创造性思维与认知抑制：机制和影响因素
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摘要
实现科学发展,关键在科技,根本在人才。创新型人才是我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设不可或缺的重要资源。培养创新型人才是加快建设人才强国的必然要求,是提升我国自主创新能力、建设创新型国家的必然要求。
近年来,探讨创造性思维与认知抑制的关系成为思维心理学的研究热点。国内外研究者构建了不同的创造力模型来分别阐述自己的理论观点。然而,研究者们一直以来都存在着诸多的争议和分歧。对于创造性思维与认知抑制的关系,高创造性思维水平的个体是表现出个更高的抑制能力还是更低的抑制能力?这种抑制能力是否更灵活?他们的这种认知抑制活动受什么因素影响?本研究在以往研究的基础上,试图探讨创造性思维与认知抑制的关系,并从个体和情境两方面因素来分析其对高、低创造性思维水平者认知抑制能力的影响。
论文共有三项研究。
研究一探讨高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力及其灵活性的差异。
实验1采用Stroop任务,操纵一致和不一致两种条件,记录高和低创造性思维水平者颜色判断的反应时,探讨高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力的差异。
实验2采用同样的Stroop任务,进一步操纵前后刺激的关联性,将trail n-1作为启动刺激,trail n作为目标刺激,启动刺激和目标刺激均操纵一致条件和不一致条件,探讨不同的启动条件下高和低创造性思维水平者对目标刺激的抑制能力,并考察其认知抑制的灵活性差异。
研究二探讨高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力差异,以及时间压力情境和情绪状态对创造性思维与认知抑制关系的影响,并从过程的角度探讨高、低创造性思维水平者在认知抑制任务转换中的自主唤醒差异。
实验3采用Stroop颜色-字义命名任务,设置有时间压力的情境和无时间压力的情境,并记录被试完成认知任务的皮肤电活动反应,探讨时间压力情境对高和低创造性思维水平者认知抑制的影响。
实验4采用与实验3相同的Stroop任务,通过高兴和悲伤视频片段分别诱发被试高兴和悲伤的情绪状态,探讨情绪状态对高和低创造性思维水平者认知抑制的影响。
研究三从阅读过程角度对创造性思维与认知抑制的关系进行验证,探讨高和低创造性思维水平者抑制歧义词不适当意义的能力差异,并分析语境位置在高、低创造性思维水平对歧义句歧义抑制的影响。
实验5以双字歧义词的次要意义编写句子并将歧义词放在句尾,同时设置意义相同的控制句(仅句尾双字词不一样),记录被试的各项眼动指标,探讨高和低创造性思维水平者抑制歧义词不适当意义的能力差异。
实验6选取由词义不同造成歧义的歧义句,操纵前语境位置和后语境位置条件,并分别为其匹配控制句,通过分析高、低创造性思维水平者在阅读句子时的各项眼动指标,探讨语境位置在高、低创造性思维水平者歧义抑制和消解过程中的作用。
综合三项研究的结果,得出以下结论：
(1)相比低创造性思维水平者,高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力更高,更灵活。
(2)时间压力情境提高了高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力。无时间压力情境下,高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力无明显差异,但有时间压力的情境下,高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力显著高于低创造性思维水平者。
(3)低创造性思维水平者对时间压力情境更敏感,有时间压力情境下,其交感神经激活强度显著提高,最后达到与高创造性思维水平者无明显差异的程度。
(4)情绪状态对高和低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力有影响。高兴情绪状态下,高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力高于低创造性思维水平者,悲伤情绪状态下,高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力无明显差异。
(5)高兴情绪状态下,高创造性思维水平者完成字义命名和颜色命名任务时交感神经系统激活强度高于低创造性思维水平者；悲伤情绪状态下,高创造性思维水平者处理冲突刺激时副交感神经系统激活强度高于低创造性思维水平者。
(6)高和低创造性思维水平者对歧义词不适当意义的抑制能力没有明显差异。
(7)相比低创造性思维水平者,前语境条件下,高创造性思维水平者对歧义句歧义认知抑制的能力更高,后语境条件下,高创造性思维水平者对非歧义句的解歧区的依赖程度低。
综上所述,相比低创造性思维水平者,高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力更,更灵活；创造性思维与认知抑制的关系主要受到情绪状态、时间压力情境和语境的调节作用。
Do creative people exhibit higher cognitive inhibition? Whether the ability of cognitive inhibition of creative people more flexible? What are the factors that affect it? Recently, the study of the relationship between creative thinking and cognitive inhibition is an active research field. Researchers have developed different types of creativity models to explain the cognitive inhibition process of creative people. However, they did not come to the same conclusion. This research use three paradigms, and explore from many aspects on the differences of the ability of cognitive inhibition between creative and no creative people and the role of time pressure situation and emotional state.
This research consists of three studies, and six experiments were carried out. In Study1and2, Using Stroop task to examine the factors and effects between creative thinking and cognitive inhibition. In Study3, Using eye tracking paradigm to investigate the differences in inhibiting not proper meaning of ambiguous words between creative people and non creative people, and analyzing the role of context. The details and main findings are as described as follows.
In Study1, there are two experiments. The creative people and non creative people were selected by TTCT. In Experiment1and2, cognitive inhibition and its flexibility were measured by Stroop color naming task, individuals were asked to categorize the color of presented characters as either green or red of a keyboard. We coded in terms of whether they involved congruent or incongruent trails. In Experiment2, to assess individual differences in flexible cognitive control, we coded trails in terms of whether they involved congruent or incongruent targets (i.e., on trail n) and followed congruent or incongruent primes on the previous (i.e., n-1) trail.
In Study2, two experiments were included. This study used color-word Stroop task and aimed to explore the role of time pressure situation and emotional state on the relationship between creative thinking and cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people. In Experiment3, Chinese character denoting blue, red and green were presented, and subjects were instructed to respond to the word (word target condition) and colors of stimuli (color target condition), and subjects were divided into two groups. In one group, Time pressure situation was applied, and the other group was not applied. In Experiment4, subjects were induced happy and sad emotional state by different movie clips, and then investigated the differences of cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people.
In Study3, sentence reading tasks were used to further examine the cognitive inhibition of creative people. In Experiment5, ambiguous words with two characters were selected and made a sentence as experimental condition, and matched it with a controlled condition. In Experiment6, ambiguous sentences were selected as materials, and the presentation condition concluded two contexts. The eye movement measures first run fixation duration, first run dwell time, fixation duration and fixation counts, etc, in order to examine the role of context in affecting the cognitive inhibition of creative people or non creative people.
To summarize the experiment results of the three studies, we could conclude as follows.
(1) Compared to non creative people, the cognitive inhibition of creative people were higher and more flexibly.
(2) Time pressure situation facilitated the cognitive inhibition ability of creative people. Under the control of time pressure situation, the cognitive inhibition of creative people were higher than those of non creative people, but under no time pressure situation, there was no significant difference on the ability of cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people.
(3) non creative people were more sensitive to time pressure situation. Under the time pressure situation, the sympathetic nervous system of non creative people were strengthened significantly.
(4) Emotional state affected individuals' cognitive inhibition. Under the control of happy emotional state, the cognitive inhibition of creative people were higher than those of non creative people, but under the control of sad emotional state, there was no significant difference on the ability of cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people.
(5) Under happy emotional state, the intensity of sympathetic nervous system of creative people was higher than those of non creative people when they were completing word naming task and color naming task, but under sad emotional state, the intensity of parasympathetic nervous system of creative people was higher than those of non creative people.
(6) There was no significant difference on inhibiting improper meanings between creative people and non creative people;
(7) Compared to non creative people, when the context was in the front of ambiguous sentence, the ability of cognitive inhibition creative people were higher than those of non creative people, but when the context was at the last of ambiguous sentence, there was no significant difference on the ability of cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people.
To sum up, the cognitive inhibition ability of creative people was higher than those of non creative people, and showed greater cognitive flexibility; the relationship between creative thinking and cognitive inhibition was moderated by emotional state, time pressure situation and context.
近年来,探讨创造性思维与认知抑制的关系成为思维心理学的研究热点。国内外研究者构建了不同的创造力模型来分别阐述自己的理论观点。然而,研究者们一直以来都存在着诸多的争议和分歧。对于创造性思维与认知抑制的关系,高创造性思维水平的个体是表现出个更高的抑制能力还是更低的抑制能力?这种抑制能力是否更灵活?他们的这种认知抑制活动受什么因素影响?本研究在以往研究的基础上,试图探讨创造性思维与认知抑制的关系,并从个体和情境两方面因素来分析其对高、低创造性思维水平者认知抑制能力的影响。
论文共有三项研究。
研究一探讨高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力及其灵活性的差异。
实验1采用Stroop任务,操纵一致和不一致两种条件,记录高和低创造性思维水平者颜色判断的反应时,探讨高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力的差异。
实验2采用同样的Stroop任务,进一步操纵前后刺激的关联性,将trail n-1作为启动刺激,trail n作为目标刺激,启动刺激和目标刺激均操纵一致条件和不一致条件,探讨不同的启动条件下高和低创造性思维水平者对目标刺激的抑制能力,并考察其认知抑制的灵活性差异。
研究二探讨高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力差异,以及时间压力情境和情绪状态对创造性思维与认知抑制关系的影响,并从过程的角度探讨高、低创造性思维水平者在认知抑制任务转换中的自主唤醒差异。
实验3采用Stroop颜色-字义命名任务,设置有时间压力的情境和无时间压力的情境,并记录被试完成认知任务的皮肤电活动反应,探讨时间压力情境对高和低创造性思维水平者认知抑制的影响。
实验4采用与实验3相同的Stroop任务,通过高兴和悲伤视频片段分别诱发被试高兴和悲伤的情绪状态,探讨情绪状态对高和低创造性思维水平者认知抑制的影响。
研究三从阅读过程角度对创造性思维与认知抑制的关系进行验证,探讨高和低创造性思维水平者抑制歧义词不适当意义的能力差异,并分析语境位置在高、低创造性思维水平对歧义句歧义抑制的影响。
实验5以双字歧义词的次要意义编写句子并将歧义词放在句尾,同时设置意义相同的控制句(仅句尾双字词不一样),记录被试的各项眼动指标,探讨高和低创造性思维水平者抑制歧义词不适当意义的能力差异。
实验6选取由词义不同造成歧义的歧义句,操纵前语境位置和后语境位置条件,并分别为其匹配控制句,通过分析高、低创造性思维水平者在阅读句子时的各项眼动指标,探讨语境位置在高、低创造性思维水平者歧义抑制和消解过程中的作用。
综合三项研究的结果,得出以下结论：
(1)相比低创造性思维水平者,高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力更高,更灵活。
(2)时间压力情境提高了高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力。无时间压力情境下,高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力无明显差异,但有时间压力的情境下,高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力显著高于低创造性思维水平者。
(3)低创造性思维水平者对时间压力情境更敏感,有时间压力情境下,其交感神经激活强度显著提高,最后达到与高创造性思维水平者无明显差异的程度。
(4)情绪状态对高和低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力有影响。高兴情绪状态下,高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力高于低创造性思维水平者,悲伤情绪状态下,高、低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力无明显差异。
(5)高兴情绪状态下,高创造性思维水平者完成字义命名和颜色命名任务时交感神经系统激活强度高于低创造性思维水平者；悲伤情绪状态下,高创造性思维水平者处理冲突刺激时副交感神经系统激活强度高于低创造性思维水平者。
(6)高和低创造性思维水平者对歧义词不适当意义的抑制能力没有明显差异。
(7)相比低创造性思维水平者,前语境条件下,高创造性思维水平者对歧义句歧义认知抑制的能力更高,后语境条件下,高创造性思维水平者对非歧义句的解歧区的依赖程度低。
综上所述,相比低创造性思维水平者,高创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力更,更灵活；创造性思维与认知抑制的关系主要受到情绪状态、时间压力情境和语境的调节作用。
Do creative people exhibit higher cognitive inhibition? Whether the ability of cognitive inhibition of creative people more flexible? What are the factors that affect it? Recently, the study of the relationship between creative thinking and cognitive inhibition is an active research field. Researchers have developed different types of creativity models to explain the cognitive inhibition process of creative people. However, they did not come to the same conclusion. This research use three paradigms, and explore from many aspects on the differences of the ability of cognitive inhibition between creative and no creative people and the role of time pressure situation and emotional state.
This research consists of three studies, and six experiments were carried out. In Study1and2, Using Stroop task to examine the factors and effects between creative thinking and cognitive inhibition. In Study3, Using eye tracking paradigm to investigate the differences in inhibiting not proper meaning of ambiguous words between creative people and non creative people, and analyzing the role of context. The details and main findings are as described as follows.
In Study1, there are two experiments. The creative people and non creative people were selected by TTCT. In Experiment1and2, cognitive inhibition and its flexibility were measured by Stroop color naming task, individuals were asked to categorize the color of presented characters as either green or red of a keyboard. We coded in terms of whether they involved congruent or incongruent trails. In Experiment2, to assess individual differences in flexible cognitive control, we coded trails in terms of whether they involved congruent or incongruent targets (i.e., on trail n) and followed congruent or incongruent primes on the previous (i.e., n-1) trail.
In Study2, two experiments were included. This study used color-word Stroop task and aimed to explore the role of time pressure situation and emotional state on the relationship between creative thinking and cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people. In Experiment3, Chinese character denoting blue, red and green were presented, and subjects were instructed to respond to the word (word target condition) and colors of stimuli (color target condition), and subjects were divided into two groups. In one group, Time pressure situation was applied, and the other group was not applied. In Experiment4, subjects were induced happy and sad emotional state by different movie clips, and then investigated the differences of cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people.
In Study3, sentence reading tasks were used to further examine the cognitive inhibition of creative people. In Experiment5, ambiguous words with two characters were selected and made a sentence as experimental condition, and matched it with a controlled condition. In Experiment6, ambiguous sentences were selected as materials, and the presentation condition concluded two contexts. The eye movement measures first run fixation duration, first run dwell time, fixation duration and fixation counts, etc, in order to examine the role of context in affecting the cognitive inhibition of creative people or non creative people.
To summarize the experiment results of the three studies, we could conclude as follows.
(1) Compared to non creative people, the cognitive inhibition of creative people were higher and more flexibly.
(2) Time pressure situation facilitated the cognitive inhibition ability of creative people. Under the control of time pressure situation, the cognitive inhibition of creative people were higher than those of non creative people, but under no time pressure situation, there was no significant difference on the ability of cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people.
(3) non creative people were more sensitive to time pressure situation. Under the time pressure situation, the sympathetic nervous system of non creative people were strengthened significantly.
(4) Emotional state affected individuals' cognitive inhibition. Under the control of happy emotional state, the cognitive inhibition of creative people were higher than those of non creative people, but under the control of sad emotional state, there was no significant difference on the ability of cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people.
(5) Under happy emotional state, the intensity of sympathetic nervous system of creative people was higher than those of non creative people when they were completing word naming task and color naming task, but under sad emotional state, the intensity of parasympathetic nervous system of creative people was higher than those of non creative people.
(6) There was no significant difference on inhibiting improper meanings between creative people and non creative people;
(7) Compared to non creative people, when the context was in the front of ambiguous sentence, the ability of cognitive inhibition creative people were higher than those of non creative people, but when the context was at the last of ambiguous sentence, there was no significant difference on the ability of cognitive inhibition between creative people and non creative people.
To sum up, the cognitive inhibition ability of creative people was higher than those of non creative people, and showed greater cognitive flexibility; the relationship between creative thinking and cognitive inhibition was moderated by emotional state, time pressure situation and context.
引文
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