冀西北坝上冷凉地区萝卜生长发育特性及养分需求特性研究
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摘要
本研究以冀西北坝上地区的萝卜主产区张家口市尚义县为主要研究区域,首先通过问卷调查的方法,对当地萝卜生产中的栽培管理现状及存在的主要问题进行了解析;然后选取了6个适宜于当地冷凉气候条件的萝卜品种,对其生长发育特性、养分吸收累积分配特性进行了系统的比较分析。在此基础上,采用田间小区试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了在当地土壤肥力和气候条件下,主栽萝卜品种的氮、磷、钾最佳用量和配比。主要研究结果如下:
1、冀西北坝上错季萝卜生产中,施肥习惯表现出一定的区域性和随意性,养分总体投入量不高,但氮磷钾养分失衡现象严重,特别是钾肥和中微量营养元素施用量不足,氮磷钾投肥比例与萝卜本身的养分需求特性明显不吻合。萝卜产量与农民常规氮、磷、钾肥用量之间也没有表现出明显的相关性。对当地土壤肥力状况的调查表明,该区土壤肥力水平明显偏低,各养分含量随土层加深呈现明显的下降趋势。
2、在当地土壤肥力条件下,缺施氮磷钾任一种元素均会对萝卜生长发育、产量、干物质及养分累积等产生显著影响。其中以氮的影响程度最大,磷钾肥对萝卜生长的影响程度则受气候、土壤基础地力等的影响。在当地土壤肥力条件下,农民常规管理田氮、磷、钾肥的表观利用率分别为26.90%、19.53%和26.36%,农学效率分别为178.60kg/kg、91.65 kg/kg和106.33 kg/kg,生理效率分别为725.36 kg/kg、546.35 kg/kg和594.70 kg/kg。
3、不同品种萝卜的生长发育特性结果表明,在萝卜播种后的前一个月时间内,生长速率与干物质累积速率大小对作物产量影响不大,而中后期的生长速率快慢才是决定产量的关键。播种后35天~50天期间的源活性与库活性呈极显著正相关(相关系数达0.715**),是影响根菜类蔬菜干物质分配和产量形成的关键因子。收获时,春辉萝卜产量、肉质根干物质累积量均最大,其根冠比(R/S)也显著高于其他品种;春冠35产量次之,春蕾和春光生物量和干物质量为中等水平。
4、基因型差异显著影响萝卜养分的吸收特性。春蕾的氮累积量最高,春冠35的磷累积量最高,钾累积量则以春辉最高,上述三品种的另外两种营养元素累积量亦普遍高于其他三个品种,且各养分偏生产力表现突出;春光和春雪圣氮累积量最低,春冠的磷、钾累积量最低,但春光和春冠品种的干物质生产效率普遍较高。因此,春辉、春冠35和春蕾为养分高效累积型品种;春光和春冠属于养分生理利用高效率品种;春雪圣则为养分吸收利用低效率品种。当地主栽品种春蕾萝卜每形成1000kg肉质根产量需要吸收N1.34~1.64kg,P2O50.95~1.17kg,K_2O为1.43~1.45kg,三者比例为1︰0.60~0.71︰0.89~1.07。
5、随着氮、磷、钾肥施用量的提高,萝卜产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,氮、钾用量与产量之间呈极显著相关性。根据施肥量与产量的回归模型计算结果,综合考虑当地的土壤肥力变异情况和萝卜的养分需求特性,坝上错季萝卜达到最佳目标产量的氮磷钾肥推荐用量为纯N125~150kg/hm2,P_2O_5 60~90kg/hm2,K_2O 90~120kg/hm~2。
This study was conducted in Shangyi county of Zhangjiakou city, the main production region of radish in Hebei province. The status quo of cultivation technique and existed problems were firstly understood by face-to-face interviews with filling questionnaire, then six varieties of radish suitable for the local area characterized by cold climate were selected. The objectives of this study were to systematically analyze the characteristics of radish growth and nutrient absorption and distribution.In addition, the optimum application rate and ratio of N, P2O5 and K_2O were studied under local soil fertility and climate condition by field experiment. The main results are shown as follows:
1. In the northwest area of Hebei province, the regional variations in applied rates of fertilizers and experience-based fertilization were observed for the off-season radish. Total nutrient inputs in the study area were not high, especially for K and trace elements inputs. The imbalance among N, P and K applications was also found, meanwhile, nutrient inputs were inconsistent with nutrient demands. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between yields and application rates of fertilizers. It also indicated that the soil fertility level was relatively low, which was degraded with the depth of soil profiles.
2. The biomass, economic yields, dry matter and nutrient accumulation were markedly influenced by the lack of a given element (N, P and K) under the current soil fertility. Clearly, nitrogen was the major limited factor for radish growth. The effects of P2O5 and K_2O on radish growth were influenced by soil fertility etc. The recovery efficiency of N, P2O5 and K_2O were 26.90%, 19.53% and 26.36%, agronomic efficiency were 178.60kg/kg, 91.65 kg/kg and 106.33 kg/kg, physiological use efficiency (PUE) were 725.36 kg/kg, 546.35 kg/kg and 594.70 kg/kg, respectively.
3. The results of growth characteristics of different radish varieties indicated that, during a month after sowing, yield was not influenced by the rate of radish growth and dry matter accumulation, the growth rate after 35 days was important to increasing production and dry matter distribution. The positive correlation between source and sink activity was highly significant in 35d~50d (correlation coefficient is 0.715**), which were important for yield and dry matter distribution. At harvest, the largest yield and dry matter of root was Chunhui, whose R/S was bigger than other varities significantly; ChunGuan 35 was the second, ChunLei and ChunGuang were in middle level.
4. Genetype influenced nutrient absorption characteristics of radish. The biggest accumulation of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O were ChunLei, ChunGuan35 and ChunHui, respectively, the higher accumulation of the two other nutrients were also found in the above three varities, what is more, their PFP were outstanding. The least N accumulation were ChunGuang and ChunXue-sheng, ChunGuan’s P_2O_5 and K_2O was lowest, but ChunGuang and ChunGuan’s dry matter product efficiency were higher. In brief, ChunHui, ChunGuan 35 and ChunLei were nutrient efficient accumulation varities, ChunGuang and ChunGuan were nutrient physiological utilization efficiency types, and ChunXue-sheng was nutrient absorption and utilization low efficiency variety. The test identified that the main variety-ChunLei required N1.34~1.64kg, P_2O_5 0.95~1.17kg and K_2O 1.43~1.45kg for producing 1000kg radish, respectively, and the proportion of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O was 1︰0.60~0.71︰0.89~1.07.
5. The trials of NPK application rate indicated that accompanying with the increased fertilizer (N, P_2O_5 and K_2O) inputs, there was an increase trend in radish yield before it decreased in the later growth period. The correlations between N, K_2O application rate and yield were highly singnificant, but that between P_2O_5 application rate and yield was not singnificant. According to the fitting curve between fertilizer application rate and yield, comprehensive analysis soil fertility and the characteristics of nutrients demanded by radish, the optimum fertilizer application was N125~150kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 60~90kg/hm~2 and K_2O 90~120kg/hm~2 in the northwest area of Hebei province.
1、冀西北坝上错季萝卜生产中,施肥习惯表现出一定的区域性和随意性,养分总体投入量不高,但氮磷钾养分失衡现象严重,特别是钾肥和中微量营养元素施用量不足,氮磷钾投肥比例与萝卜本身的养分需求特性明显不吻合。萝卜产量与农民常规氮、磷、钾肥用量之间也没有表现出明显的相关性。对当地土壤肥力状况的调查表明,该区土壤肥力水平明显偏低,各养分含量随土层加深呈现明显的下降趋势。
2、在当地土壤肥力条件下,缺施氮磷钾任一种元素均会对萝卜生长发育、产量、干物质及养分累积等产生显著影响。其中以氮的影响程度最大,磷钾肥对萝卜生长的影响程度则受气候、土壤基础地力等的影响。在当地土壤肥力条件下,农民常规管理田氮、磷、钾肥的表观利用率分别为26.90%、19.53%和26.36%,农学效率分别为178.60kg/kg、91.65 kg/kg和106.33 kg/kg,生理效率分别为725.36 kg/kg、546.35 kg/kg和594.70 kg/kg。
3、不同品种萝卜的生长发育特性结果表明,在萝卜播种后的前一个月时间内,生长速率与干物质累积速率大小对作物产量影响不大,而中后期的生长速率快慢才是决定产量的关键。播种后35天~50天期间的源活性与库活性呈极显著正相关(相关系数达0.715**),是影响根菜类蔬菜干物质分配和产量形成的关键因子。收获时,春辉萝卜产量、肉质根干物质累积量均最大,其根冠比(R/S)也显著高于其他品种;春冠35产量次之,春蕾和春光生物量和干物质量为中等水平。
4、基因型差异显著影响萝卜养分的吸收特性。春蕾的氮累积量最高,春冠35的磷累积量最高,钾累积量则以春辉最高,上述三品种的另外两种营养元素累积量亦普遍高于其他三个品种,且各养分偏生产力表现突出;春光和春雪圣氮累积量最低,春冠的磷、钾累积量最低,但春光和春冠品种的干物质生产效率普遍较高。因此,春辉、春冠35和春蕾为养分高效累积型品种;春光和春冠属于养分生理利用高效率品种;春雪圣则为养分吸收利用低效率品种。当地主栽品种春蕾萝卜每形成1000kg肉质根产量需要吸收N1.34~1.64kg,P2O50.95~1.17kg,K_2O为1.43~1.45kg,三者比例为1︰0.60~0.71︰0.89~1.07。
5、随着氮、磷、钾肥施用量的提高,萝卜产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,氮、钾用量与产量之间呈极显著相关性。根据施肥量与产量的回归模型计算结果,综合考虑当地的土壤肥力变异情况和萝卜的养分需求特性,坝上错季萝卜达到最佳目标产量的氮磷钾肥推荐用量为纯N125~150kg/hm2,P_2O_5 60~90kg/hm2,K_2O 90~120kg/hm~2。
This study was conducted in Shangyi county of Zhangjiakou city, the main production region of radish in Hebei province. The status quo of cultivation technique and existed problems were firstly understood by face-to-face interviews with filling questionnaire, then six varieties of radish suitable for the local area characterized by cold climate were selected. The objectives of this study were to systematically analyze the characteristics of radish growth and nutrient absorption and distribution.In addition, the optimum application rate and ratio of N, P2O5 and K_2O were studied under local soil fertility and climate condition by field experiment. The main results are shown as follows:
1. In the northwest area of Hebei province, the regional variations in applied rates of fertilizers and experience-based fertilization were observed for the off-season radish. Total nutrient inputs in the study area were not high, especially for K and trace elements inputs. The imbalance among N, P and K applications was also found, meanwhile, nutrient inputs were inconsistent with nutrient demands. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between yields and application rates of fertilizers. It also indicated that the soil fertility level was relatively low, which was degraded with the depth of soil profiles.
2. The biomass, economic yields, dry matter and nutrient accumulation were markedly influenced by the lack of a given element (N, P and K) under the current soil fertility. Clearly, nitrogen was the major limited factor for radish growth. The effects of P2O5 and K_2O on radish growth were influenced by soil fertility etc. The recovery efficiency of N, P2O5 and K_2O were 26.90%, 19.53% and 26.36%, agronomic efficiency were 178.60kg/kg, 91.65 kg/kg and 106.33 kg/kg, physiological use efficiency (PUE) were 725.36 kg/kg, 546.35 kg/kg and 594.70 kg/kg, respectively.
3. The results of growth characteristics of different radish varieties indicated that, during a month after sowing, yield was not influenced by the rate of radish growth and dry matter accumulation, the growth rate after 35 days was important to increasing production and dry matter distribution. The positive correlation between source and sink activity was highly significant in 35d~50d (correlation coefficient is 0.715**), which were important for yield and dry matter distribution. At harvest, the largest yield and dry matter of root was Chunhui, whose R/S was bigger than other varities significantly; ChunGuan 35 was the second, ChunLei and ChunGuang were in middle level.
4. Genetype influenced nutrient absorption characteristics of radish. The biggest accumulation of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O were ChunLei, ChunGuan35 and ChunHui, respectively, the higher accumulation of the two other nutrients were also found in the above three varities, what is more, their PFP were outstanding. The least N accumulation were ChunGuang and ChunXue-sheng, ChunGuan’s P_2O_5 and K_2O was lowest, but ChunGuang and ChunGuan’s dry matter product efficiency were higher. In brief, ChunHui, ChunGuan 35 and ChunLei were nutrient efficient accumulation varities, ChunGuang and ChunGuan were nutrient physiological utilization efficiency types, and ChunXue-sheng was nutrient absorption and utilization low efficiency variety. The test identified that the main variety-ChunLei required N1.34~1.64kg, P_2O_5 0.95~1.17kg and K_2O 1.43~1.45kg for producing 1000kg radish, respectively, and the proportion of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O was 1︰0.60~0.71︰0.89~1.07.
5. The trials of NPK application rate indicated that accompanying with the increased fertilizer (N, P_2O_5 and K_2O) inputs, there was an increase trend in radish yield before it decreased in the later growth period. The correlations between N, K_2O application rate and yield were highly singnificant, but that between P_2O_5 application rate and yield was not singnificant. According to the fitting curve between fertilizer application rate and yield, comprehensive analysis soil fertility and the characteristics of nutrients demanded by radish, the optimum fertilizer application was N125~150kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 60~90kg/hm~2 and K_2O 90~120kg/hm~2 in the northwest area of Hebei province.
引文
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