人体下肢肌肉功能模型及其应用的研究
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摘要
研究人体在运动过程中,肌肉长度、肌长度变化速率、肌力臂等肌肉功能参数以及肌肉功能的动态变化,是运动生物力学、运动解剖学、运动生理学和体育训练学等学科领域中十分关注的课题,它们对于深入探讨人体运动规律、肌肉的神经控制与工作特性以及制定肌肉专项力量训练方案等均具有非常重要的理论和实践意义。为此,本文将以人体下肢肌肉附着点(肌肉起止点、代起止点)、关节转动中心在相应环节基准坐标系中的坐标为基础,建立适合于活体应用的下肢肌肉功能模型。该模型不但能详尽地定量评定下肢于不同状态下肌肉所具有的潜在功能,而且也能获得人体在运动过程中下肢肌肉功能参数的动态变化状况。同时,本研究通过步态分析的实例,初步检验了模型的可用性和可靠性。
本研究主要内容:
1.使用近景摄影技术(DLT 法,全站仪法)测量尸体下肢整体骨骼标本中肌肉附着点和有关骨性形态学标记点的空间三维坐标;
2.利用人体骨性形态学参数和肌肉附着点坐标,建立可用于推测活体肌肉附着点三维坐标的回归方程。
3.研究髌骨对推算股四头肌长度及对膝关节力臂的影响,建立髌骨上下缘点三维坐标随膝关节角度变化的拟合方程;
4.使用描述刚体之间方位相对变化的广义坐标——布里恩角,建立人体下肢肌肉功能模型,并编制相应的计算机软件——下肢肌肉功能模型计算机应用分析系统;
5.评定下肢于基准解剖位时,下肢各肌肉的功能;
6.评定下肢肌肉功能随关节角度变化而发生的变化;
7.以步态分析为例,检测模型在人体运动中分析肌肉功能参数的可用性和可靠性,并在方法学上,为肌肉功能模型结合多机同步测试进行研究作初步的探索。
本研究通过对实验测试结果的分析得到以下主要结论:
1.本研究为进一步建立全面完整的国人肌肉功能模型奠定了一定的基础,模型中肌肉附着点三维坐标数据具有较高的精度;推测肌肉附着点三维坐标的回归方程,有较高的可信度和可靠性。
2.肌肉代起止点、肌肉当量力臂和肌肉功能转换角,对定量评定肌肉功能有重要的理论意义和应用价值。肌肉功能转换角是肌肉功能发生转换的标志,肌肉当量力臂为0 值时,也是肌肉缩短或伸长至极限的标志。
3.下肢大多数肌肉对额状轴作用最大,矢状轴次之,垂直轴最小。环节运动过程中,由于环节位置的变化,肌肉对关节各轴上的功能参数都将随之改变;不仅肌肉功能参数会发生量的变化,甚至肌肉功能会发生质的改变。
4.髋关节肌的功能特点之一是存在当量力臂为0 值的情况。这表明大腿在髋关节整个活动范围内运动时,一部分肌肉始终参与工作;一部分肌肉由于功能消失而退出工作;另一部分开始并不参与工作的肌肉,随环节运动具有了参与该运动的功能。即,髋关节肌有所谓“功能补偿”的现象。
5.在解剖基准位,髂腰肌、耻骨肌、长收肌、短收肌、大收肌下部对髋关节有旋内功能;而股薄肌有旋外功能。臀大肌(上部)具有双关节肌的作用,对膝关节的屈伸产生一定效应。
6.髌骨上下缘点随膝角变化的运动轨迹类似于抛物线形状;髌骨对增大股四头肌对膝关节力臂有重要的影响;在解剖基准位,髌骨使力臂长度增加了约2.5 倍;900-00的伸膝范围是髌骨起增大力臂作用的主要范围。
7.肌肉功能模型与多机同步测试相结合分析人体步态的实验证明,肌肉功能模型的实用性、可靠性较高。下肢肌肉功能模型计算机应用分析系统经进一步完善后有重要的应用推广价值。
It has drawn a wide attention in the research field of sports biomechanics, sports anatomy, sports physiology and athletic training to study the changes of kinematics and kinetics of the muscular work state during exercise, such as muscular length, its variable velocity and the arm of muscular force. It will do much help not only in penetrating into the law of movement and muscular working characteristics and nerve controlling, but also in drawing the project of muscular strength training. For this purpose, A muscular function model of the lower extremities suited to be applicable on live body has been developed based on the coordinates of muscle attachments of lower extremities(mark of muscles origins and terminations, substitute mark of muscles origins and terminations) and coordinates of joint turning center in the corresponding benchmark coordinates system of segments. The muscular function model can be used not only to rationally assess the muscles′potential enginery of lower limbs in different state, but also to provide dynamic changes in function parameter of lower limbs during body moving. At the same time, the article makes a sample of gait analysis, preliminarily testing the usability and reliability of the model.
Main content:
1. Space three-dimensional coordinates of muscle attachments and skeletal morphological marker of lower extremities had been scaled by close shot photography technology(DLT and the Total Station Method)
2. By utilizing skeletal morphological parameter and coordinates of the muscle attachments, regression equation of three-dimensional coordinates in the responding benchmark coordinates system is established through which the muscle attachments of living body could be speculated on.
3. Influence of the knee cap in calculating the length of quadriceps femoris and the arm of force of the knee have been studied, and the emulate equation of three-dimensional coordinates of the point of upper and lower edge of the knee cap according to changes of the knee angle have been established.
4. The muscular function model of the lower extremity had been established according to Bryant angle —which was applied to describe relatively change of the rigid body azimuth generalized coordinates; corresponding software —applied computer analysis system of the muscular function model of the lower extremity was work out.
5. The muscular function of the lower extremity was assessed when it was at standard anatomic attitude.
6. The muscular function change in the lower extremity according to the angle of joint was assessed.
7. Make a sample of the gait analysis, the usability and reliability of the muscular function parameter of the model in body moving analysis was tested, preliminary research combined the muscular function model of the lower extremity with multi-equipment synchronization had been done in methodology.
Main conclusion: 1. The study laid a foundation for further complete establishment of the rounded muscular function model of Chinese; the model offered further precise three-dimensional coordinates of the muscle attachments; regression equation of three-dimensional coordinates of the muscle attachments had the higher reliability and dependability. 2.Substitute mark of the muscles origins and terminations , the bogus arm of muscular force and the angle of the muscular function conversion,have important theoretical meaning and applied value in rational assessment of the muscular function. The angle of the muscular function conversion is the sign of function diversion of the muscles, and the sign that muscular shortened or protracted to maximum-point when the bogus arm of muscular force drop to zero. 3.Most lower extremity muscles had the strongest effect on frontal axis, sagittal axis takes the second place, the third is vertical axis. Because of the moving of the segment, muscular function parameters acted to all these axis would be changed correspondingly; not only in quantity, but also in quality. 4. One of the function characters of muscle in the hip joint is that the value for the bogus arm of the muscular force is zero. It indicates that a part of muscle has been working all the time, some of them stopped working because of the disappearing of its function, some of other muscle which did not work at initial stages began to work accompanying the movement of segment during thigh moving in whole range of the hip joint. This is the phenomenon of so-called “function compensation”of muscle in hip joint. 5.At standard anatomic attitude, the iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis,lower part of adductor magnus have the function of inside-revolve to hip joint and gracilis has outside-revolve function. The upper part of the gluteus maximus can function as double joint muscle, and has effect on the bending and extending of knee joint. 6. With the changes of knee angle, the moving track of upper and lower edge point of the knee cap is similarly a parabola; knee cap has important influence on the increase of the arm of force of quadriceps femoris to knee joint; at standard anatomic attitude, knee cap made the length of force arm increase about 2.5 times; the main range that knee cap increase the arm of force is 900-00 when knee joint extended. 7. Experiment that combined the muscular function model of the lower extremity with multi-equipment synchronization proved the higher practicability and reliability of the muscular function. Once the applied computer analysis system of the muscular function model of the lower extremity is perfected, it will be more valuable in application and popularization.
本研究主要内容:
1.使用近景摄影技术(DLT 法,全站仪法)测量尸体下肢整体骨骼标本中肌肉附着点和有关骨性形态学标记点的空间三维坐标;
2.利用人体骨性形态学参数和肌肉附着点坐标,建立可用于推测活体肌肉附着点三维坐标的回归方程。
3.研究髌骨对推算股四头肌长度及对膝关节力臂的影响,建立髌骨上下缘点三维坐标随膝关节角度变化的拟合方程;
4.使用描述刚体之间方位相对变化的广义坐标——布里恩角,建立人体下肢肌肉功能模型,并编制相应的计算机软件——下肢肌肉功能模型计算机应用分析系统;
5.评定下肢于基准解剖位时,下肢各肌肉的功能;
6.评定下肢肌肉功能随关节角度变化而发生的变化;
7.以步态分析为例,检测模型在人体运动中分析肌肉功能参数的可用性和可靠性,并在方法学上,为肌肉功能模型结合多机同步测试进行研究作初步的探索。
本研究通过对实验测试结果的分析得到以下主要结论:
1.本研究为进一步建立全面完整的国人肌肉功能模型奠定了一定的基础,模型中肌肉附着点三维坐标数据具有较高的精度;推测肌肉附着点三维坐标的回归方程,有较高的可信度和可靠性。
2.肌肉代起止点、肌肉当量力臂和肌肉功能转换角,对定量评定肌肉功能有重要的理论意义和应用价值。肌肉功能转换角是肌肉功能发生转换的标志,肌肉当量力臂为0 值时,也是肌肉缩短或伸长至极限的标志。
3.下肢大多数肌肉对额状轴作用最大,矢状轴次之,垂直轴最小。环节运动过程中,由于环节位置的变化,肌肉对关节各轴上的功能参数都将随之改变;不仅肌肉功能参数会发生量的变化,甚至肌肉功能会发生质的改变。
4.髋关节肌的功能特点之一是存在当量力臂为0 值的情况。这表明大腿在髋关节整个活动范围内运动时,一部分肌肉始终参与工作;一部分肌肉由于功能消失而退出工作;另一部分开始并不参与工作的肌肉,随环节运动具有了参与该运动的功能。即,髋关节肌有所谓“功能补偿”的现象。
5.在解剖基准位,髂腰肌、耻骨肌、长收肌、短收肌、大收肌下部对髋关节有旋内功能;而股薄肌有旋外功能。臀大肌(上部)具有双关节肌的作用,对膝关节的屈伸产生一定效应。
6.髌骨上下缘点随膝角变化的运动轨迹类似于抛物线形状;髌骨对增大股四头肌对膝关节力臂有重要的影响;在解剖基准位,髌骨使力臂长度增加了约2.5 倍;900-00的伸膝范围是髌骨起增大力臂作用的主要范围。
7.肌肉功能模型与多机同步测试相结合分析人体步态的实验证明,肌肉功能模型的实用性、可靠性较高。下肢肌肉功能模型计算机应用分析系统经进一步完善后有重要的应用推广价值。
It has drawn a wide attention in the research field of sports biomechanics, sports anatomy, sports physiology and athletic training to study the changes of kinematics and kinetics of the muscular work state during exercise, such as muscular length, its variable velocity and the arm of muscular force. It will do much help not only in penetrating into the law of movement and muscular working characteristics and nerve controlling, but also in drawing the project of muscular strength training. For this purpose, A muscular function model of the lower extremities suited to be applicable on live body has been developed based on the coordinates of muscle attachments of lower extremities(mark of muscles origins and terminations, substitute mark of muscles origins and terminations) and coordinates of joint turning center in the corresponding benchmark coordinates system of segments. The muscular function model can be used not only to rationally assess the muscles′potential enginery of lower limbs in different state, but also to provide dynamic changes in function parameter of lower limbs during body moving. At the same time, the article makes a sample of gait analysis, preliminarily testing the usability and reliability of the model.
Main content:
1. Space three-dimensional coordinates of muscle attachments and skeletal morphological marker of lower extremities had been scaled by close shot photography technology(DLT and the Total Station Method)
2. By utilizing skeletal morphological parameter and coordinates of the muscle attachments, regression equation of three-dimensional coordinates in the responding benchmark coordinates system is established through which the muscle attachments of living body could be speculated on.
3. Influence of the knee cap in calculating the length of quadriceps femoris and the arm of force of the knee have been studied, and the emulate equation of three-dimensional coordinates of the point of upper and lower edge of the knee cap according to changes of the knee angle have been established.
4. The muscular function model of the lower extremity had been established according to Bryant angle —which was applied to describe relatively change of the rigid body azimuth generalized coordinates; corresponding software —applied computer analysis system of the muscular function model of the lower extremity was work out.
5. The muscular function of the lower extremity was assessed when it was at standard anatomic attitude.
6. The muscular function change in the lower extremity according to the angle of joint was assessed.
7. Make a sample of the gait analysis, the usability and reliability of the muscular function parameter of the model in body moving analysis was tested, preliminary research combined the muscular function model of the lower extremity with multi-equipment synchronization had been done in methodology.
Main conclusion: 1. The study laid a foundation for further complete establishment of the rounded muscular function model of Chinese; the model offered further precise three-dimensional coordinates of the muscle attachments; regression equation of three-dimensional coordinates of the muscle attachments had the higher reliability and dependability. 2.Substitute mark of the muscles origins and terminations , the bogus arm of muscular force and the angle of the muscular function conversion,have important theoretical meaning and applied value in rational assessment of the muscular function. The angle of the muscular function conversion is the sign of function diversion of the muscles, and the sign that muscular shortened or protracted to maximum-point when the bogus arm of muscular force drop to zero. 3.Most lower extremity muscles had the strongest effect on frontal axis, sagittal axis takes the second place, the third is vertical axis. Because of the moving of the segment, muscular function parameters acted to all these axis would be changed correspondingly; not only in quantity, but also in quality. 4. One of the function characters of muscle in the hip joint is that the value for the bogus arm of the muscular force is zero. It indicates that a part of muscle has been working all the time, some of them stopped working because of the disappearing of its function, some of other muscle which did not work at initial stages began to work accompanying the movement of segment during thigh moving in whole range of the hip joint. This is the phenomenon of so-called “function compensation”of muscle in hip joint. 5.At standard anatomic attitude, the iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis,lower part of adductor magnus have the function of inside-revolve to hip joint and gracilis has outside-revolve function. The upper part of the gluteus maximus can function as double joint muscle, and has effect on the bending and extending of knee joint. 6. With the changes of knee angle, the moving track of upper and lower edge point of the knee cap is similarly a parabola; knee cap has important influence on the increase of the arm of force of quadriceps femoris to knee joint; at standard anatomic attitude, knee cap made the length of force arm increase about 2.5 times; the main range that knee cap increase the arm of force is 900-00 when knee joint extended. 7. Experiment that combined the muscular function model of the lower extremity with multi-equipment synchronization proved the higher practicability and reliability of the muscular function. Once the applied computer analysis system of the muscular function model of the lower extremity is perfected, it will be more valuable in application and popularization.
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郑秀瑗等《现代运动生物力学》国防工业出版社2002.10 第1 版
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扎齐奥尔斯基等著《运动生物力学》国际奥林匹克委员会Blackwell Science 公司出版2000 第1 版
扎西尔殷学锋等译2000 年的运动生物力学体育科技信息1994 第14 卷第6 期P:14-16
周宾等双关节肌结构与分布的生物力学特征安徽体育科技1992第1期P:22
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Apkarian J. et.al. (1989). A three-dimensional kinematical and dynamic model of the lower limb. Journal of Biomechanics, 1989, V.22 (2): 143-155
Bobbert ,et al (1986) . A model of the human triceps surae muscle-tendon complex applied to jumping. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1986, V.106: 97-103.
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Challis.J. et.al.(1993). An analytical examination ofrnusd force estimations using optimization techniques. Proccedingsofrt Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H, Journal of Engineeriii Medicine V.207, 139-148.
Chow, W. et.al. (1999). Determing the force-length-velocity relations of the quadriceps muscle: Ⅰ. Anatomical and geometric parameters. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 1999, V.15:182-190
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Darryl G. (2003) Generating dynamic simulations of movement using computed muscle control Journal of Biomechanics 2003, V.36, 321–328
DeLuca Carlo J.(1997) The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Apply Biomechanics 1997; V.13:135-136.
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ISB Book of Abstracts Int. Society of Biomechanics(ISB)XVIIIth Congress 2001.7
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郑秀瑗等《现代运动生物力学》国防工业出版社2002.10 第1 版
扎齐奥尔斯基等著吴忠贯等译《人体运动器官生物力学》人民体育出版社1987.5 第1 版
扎齐奥尔斯基等著吴忠贯等译《运动计量力学》人民体育出版社1988.5 第1 版
扎齐奥尔斯基等著《运动生物力学》国际奥林匹克委员会Blackwell Science 公司出版2000 第1 版
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周宾等双关节肌结构与分布的生物力学特征安徽体育科技1992第1期P:22
Amtmann, E. et al.(1968) Die beanspruchung der menschlichen huftlagc links: II. Probe und richtung der huftgelenksresultierenden in der frontalebene. Z. Anat. EntwGesch.. 1968.V.127, Fasc. 4, 286-314.
Apkarian J. et.al. (1989). A three-dimensional kinematical and dynamic model of the lower limb. Journal of Biomechanics, 1989, V.22 (2): 143-155
Bobbert ,et al (1986) . A model of the human triceps surae muscle-tendon complex applied to jumping. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1986, V.106: 97-103.
Brand, R. et.al. (1982) A model of the lower extremity muscular anatomy. J. Biomechanical Engng,V 104, 304-310
Brand, R. et.al. ( 1994). Comparison of hip force calculations and measurements in the same patient. Journal of Arthroplasty V.9,45-51
Buschmann et al (1991) .Magnetic resonance imaging of anomalous leg muscles: accessory soleus, peroneus quartus and the flexor digitorum longus accessorius. Foot Ankle 1991 Oct; V.12(2) : 109-16
Cappello.A. et.al. (1997). Multiple anatomical landmark. calibration for optimal bone pose estimation. Human Movement Science V.16, 259 274.
Cappozzo,A. et.al. (1997) Surface-marker cluster design criteria for 3-D hone movement reconstruction. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering V.44, 1165-1174.
Challis.J. et.al.(1993). An analytical examination ofrnusd force estimations using optimization techniques. Proccedingsofrt Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H, Journal of Engineeriii Medicine V.207, 139-148.
Chow, W. et.al. (1999). Determing the force-length-velocity relations of the quadriceps muscle: Ⅰ. Anatomical and geometric parameters. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 1999, V.15:182-190
Christopher,et al(1992)《DYNAMICS OF HUMAN G AIT》南非1992 第2 版
Crowninshield et al. (1978)A biomechanical investigation of the human hip. J. Biomechanics.1978, V.11, 75-85.
Darryl G. (2003) Generating dynamic simulations of movement using computed muscle control Journal of Biomechanics 2003, V.36, 321–328
DeLuca Carlo J.(1997) The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Apply Biomechanics 1997; V.13:135-136.
Denham, R. A. (1959) Hip mechanics. J. Bone Jt Surg.1959.V. 41-B, 550-557.
Dostal, W.F. et al.(1981) A three-dimensional biomechanical model of hip musculature. J. Biomechanics, 1981,V.14, 11,803-812
Eijden et al. (1985)The orientation of the distal part of the quadriceps femoris muscle as function of the knee flexion-extension angle J. Biomechanics. 1985 V.18, 803--809
Eijden et al.(1986) A mathematical model of the patellofemoral joint J. Biomechanics. 1986, V.19, 219—229
Giakas (2000) Time-frequency analysis and filtering of kinematic signal with impacts using the Wigner function. Journal of Biomechanics, 2000, V.33:567-574
Glitsch, U. et al.(1997). The three-dimensional determination of internal loads in the lower extremity. J. Biomechanics,1997, V.30, No.11/12, 1123-1131
Glitsch, U. (1992) Einsalz verschicdener Optimicrungsansalzc zur komplexen Belaslungsanalyse der unleren Extremitat. Ph.D. thesis, Deutsche Sporthochschulc, Koln
Gruber K., H. Ruder, J. Denoth, K. Schneider(1998).A comparative study of impact dynamics: Wobbling mass model ver rigid body models. Journal of Biomechanics ,1998, V.31:439-444
Hardt,(1978) Determining muscles forces in the leg during normal human gait—An apprication and evaluation of optimization methods. J. Biomechanical Engineering.1978 V. 100,72-78.
Hawkins, D. et.al. (1990). A method for determining lower extremity muscle-tendon length during flexion/ extension movement. Journal of Biomechanics,1990, V.23, (5): 487-494.
Hawkins, D. & Mark Smenlders. (1998). Relationship between keen joint torque, velocity, and muscle activation: Considerations for musculoskeletal modeling. J. of App. Biomechanics, 1998,V.14,141-157
Hawkins, D. & Mark Smenlders. (1999). An investigation of the relationship between hip extension torque, hip extension velocity, and muscle activation. J. of App. Biomechanics, 1999, V.15,253-269
Hay, J. G. et.al. (1999). Changes in muscle-tendon length during the take-off of a running long jump. Journal of Sports Sciences ,1999, V.17:159-172
Herzog, W, et al.(1991). Validation of optimization mod that estimate the forces exerted by synergistic muscles. Journal of Biomechanics ,1991,V.24 (Suppl. 1), 31-39
Herzog, W. (1996). Muscle function in movement and sports. Supplement to The American J. of Sports Med.1996,V.24, No.6, s14-s19
Hollingshcad,W.,(1974).Textbook of Anatomy. Harper and Row,Philadelphia,PA. Hoy, M.G. et.al(.1990) A musculoskeletal model of the human lower extremity: The effect of muscle, tendon, and moment arm on the moment-angle relationship of musculotendon actuators at the hip, knee, and ankle. J.Biomechanics, 1990,V.23, No.2, 157-169
Inman, V. T. (1947) Functional aspects of the abductor muscles of the hip. J. Bone Jt Surg. 1947.V.29A, 607-609.
ISB Book of Abstracts Int. Society of Biomechanics(ISB)XVIIIth Congress 2001.7
Jensen et al.(1971) A technique for obtaining measurements of force generated by hip muscles. Arch. phys. Med. Rehabil. 1971.V.53; 207-215.
Jensen et al(.1975)An investigation of muscle line of action about the hip: a centroid line approach VS the straight line approach .J. Biomechanics. 1975,V.8, 103-110.
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