乒乓球运动员平衡训练效果的研究
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摘要
研究目的:
本研究通过观察运动员在平衡训练前后静态平衡能力、动态平衡能力、本体感觉和下肢肌肉力量变化情况,分析平衡训练对静态平衡能力、动态平衡能力、本体感觉、前庭功能和下肢肌肉力量的影响,明确平衡训练效果,为核心稳定性训练研究及运动创伤预防方法研究提供实验依据。
研究方法:
选取19名上海体育学院运动训练专业乒乓球专项二级男运动员为研究对象。随机分组为对照组(C组)8人和平衡训练组(T组)11人。C组受试者与T组受试者均进行相同的专项训练,在此基础上T组受试者进行9周平衡训练,每周3次,每次25～30分钟。平衡训练方案参照Evert Verhagen训练方案。所有受试者在第0、6、9周进行静态平衡测试、动态平衡测试、下肢本体感觉测试、肌力及表面肌电测试。1.静态平衡测试使用Tetrax平衡及稳定性测试系统测试,测试指标包括跌倒指数和8个不同的眼部姿势、站立表面、头部姿势下稳定性系数。2.动态平衡测试:使用Biodex Balance System检测仪,进行①睁眼双足站立、闭眼双足站立和睁眼单足站立状态下动态平衡能力测试,测试指标包括总体稳定指数、前后方向稳定指数和左右方向稳定指数。②稳定性测试,测试指标包括完成LOS全部随机目标跟踪的时间,平均方向控制能力和前、后、右、左、前右、前左、后右、后左8个方向上的控制能力。3.本体感觉测试:使用BIODEXⅢAP型多关节等速测试及康复系统及BIODEX本体感觉测试操作软件测试踝关节、膝关节和髋关节本体感觉。被动关节角度重现角速度为2°/s,主动关节角度重现角速度为180°/s。踝关节起始位置为内翻25°,目标位置内翻15°;膝关节起始位置屈膝90°,目标位置屈膝30°;髋关节起始位置为解剖0°,目标位置屈髋30°。测试指标包括关节位置被、主动重现偏差。4.下肢肌力测试:使用BIODEXⅢAP型多关节等速测试及康复系统进行踝关节跖屈/背屈,膝关节屈/伸,髋关节屈/伸等速向心收缩60°/s×5次及180°/s×5次测试。测试指标包括峰力矩、总功和平均功率。5胫骨前肌、腓肠肌表面肌电测试:使用MYOSYSTEM1200型表面肌电图仪与动态平衡测试同步进行。
研究结果:
1.平衡训练至第6周时T组NC、HB和HF姿势下ST均低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01),且其跌倒指数和HF姿势下ST低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05);第9周时T组跌倒指数、NO、NC、PO、PC、HB和HF姿势下ST低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01);T组第9周跌倒指数、NO、PC、HR、HL、HB和HF姿势下ST低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01),且NO姿势下ST低于T组第6周测试结果(P<0.05)。
2.第6周时T组闭眼双足站立状态下SI、睁眼左足单足站立状态下SI、APSI和MLS均低于C组第6周测试结果(P<0.05),且睁眼左足单足站立状态下SI与APSI低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05);第9周时T组闭眼双足站立状态下SI和APSI、睁眼左足单足站立状态下SI、APSI和MLS均低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05),且闭眼双足站立状态下SI、APSI和MLS、睁眼左足单足站立状态下SI与APSI均低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05)。
3.第9周时T组DC高于C组第9周DC(P<0.05);T组第9周DC、FDC、BDC、RDC、LDC、FRDC、BLDC和LOST均高于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01);T组第9周DC、FDC、LDC、FRDC和BLDC高于T组第6周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01)。
4.第6周时T组左踝关节位置被动重现偏差、左膝关节位置主动重现偏差和左髋关节位置被动重现偏差低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05,或P<0.01),且左髋关节位置被动重现偏差低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.01);第9周时T组左踝关节位置被动重现偏差、左膝关节位置主动与被动重现偏差、左髋关节位置被动重现偏差和右踝关节位置主动与被动重现偏差低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05,或P<0.01);T组第9周左膝关节位置被动重现偏差和右踝关节位置被动重现偏差低于T组第6周测试结果(P<0.05)。
5.C组第9周右踝关节跖屈肌肉TW、AP(角速度60°/s),左踝关节跖屈肌肉TW、AP(角速度60°/s)及左膝屈肌PT(角速度180°/s)均高于C组0周检测结果(P<0.05或P<0.01);T组第9周右踝关节跖屈肌肉TW、AP(角速度60°/s)及PT(角速度180°/s),左踝关节跖屈肌肉TW、AP(角速度60°/s)及左膝屈肌PT(角速度180°/s)均高于T组0周检测结果(P<0.05或P<0.01),但均与C组第9周检测结果相比无统计学差异。
6.在本研究中第6周和第9周时C组与T组左、右胫骨前肌和左、右腓肠肌标准化积分肌电与中位频率均无明显变化。
研究结论:
1. 6周平衡训练可以提高运动员静态平衡能力和动态平衡能力;9周平衡训练能降低跌倒风险,提高方向控制能力,并进一步巩固平衡训练效果。
2. 6周平衡训练可以提高在脊柱姿势变化时调控静态平衡的能力以及依赖本体感觉输入和前庭感觉输入调控姿势的能力;9周平衡训练在进一步增强依赖本体感觉输入和前庭感觉输入调控静态平衡能力的同时也提高了依赖视觉输入调控静态平衡的能力。
3. 6周平衡训练可以提高机体调节动态平衡的能力、增加依赖前庭感觉输入调节动态平衡条件下双足站立姿势的稳定性,同时增加了依赖视觉输入和前庭感觉输入共同调控动态平衡能力条件下左足站立姿势的稳定性;9周平衡训练进一步提高机体调节动态平衡的能力。
4. 6周平衡训练可以改善左侧踝关节、膝关节和髋关节本体感觉;9周平衡训练不仅巩固了改善左侧踝关节、膝关节和髋关节本体感觉的效果,同时改善了右踝关节本体感觉。
5. 9周专项训练可以针对性提高下肢肌肉力量,但平衡训练未引起下肢肌肉力量变化。
Objective
The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of balance training on static balance ability, dynamic balance ability, proprioception, vestibular sensation and muscle strength of lower extremity. And it will provide theoretical and applying basis for balance training and core stability theory.
Methods
19 Table Tennis athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups: C group (technical training) and T group (technical training and 9 weeks balance training). We adopted Evert Verhagen’s balance training(3time/week, 25~30minutes/time).We detected the static balance ability, dynamic balance ability, proprioception, vestibular sensation, muscle strength and elcetromyogram of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius at the beginning of technical training and balance training, at the end of the sixth week and the ninth week. The static balance ability was detected by Tetrax-Anaxiametric Posturography. The fall index and general stability of different eyes pose, support surface and head pose were measured. The dynamic balance ability and limits of stability were detected by Biodex Balance System with different pose (eyes open and both feet standing, eyes closed and both feet standing, eyes open and left/riaght foot standing). We measured the stability index, anterior/posterior stability index and medial/lateral stability index. In limits of stability test we measured direction control performance, forward direction control performance, back direction control performance, left direction control performance, right direction control performance, forward/left direction control performance, forward/right direction control performance, back/left direction control performance, back/right direction control performance and limits of stability time. Proprioceptive sense of lower extremity was detected by BIODEXⅢAP isokinetic system. The methods of proprioception test chosen were passive angle reproduction which angular speed is 2°/s and active angle reproduction which angular speed is 180°/s. In proprioception test the starting angle of ankle joint was at 25°of enstrophe and the target angle was at 15°of enstrophe. The starting angle of knee joint was at 90°of flexion and the target angle was at 30°of flexion. The starting angle of hip joint was at 0°of flexion and the target angle was at 30°of flexion. The deflexion of passive angle reproduction and active angle reproduction were detected. The muscle strength of lower extremity were detected by BIODEXⅢAP isokinetic system.. Peak torque, total work and average power were measured with isokinetic concentric contraction( at 60°/s×5 times and 180°/s×5 times). Elcetromyogram of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius in dynamic balance ability test was detected by MYOSYSTEM1200 metre. iEMG and MF of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius were observed.
Results
1. In the 6th week ST of T group under NC, HB and HFposture is lower than that of C group. Fall index of T group under NC, HB and HFposture is lower than that of T group in 0 week. In the 9th week fall index and ST of T group under NO, NC, PO, PC, HBandHF posture is lower than that of C group. Fall index of T group under NC, HB and HFposture lower than that of T group in 0 week.
2. In the 6th week SI of T group(double feet, eyes close)and SI, APSIandMLSI of T group(left foot, eyes open) is lower than those of C group. In 9th week SI and APSIof T group (double feet, eyes close)and SI, APSIandMLSI of T group(left foot, eyes open) is lower than those of C group.
3. In the 9th week DC of T group is higher than that of C group. In the 9th weekDC, FDC, BDC, RDC, LDC, FRDC, BLDCand LOST is higher than that of C group.
4. In the 6th week passive proprioceptive sense of left ankle, active proprioceptive sense and passive proprioceptive sense of left knee are lower than those of C group. The passive proprioceptive sense of left hip is lower than that of T group in 0 week. In the 9th week passive proprioceptive sense of left ankle, active proprioceptive sense and passive proprioceptive sense of left knee, passive proprioceptive sense of left hip and active proprioceptive sense and passive proprioceptive sense of right ankle are lower than those of C group. In the 9th week passive proprioceptive sense of left knee and right ankle are lower than those of T group in 0week.
5. In the 9th week TW and AP of plantar flexion of right ankle (angle speed 60°/s), TW and AP of plantar flexion of left ankle (angle speed 60°/s) and AP of flexion of left knee (angle speed 180°/s)about C group are higher than those of C group in 0 week. In 9th week TW and AP of plantar flexion of right ankle (angle speed 60°/s), TW and AP of plantar flexion of left ankle (angle speed 60°/s) and AP of flexion of left knee (angle speed 180°/s)about T group are higher than those of T group in 0 week.
6. In our study iEMG and MF of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius in C group and T group unchanged at the end of the 6th week and the end of the 9th week.
Conclusions
1. The static balance ability and dynamic balance ability of athlete were improved by 6 weeks balance training. The fall opportunity decreased after 9 weeks balance training, and direction control performance was improved by 9 weeks balance training.
2. The static balance ability with the posture of dorsal spine changed and the static balance ability depending on proprioceptive sensation imput and vestibular sensation imput were improved by 6 weeks balance training. Not only the static balance ability depending on proprioceptive sensation imput and vestibular sensation imput but also the static balance ability depending on visual sensation imput was improved by 9 weeks balance training.
3. The ability of control dynamic balance was improved by 6 weeks balance training. The stability depending on vestibular sensation imput with both feet standing and the stability depending on visual sensation imput and vestibular sensation imput with left foot standing increased after 6 weeks balance training. The ability of dynamic balance was improved by 9 weeks balance training.
4. The proprioceptive sensation of left ankle, left knee and left hip were improved by 6 weeks balance training. Not only the proprioceptive sensation of left ankle, lefe knee and left hip but also the proprioceptive sensation of right ankle was improved by 9 weeks balance training.
5. Muscle strength of lower extremity increased after 9 weeks technical training. But muscle strength of lower extremity did not increase after 9 weeks balance training.
本研究通过观察运动员在平衡训练前后静态平衡能力、动态平衡能力、本体感觉和下肢肌肉力量变化情况,分析平衡训练对静态平衡能力、动态平衡能力、本体感觉、前庭功能和下肢肌肉力量的影响,明确平衡训练效果,为核心稳定性训练研究及运动创伤预防方法研究提供实验依据。
研究方法:
选取19名上海体育学院运动训练专业乒乓球专项二级男运动员为研究对象。随机分组为对照组(C组)8人和平衡训练组(T组)11人。C组受试者与T组受试者均进行相同的专项训练,在此基础上T组受试者进行9周平衡训练,每周3次,每次25～30分钟。平衡训练方案参照Evert Verhagen训练方案。所有受试者在第0、6、9周进行静态平衡测试、动态平衡测试、下肢本体感觉测试、肌力及表面肌电测试。1.静态平衡测试使用Tetrax平衡及稳定性测试系统测试,测试指标包括跌倒指数和8个不同的眼部姿势、站立表面、头部姿势下稳定性系数。2.动态平衡测试:使用Biodex Balance System检测仪,进行①睁眼双足站立、闭眼双足站立和睁眼单足站立状态下动态平衡能力测试,测试指标包括总体稳定指数、前后方向稳定指数和左右方向稳定指数。②稳定性测试,测试指标包括完成LOS全部随机目标跟踪的时间,平均方向控制能力和前、后、右、左、前右、前左、后右、后左8个方向上的控制能力。3.本体感觉测试:使用BIODEXⅢAP型多关节等速测试及康复系统及BIODEX本体感觉测试操作软件测试踝关节、膝关节和髋关节本体感觉。被动关节角度重现角速度为2°/s,主动关节角度重现角速度为180°/s。踝关节起始位置为内翻25°,目标位置内翻15°;膝关节起始位置屈膝90°,目标位置屈膝30°;髋关节起始位置为解剖0°,目标位置屈髋30°。测试指标包括关节位置被、主动重现偏差。4.下肢肌力测试:使用BIODEXⅢAP型多关节等速测试及康复系统进行踝关节跖屈/背屈,膝关节屈/伸,髋关节屈/伸等速向心收缩60°/s×5次及180°/s×5次测试。测试指标包括峰力矩、总功和平均功率。5胫骨前肌、腓肠肌表面肌电测试:使用MYOSYSTEM1200型表面肌电图仪与动态平衡测试同步进行。
研究结果:
1.平衡训练至第6周时T组NC、HB和HF姿势下ST均低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01),且其跌倒指数和HF姿势下ST低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05);第9周时T组跌倒指数、NO、NC、PO、PC、HB和HF姿势下ST低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01);T组第9周跌倒指数、NO、PC、HR、HL、HB和HF姿势下ST低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01),且NO姿势下ST低于T组第6周测试结果(P<0.05)。
2.第6周时T组闭眼双足站立状态下SI、睁眼左足单足站立状态下SI、APSI和MLS均低于C组第6周测试结果(P<0.05),且睁眼左足单足站立状态下SI与APSI低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05);第9周时T组闭眼双足站立状态下SI和APSI、睁眼左足单足站立状态下SI、APSI和MLS均低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05),且闭眼双足站立状态下SI、APSI和MLS、睁眼左足单足站立状态下SI与APSI均低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05)。
3.第9周时T组DC高于C组第9周DC(P<0.05);T组第9周DC、FDC、BDC、RDC、LDC、FRDC、BLDC和LOST均高于T组0周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01);T组第9周DC、FDC、LDC、FRDC和BLDC高于T组第6周测试结果(P<0.05或P<0.01)。
4.第6周时T组左踝关节位置被动重现偏差、左膝关节位置主动重现偏差和左髋关节位置被动重现偏差低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05,或P<0.01),且左髋关节位置被动重现偏差低于T组0周测试结果(P<0.01);第9周时T组左踝关节位置被动重现偏差、左膝关节位置主动与被动重现偏差、左髋关节位置被动重现偏差和右踝关节位置主动与被动重现偏差低于C组同周测试结果(P<0.05,或P<0.01);T组第9周左膝关节位置被动重现偏差和右踝关节位置被动重现偏差低于T组第6周测试结果(P<0.05)。
5.C组第9周右踝关节跖屈肌肉TW、AP(角速度60°/s),左踝关节跖屈肌肉TW、AP(角速度60°/s)及左膝屈肌PT(角速度180°/s)均高于C组0周检测结果(P<0.05或P<0.01);T组第9周右踝关节跖屈肌肉TW、AP(角速度60°/s)及PT(角速度180°/s),左踝关节跖屈肌肉TW、AP(角速度60°/s)及左膝屈肌PT(角速度180°/s)均高于T组0周检测结果(P<0.05或P<0.01),但均与C组第9周检测结果相比无统计学差异。
6.在本研究中第6周和第9周时C组与T组左、右胫骨前肌和左、右腓肠肌标准化积分肌电与中位频率均无明显变化。
研究结论:
1. 6周平衡训练可以提高运动员静态平衡能力和动态平衡能力;9周平衡训练能降低跌倒风险,提高方向控制能力,并进一步巩固平衡训练效果。
2. 6周平衡训练可以提高在脊柱姿势变化时调控静态平衡的能力以及依赖本体感觉输入和前庭感觉输入调控姿势的能力;9周平衡训练在进一步增强依赖本体感觉输入和前庭感觉输入调控静态平衡能力的同时也提高了依赖视觉输入调控静态平衡的能力。
3. 6周平衡训练可以提高机体调节动态平衡的能力、增加依赖前庭感觉输入调节动态平衡条件下双足站立姿势的稳定性,同时增加了依赖视觉输入和前庭感觉输入共同调控动态平衡能力条件下左足站立姿势的稳定性;9周平衡训练进一步提高机体调节动态平衡的能力。
4. 6周平衡训练可以改善左侧踝关节、膝关节和髋关节本体感觉;9周平衡训练不仅巩固了改善左侧踝关节、膝关节和髋关节本体感觉的效果,同时改善了右踝关节本体感觉。
5. 9周专项训练可以针对性提高下肢肌肉力量,但平衡训练未引起下肢肌肉力量变化。
Objective
The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of balance training on static balance ability, dynamic balance ability, proprioception, vestibular sensation and muscle strength of lower extremity. And it will provide theoretical and applying basis for balance training and core stability theory.
Methods
19 Table Tennis athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups: C group (technical training) and T group (technical training and 9 weeks balance training). We adopted Evert Verhagen’s balance training(3time/week, 25~30minutes/time).We detected the static balance ability, dynamic balance ability, proprioception, vestibular sensation, muscle strength and elcetromyogram of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius at the beginning of technical training and balance training, at the end of the sixth week and the ninth week. The static balance ability was detected by Tetrax-Anaxiametric Posturography. The fall index and general stability of different eyes pose, support surface and head pose were measured. The dynamic balance ability and limits of stability were detected by Biodex Balance System with different pose (eyes open and both feet standing, eyes closed and both feet standing, eyes open and left/riaght foot standing). We measured the stability index, anterior/posterior stability index and medial/lateral stability index. In limits of stability test we measured direction control performance, forward direction control performance, back direction control performance, left direction control performance, right direction control performance, forward/left direction control performance, forward/right direction control performance, back/left direction control performance, back/right direction control performance and limits of stability time. Proprioceptive sense of lower extremity was detected by BIODEXⅢAP isokinetic system. The methods of proprioception test chosen were passive angle reproduction which angular speed is 2°/s and active angle reproduction which angular speed is 180°/s. In proprioception test the starting angle of ankle joint was at 25°of enstrophe and the target angle was at 15°of enstrophe. The starting angle of knee joint was at 90°of flexion and the target angle was at 30°of flexion. The starting angle of hip joint was at 0°of flexion and the target angle was at 30°of flexion. The deflexion of passive angle reproduction and active angle reproduction were detected. The muscle strength of lower extremity were detected by BIODEXⅢAP isokinetic system.. Peak torque, total work and average power were measured with isokinetic concentric contraction( at 60°/s×5 times and 180°/s×5 times). Elcetromyogram of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius in dynamic balance ability test was detected by MYOSYSTEM1200 metre. iEMG and MF of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius were observed.
Results
1. In the 6th week ST of T group under NC, HB and HFposture is lower than that of C group. Fall index of T group under NC, HB and HFposture is lower than that of T group in 0 week. In the 9th week fall index and ST of T group under NO, NC, PO, PC, HBandHF posture is lower than that of C group. Fall index of T group under NC, HB and HFposture lower than that of T group in 0 week.
2. In the 6th week SI of T group(double feet, eyes close)and SI, APSIandMLSI of T group(left foot, eyes open) is lower than those of C group. In 9th week SI and APSIof T group (double feet, eyes close)and SI, APSIandMLSI of T group(left foot, eyes open) is lower than those of C group.
3. In the 9th week DC of T group is higher than that of C group. In the 9th weekDC, FDC, BDC, RDC, LDC, FRDC, BLDCand LOST is higher than that of C group.
4. In the 6th week passive proprioceptive sense of left ankle, active proprioceptive sense and passive proprioceptive sense of left knee are lower than those of C group. The passive proprioceptive sense of left hip is lower than that of T group in 0 week. In the 9th week passive proprioceptive sense of left ankle, active proprioceptive sense and passive proprioceptive sense of left knee, passive proprioceptive sense of left hip and active proprioceptive sense and passive proprioceptive sense of right ankle are lower than those of C group. In the 9th week passive proprioceptive sense of left knee and right ankle are lower than those of T group in 0week.
5. In the 9th week TW and AP of plantar flexion of right ankle (angle speed 60°/s), TW and AP of plantar flexion of left ankle (angle speed 60°/s) and AP of flexion of left knee (angle speed 180°/s)about C group are higher than those of C group in 0 week. In 9th week TW and AP of plantar flexion of right ankle (angle speed 60°/s), TW and AP of plantar flexion of left ankle (angle speed 60°/s) and AP of flexion of left knee (angle speed 180°/s)about T group are higher than those of T group in 0 week.
6. In our study iEMG and MF of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius in C group and T group unchanged at the end of the 6th week and the end of the 9th week.
Conclusions
1. The static balance ability and dynamic balance ability of athlete were improved by 6 weeks balance training. The fall opportunity decreased after 9 weeks balance training, and direction control performance was improved by 9 weeks balance training.
2. The static balance ability with the posture of dorsal spine changed and the static balance ability depending on proprioceptive sensation imput and vestibular sensation imput were improved by 6 weeks balance training. Not only the static balance ability depending on proprioceptive sensation imput and vestibular sensation imput but also the static balance ability depending on visual sensation imput was improved by 9 weeks balance training.
3. The ability of control dynamic balance was improved by 6 weeks balance training. The stability depending on vestibular sensation imput with both feet standing and the stability depending on visual sensation imput and vestibular sensation imput with left foot standing increased after 6 weeks balance training. The ability of dynamic balance was improved by 9 weeks balance training.
4. The proprioceptive sensation of left ankle, left knee and left hip were improved by 6 weeks balance training. Not only the proprioceptive sensation of left ankle, lefe knee and left hip but also the proprioceptive sensation of right ankle was improved by 9 weeks balance training.
5. Muscle strength of lower extremity increased after 9 weeks technical training. But muscle strength of lower extremity did not increase after 9 weeks balance training.
引文
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