一项调查，详细讨论了合资企业管理中的存在的各种文化问题。第四部分针对合资企业管理中存在的与文化相关的问题提出了相应的对策。首先，讨论了进行文化比较的4种常用的模式；紧接着，论述了怎样区分合资企业中各种不同的文化类型以及如何应付文化冲突；最后，针对如何建立合资企业文化提出了一些具体建议。第五部分是一个案例分析，通过对中国文化特点
及其成因的分析，对中外合资企业中的外国管理者提出了一些可行的建议。
由于时间和能力有限，本文疏漏之处在所难免，作者将继续关注该议题的进一步发展，并对自己的分析与预测做出相应的修正。恳请各位师长和读者批评指正。
The 20th century witnessed and the 21st goes on witnessing an increasing interdependence of the world economy. Nowadays, multinationals and joint ventures are sweeping across the world. Attracted by its vast market, more and more foreign capital is expected to flow into China. On the other hand, an ever-growing number of Chinese enterprises are bound to go international. China is now the second largest country in exploiting foreign investment. By the end of 1998, there are approximately 324,667 Sino-foreign joint ventures in China. With the China's entry into WTO, joint ventures will undoubtedly play a more and more significant role in China's economy.
A joint venture is ex facie a fusion of capital, technology, commodities, labor and management of two partners. In terms of connotation, however, it is the clash, conflict, fusion and assimilation of various cultures. Because of the existence of cultural diversity and cultural differences, the theories, mechanisms and methods of management vary greatly from country to country. Consequently, cultural problems inevitably arise in joint ventures. Therefore, as far as joint venture management is concerned, cultural awareness is of vital importance.
Keeping all these in mind, I have chosen "Cultural Awareness in Joint Venture Management" as the topic of my thesis. The purpose of this paper is to point out the cultural problems present in joint venture management and try to find solutions to them.
This paper consists of five parts: Part Ⅰclarifies the concept, characteristics, motives and goals, and basic types of joint ventures. Part Ⅱ specially deals with culture and cultural differences. First, it introduces the definition, nature and components of culture. Then, it explains cultural diversity and cultural differences. These are followed by the role of culture in international management. Part Ⅲ elaborates on cultural factors in joint venture management. To begin with, it gives a brief introduction of the many facets of culture in joint ventures. Right after that comes a research project which helps to find out cultural problems present in joint venture management. Part Ⅳ provides a systematical approach to solving the cultural problems. First, it demonstrates a series of models of comparing cultures, including: Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck model of cultural orientation, Hall's notion of cultural context, Laurent's concepts of cultures, status, and function and
Trompenaars' applications for the consultant. Second, it expounds how to identify different cultures in joint venture management. Also, it covers diverse patterns of reactions to culture clashes. At last, strategies for building joint venture cultures are disserted. Part Ⅴ focuses on the Chinese cultural system. It describes the characteristics of Chinese culture and explains why it works the way it is now in the hope of providing some practical suggestions for Sino-foreign joint venture managers.
In this thesis, basic concepts, theories, as well as case analysis and research project are exploited. The leitmotif is to provide some practical suggestions for joint venture managers.
引文
1. Arvind V. Phatak, International management: Concepts & Cases, Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Pub., 1997.
2. Bettina Biichel, International Joint Venture Management: Learning to Cooperate and Cooperating to Learn, Singapore; New York: J. Wiley & Sons (Asia), 1998.
3. Bjornrn Bjerke., Business Leadership and Culture : National Management Styles in the Global Economy, Cheltenham, Glos ; Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar, 1999.
4. Christopher A. Bartlett, and Sumantra Ghoshal, Transnational management: Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-border Management, China: DUFE Press, 1998.
5. Gordon Redding, ed., International Cultural Differences, Aldershot, England; Brookfield, Vt., USA: Dartmouth, 1995.
6. Helen Deresky, International Management: Managing across Borders and Cultures, 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2000.
7. Ian Hewitt. Joint ventures, London: FT Law & Tax, 1997.
8. Jan Selmer, ed., International Management in China : Cross-Cultural Issues , London ; New York : Routledge, 1998.
9. Joel Wallach, and Gale Metcalf, Working with Americans: a Practical Guide for Asians on How to Succeed with U.S. Managers, Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1995.
10. John. B. Cullen, Multinational Management: a Strategic Approach, Ohio: South-western College Publishing, 1999.
11. Kamal Fatehi, International Management: a Cross-cultural and Functional Perspective, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.
12. Mark Neal., the Culture Factor: Cross-National Management and the Foreign Venture, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Business, 1998.
13. M.B. Rao, Joint Ventures : International Business with Developing Countries, New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House, 1999.
14. Monir H. Tayeb, the Management of International Enterprises, New York: Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000.
15. Parriz Asheghian, the Multinational Corporation: Environment and Operations, New York: NOVA Science Publishers, INC. Commack, 1998.
16. Pat Joynt, and Malcolm Warner, Managing across Cultures: Issues and Perspectives, 1st ed., UK: International Thomson Business Press, 1996.
17. Peter J. Buckley, and Pervez N. Ghauri, the Global Challenge for Multinational Enterprises, New York: Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999.
18. Richard M. Hodgetts, and Fred Luthans, International Management, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
19. Richard M. Hodgetts, and Fred Luthans, International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, 4th ed., Boston, Mass.: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 2000.
20. Richard Mead, International Management: Cross-Cultural Dimensions, 2nd ed., Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Business, 1998.
21. Russell Gibbosn.，Joint Ventures in China: a Guide for the Foreign Investor, South Melbourne: Macmillian Education Australia, 1996.
22. International Management: an Essential Guide to Cross-Cultural Business, 2nd ed., London, UK; New Hampshire, USA: Institute of Directors, Kogan Page, 1999.
23. The Culture Factor: Corporate and International Perspectives, London: Institute of Personnel and Development, 1994.
24. 聂作平， 忍与决断， 天地出版社2001年第2版。
25. 王旬，文化传统与经济组织， 东北财经大学出版社1999年第1版。
26. 严文华等， 跨文化管理心理学， 东北大学出版社2000年第 1版。
27. 原毅军， 跨国公司管理， 大连理工大学出版社1999年第1版。
28. 赵曙明，杨忠， 国际企业：跨文化管理， 南京大学出版社 1994年第1版。
1 The Accounting principles Board of the Financial Executives Research Foundation APB Opinion, No. 18, para i.d, cited by G.R. Young and S. Bradford Jr., in Joint Ventures: Planning and Action, Author D. Little, INC(New York), 1977, P.11
2 These definitions were first put forward by the ECE Secretariat in a document prepared by the thirteenth session of the Group of Experts on International Contract practices in the industry in July 1987 entitled "Guide on Legal aspects of new forms of industrial of co-operation: International Joint Venture Contracts". Trade G.E. 1/R. 38/Add 1),reproduced in East West Joint Ventures: Economic, Business, Financial and Legal aspects, UN Sales E.88, II.E.18.
3 See Richard Mead, International Management (Cambridge, MA; Blackwell Publishing, 1994), pp. 6-14
4 Gary Bonvillian and William A. Nowlin, "Cultural Awareness: An Essential Element of Doing Business Abroad ", Business Horizons, November-December 1994, pp. 44-54
5 Roger E. Axtell (ed.), Do's and Taboos around the World, 2nd ed. (New York: Wiley, 1990), p.3
6 Adapted and excerpted from " U.S. Phone Giants Find Telmex Can Be a Bruising Competitor ", Wall Street Journal, October 23, 1998
7 Chinese ideal of life is not only influenced by Confucianism, it also has something to do with Taoism. The ideal presented by Lin Yutang was very popular in the 1930s and 1940s. Nowadays, the Chinese ideal of life, especially that of the youth has changed to some degree. Nevertheless, the basis remains the same.
2. Bettina Biichel, International Joint Venture Management: Learning to Cooperate and Cooperating to Learn, Singapore; New York: J. Wiley & Sons (Asia), 1998.
3. Bjornrn Bjerke., Business Leadership and Culture : National Management Styles in the Global Economy, Cheltenham, Glos ; Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar, 1999.
4. Christopher A. Bartlett, and Sumantra Ghoshal, Transnational management: Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-border Management, China: DUFE Press, 1998.
5. Gordon Redding, ed., International Cultural Differences, Aldershot, England; Brookfield, Vt., USA: Dartmouth, 1995.
6. Helen Deresky, International Management: Managing across Borders and Cultures, 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2000.
7. Ian Hewitt. Joint ventures, London: FT Law & Tax, 1997.
8. Jan Selmer, ed., International Management in China : Cross-Cultural Issues , London ; New York : Routledge, 1998.
9. Joel Wallach, and Gale Metcalf, Working with Americans: a Practical Guide for Asians on How to Succeed with U.S. Managers, Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1995.
10. John. B. Cullen, Multinational Management: a Strategic Approach, Ohio: South-western College Publishing, 1999.
11. Kamal Fatehi, International Management: a Cross-cultural and Functional Perspective, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.
12. Mark Neal., the Culture Factor: Cross-National Management and the Foreign Venture, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Business, 1998.
13. M.B. Rao, Joint Ventures : International Business with Developing Countries, New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House, 1999.
14. Monir H. Tayeb, the Management of International Enterprises, New York: Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000.
15. Parriz Asheghian, the Multinational Corporation: Environment and Operations, New York: NOVA Science Publishers, INC. Commack, 1998.
16. Pat Joynt, and Malcolm Warner, Managing across Cultures: Issues and Perspectives, 1st ed., UK: International Thomson Business Press, 1996.
17. Peter J. Buckley, and Pervez N. Ghauri, the Global Challenge for Multinational Enterprises, New York: Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999.
18. Richard M. Hodgetts, and Fred Luthans, International Management, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
19. Richard M. Hodgetts, and Fred Luthans, International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, 4th ed., Boston, Mass.: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 2000.
20. Richard Mead, International Management: Cross-Cultural Dimensions, 2nd ed., Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Business, 1998.
21. Russell Gibbosn.，Joint Ventures in China: a Guide for the Foreign Investor, South Melbourne: Macmillian Education Australia, 1996.
22. International Management: an Essential Guide to Cross-Cultural Business, 2nd ed., London, UK; New Hampshire, USA: Institute of Directors, Kogan Page, 1999.
23. The Culture Factor: Corporate and International Perspectives, London: Institute of Personnel and Development, 1994.
24. 聂作平， 忍与决断， 天地出版社2001年第2版。
25. 王旬，文化传统与经济组织， 东北财经大学出版社1999年第1版。
26. 严文华等， 跨文化管理心理学， 东北大学出版社2000年第 1版。
27. 原毅军， 跨国公司管理， 大连理工大学出版社1999年第1版。
28. 赵曙明，杨忠， 国际企业：跨文化管理， 南京大学出版社 1994年第1版。
1 The Accounting principles Board of the Financial Executives Research Foundation APB Opinion, No. 18, para i.d, cited by G.R. Young and S. Bradford Jr., in Joint Ventures: Planning and Action, Author D. Little, INC(New York), 1977, P.11
2 These definitions were first put forward by the ECE Secretariat in a document prepared by the thirteenth session of the Group of Experts on International Contract practices in the industry in July 1987 entitled "Guide on Legal aspects of new forms of industrial of co-operation: International Joint Venture Contracts". Trade G.E. 1/R. 38/Add 1),reproduced in East West Joint Ventures: Economic, Business, Financial and Legal aspects, UN Sales E.88, II.E.18.
3 See Richard Mead, International Management (Cambridge, MA; Blackwell Publishing, 1994), pp. 6-14
4 Gary Bonvillian and William A. Nowlin, "Cultural Awareness: An Essential Element of Doing Business Abroad ", Business Horizons, November-December 1994, pp. 44-54
5 Roger E. Axtell (ed.), Do's and Taboos around the World, 2nd ed. (New York: Wiley, 1990), p.3
6 Adapted and excerpted from " U.S. Phone Giants Find Telmex Can Be a Bruising Competitor ", Wall Street Journal, October 23, 1998
7 Chinese ideal of life is not only influenced by Confucianism, it also has something to do with Taoism. The ideal presented by Lin Yutang was very popular in the 1930s and 1940s. Nowadays, the Chinese ideal of life, especially that of the youth has changed to some degree. Nevertheless, the basis remains the same.