9-18岁儿童少年立定跳远动作技能的运动学研究
|
摘要
研究儿童少年动作技能的年龄和性别特征,对我国儿童少年运动技能发展水平的了解和评定,指导教学训练均有着重要的意义。本文以苏州市区300名在校普通中小学生为研究对象,使用JVC9800高速摄像机以100fps的速度拍摄,采用德国SIMI-motion录像解析系统对儿童少年立定跳远技能的运动学参数进行了研究。结果显示:(1)儿童少年立定跳远技能水平随年龄增大逐渐提高,在13-14岁和17-18岁出现增长的敏感期。女子14岁之前技能水平随着年龄的增加而增加,14以后出现停滞并略有下降。(2)立定跳远各阶段所用时间除腾空时间外与跳远远度关系不大。(3)儿童少年在完成立定跳远起跳动作时,关节活动存在着明显的顺序。13岁前男子以伸髋开始,依次是膝、踝,13岁以后以及女子表现为先是膝关节蹬伸,依次是髋、踝。(4)同年龄立定跳远技能水平高组和低组间比较发现:在蹬伸起跳与落地阶段主要运动学指标均存在显著性差异。结论:(1)儿童少年在完成过程中,技能水平呈现出明显的年龄和性别特征。(2)同年龄儿童少年立定跳远技能高、低者在起跳和落地阶段运动学参数存在着显著差异,表明起跳和落地过程是立定跳远动作的核心部分。(3)影响儿童少年立定跳远技能水平的主要运动学参数有下肢关节活动幅度、蹬伸和落地时关节角速度、起跳角度和落地角度等。
Objective: There are some important meaning to understand and appraise the level of development of juvenile`s movement skills in our country, also to guide the teaching disciplined through by researching the characteristics of age and sex of juvenile,s movement skills.
Method: The researching is focused on 300 primary school and middle school students in Suzhou city, the skill of standing long jump of them were taken by JVC9800 high speed camera with 100 fps, the kinematics parameter of standing long jump skill of juveniles were meared by SIMI-motion video analytical system made in Germany.
Results:
1. The distance of standing long jump is increased followed the age, that means the age is older the distance is longer, and there are two sensitive specified time of increasing which is 13-14 and 17-18 years old. The level of skill of girls is increased followed the age before 14 years old, stop or decreasing after 14.
2. The time using in each stages of standing long jump has no relationship with the distance of jump except the time of soaring up.
3. When the child is completing the movement of standing long jump, there is a clear sequence existed in actions of joints. The boys before 13 years old is followed a sequence from the hip extending to knee and ankle, after that, they followed a sequence from the knee extending to hip and ankle, which is like the girls did.
4. To contrast the skill of high level students and the low level students in same age, it shows that: The target of kinematics had remarkable during taking off and landing.
Objective: There are some important meaning to understand and appraise the level of development of juvenile`s movement skills in our country, also to guide the teaching disciplined through by researching the characteristics of age and sex of juvenile,s movement skills.
Method: The researching is focused on 300 primary school and middle school students in Suzhou city, the skill of standing long jump of them were taken by JVC9800 high speed camera with 100 fps, the kinematics parameter of standing long jump skill of juveniles were meared by SIMI-motion video analytical system made in Germany.
Results:
1. The distance of standing long jump is increased followed the age, that means the age is older the distance is longer, and there are two sensitive specified time of increasing which is 13-14 and 17-18 years old. The level of skill of girls is increased followed the age before 14 years old, stop or decreasing after 14.
2. The time using in each stages of standing long jump has no relationship with the distance of jump except the time of soaring up.
3. When the child is completing the movement of standing long jump, there is a clear sequence existed in actions of joints. The boys before 13 years old is followed a sequence from the hip extending to knee and ankle, after that, they followed a sequence from the knee extending to hip and ankle, which is like the girls did.
4. To contrast the skill of high level students and the low level students in same age, it shows that: The target of kinematics had remarkable during taking off and landing.
引文
[1]王步标,华明,邓树勋.人体生理学「M].北京:高等教育出版社,1994:42 - 45 ,564 – 565
[2]宋绍兴.跳远的选材与预测[J] 河北体育学院学报, 1999 (1): 40
[3] 詹姆斯.跳远生物力学研究的现状[J].国外体育科技,1995 (3):11 一 13.
[4] 郑秀瑗等.现代运动生物力学[M].北京国防工业出版社 2002:398
[5] 陆阿明,等. 第 18 届国际运动生物力学讨论会录用论文述评[J] . 上海体育学院学报 2001,25(3):50-52
[6] 邓树勋,王健.高级运动生理学—理论与应用.[M] .高等教育出版社 2003:326-327
[7]Gagne, R.M., and Foster, H. Transfer to a motor skill from practice on a pictured representation. Journal of Experimental Psychology; 1989: 39.
[8] 王坤庆.20 世纪西方教育学科的发展与反思[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2000: 42.
[9] Richard, A. Schrnidt. Motor learning & performance. Human Kinetics Books, 1988, 4, 148-152
[10] 张功龙.立定跳远技术新探[J].安徽体育科技,2000,(3):42-43
[11] 贴佐宽章,佐佐木秀幸.跳远 三级跳远[M].人民体育出版社
[12] 李盛珍.落地瞬间身体重心与沙面间的距离对跳远成绩的影响[J].辽宁体育科技,1995(6)
[13] 王宏达. 试论起跳时大小腿夹角对立定跳远成绩的影响[J].辽宁师专学报,2003(1)
[14] Bblake M.Ashby,Jean H.Heegaard.Role of arm motion in the standing long jump[J]Journal of Biomechanics 35 (2002)1631-1637
[15] 李佑文等.体育测量与评价 [M].苏州大学出版社
[16] 王步标,华明,邓树勋.人体生理学[M]。北京:高等教育出版社,1994:42 - 45
[17] 王步标,华明,邓树勋。人体生理学「M]。北京:高等教育出版社,1994:42 – 45,564 – 565
[18] 弗拉基米尔 M ,扎奇奥尔斯基等,陆爱云等译。运动生物力学[M] 人民体育出版社,2004:7 月,540-541
[19] Hatzes , H. Validity and Reliability of Methods fox Testing Vertical Jumping Performance .Journal of Applied Biomechanics .1998 ,14 ,127 一 140
[20] 古福明等,踏跳动作中下肢肌的储能[J]成都体育学院学报,1995(4):75 一 78
[21] 郑亦华,叶永延。不同膝角原地起跳的生物力学探讨[J]江苏师范学院体育系,1980 年 7 月
[22] 野春治夫等,关于跳跃的力和运动的关系[J]日语版,《身体运动的科学》第一册,第 99 页,杏林书院,1972.
[23] 王步标,华明,邓树勋。人体生理学「M]。北京:高等教育出版社,1994。562-563
[24] 王亚兵、张玉霞,影响立定跳远成绩的因素分析[J]洛阳师范学院学报 2000 年 10 月
[25] 李建设、李开广,摆臂在立定跳远运动中的力学意义[J]
[26] Blake M .Ashby,Jean H.Heegaard.Role of arm motion in the standing long jump[J] Journal of Biomechanics 35(2002)1631-1637
[27] 刘沉.9-18 岁儿童少年纵跳技能的运动学研究[D].2005 届苏州大学硕士学位论文
[28] 张玉泉.国内外优秀跳远运动员技术参数的比较分析.[J]田径杂志 2001(1)
[29] 丛培祥.跳远运动员的专门力量训练与手段的选用.[M].田径指南 1995 (8)
[30] 代丹.对立定跳远相关肌肉训练的探讨[J].辽宁体育科技 2003(6):7～8
[31] A. Seyfarth, A. Friedrichs, V. Wank, R. Blickhan. Dynamics of the long jump[J]. Journal of Biomechanics 32 (1999): 1259-1267
[32] Horita T; Kitamura K; Kohno N. Body configuration and joint moment analysis during standing long jump in 6-year-old children and adult males.[J] Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991 Sep;23(9):1068-72
[33] Loko J; Aule R; Sikkut T; Ereline J. Viru A Motor performance status in 10 to 17-year-old Estonian girls. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000 Apr;10(2):109-13
[2]宋绍兴.跳远的选材与预测[J] 河北体育学院学报, 1999 (1): 40
[3] 詹姆斯.跳远生物力学研究的现状[J].国外体育科技,1995 (3):11 一 13.
[4] 郑秀瑗等.现代运动生物力学[M].北京国防工业出版社 2002:398
[5] 陆阿明,等. 第 18 届国际运动生物力学讨论会录用论文述评[J] . 上海体育学院学报 2001,25(3):50-52
[6] 邓树勋,王健.高级运动生理学—理论与应用.[M] .高等教育出版社 2003:326-327
[7]Gagne, R.M., and Foster, H. Transfer to a motor skill from practice on a pictured representation. Journal of Experimental Psychology; 1989: 39.
[8] 王坤庆.20 世纪西方教育学科的发展与反思[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2000: 42.
[9] Richard, A. Schrnidt. Motor learning & performance. Human Kinetics Books, 1988, 4, 148-152
[10] 张功龙.立定跳远技术新探[J].安徽体育科技,2000,(3):42-43
[11] 贴佐宽章,佐佐木秀幸.跳远 三级跳远[M].人民体育出版社
[12] 李盛珍.落地瞬间身体重心与沙面间的距离对跳远成绩的影响[J].辽宁体育科技,1995(6)
[13] 王宏达. 试论起跳时大小腿夹角对立定跳远成绩的影响[J].辽宁师专学报,2003(1)
[14] Bblake M.Ashby,Jean H.Heegaard.Role of arm motion in the standing long jump[J]Journal of Biomechanics 35 (2002)1631-1637
[15] 李佑文等.体育测量与评价 [M].苏州大学出版社
[16] 王步标,华明,邓树勋.人体生理学[M]。北京:高等教育出版社,1994:42 - 45
[17] 王步标,华明,邓树勋。人体生理学「M]。北京:高等教育出版社,1994:42 – 45,564 – 565
[18] 弗拉基米尔 M ,扎奇奥尔斯基等,陆爱云等译。运动生物力学[M] 人民体育出版社,2004:7 月,540-541
[19] Hatzes , H. Validity and Reliability of Methods fox Testing Vertical Jumping Performance .Journal of Applied Biomechanics .1998 ,14 ,127 一 140
[20] 古福明等,踏跳动作中下肢肌的储能[J]成都体育学院学报,1995(4):75 一 78
[21] 郑亦华,叶永延。不同膝角原地起跳的生物力学探讨[J]江苏师范学院体育系,1980 年 7 月
[22] 野春治夫等,关于跳跃的力和运动的关系[J]日语版,《身体运动的科学》第一册,第 99 页,杏林书院,1972.
[23] 王步标,华明,邓树勋。人体生理学「M]。北京:高等教育出版社,1994。562-563
[24] 王亚兵、张玉霞,影响立定跳远成绩的因素分析[J]洛阳师范学院学报 2000 年 10 月
[25] 李建设、李开广,摆臂在立定跳远运动中的力学意义[J]
[26] Blake M .Ashby,Jean H.Heegaard.Role of arm motion in the standing long jump[J] Journal of Biomechanics 35(2002)1631-1637
[27] 刘沉.9-18 岁儿童少年纵跳技能的运动学研究[D].2005 届苏州大学硕士学位论文
[28] 张玉泉.国内外优秀跳远运动员技术参数的比较分析.[J]田径杂志 2001(1)
[29] 丛培祥.跳远运动员的专门力量训练与手段的选用.[M].田径指南 1995 (8)
[30] 代丹.对立定跳远相关肌肉训练的探讨[J].辽宁体育科技 2003(6):7～8
[31] A. Seyfarth, A. Friedrichs, V. Wank, R. Blickhan. Dynamics of the long jump[J]. Journal of Biomechanics 32 (1999): 1259-1267
[32] Horita T; Kitamura K; Kohno N. Body configuration and joint moment analysis during standing long jump in 6-year-old children and adult males.[J] Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991 Sep;23(9):1068-72
[33] Loko J; Aule R; Sikkut T; Ereline J. Viru A Motor performance status in 10 to 17-year-old Estonian girls. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000 Apr;10(2):109-13