冀西北高原唐菖蒲切花生产及种球繁殖关键技术研究
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摘要
本研究以冀西北高原冷凉气候资源为背景,于2006年5月～2007年9月在河北农业大学张北实验站进行,试验地土壤为冀西北高原典型的砂质栗钙土。以“桃红”、“玫瑰粉”、“超级玫瑰”和“超级红”四个唐菖蒲(Gladiolus hybridus Hort)品种为研究材料,对叶面积、播期、施肥、栽培措施、覆膜方式、营养转移、子球繁殖以及种球呼吸进行了研究。结果表明:
1.以数码相机结合Photoshop软件研究的唐菖蒲叶面积,利用不同叶位叶片的长径(L)和宽径(W)求得唐菖蒲叶面积的矫正系数及回归方程。以矫正系数(K)法求算叶面积:品种“桃红”LA=0.65LW,品种“玫瑰粉”LA=0.71LW;回归方程法求算叶面积:“桃红”LA=0.58×L×W+7.02,“玫瑰粉”LA=0.69×L×W+1.58。经分析比较证明,应用回归方程法计算的叶面积比用矫正系数法更为可靠。
2.坝上唐菖蒲切花生产的最佳种植时期是5月,开花后地下球茎开始迅速膨大,4月5日和4月20日播种的新球干重近线性增长出现在9月中、下旬,5月5日以后播种的新球快速增长期出现在9月底10月初。播期越晚,到种球收获之日越不能充分积累干物质,如果以繁殖种球为目的,4月20日播种为宜。
3.唐菖蒲长出5～6片叶时是肥料敏感期,此时施肥对地上部分叶面积的积累起了关键作用;30d施肥一次,种球质量表现最好,施肥量不是越多越好,施氮量达9kg/667m~2时,对唐菖蒲种球质量的积累最有利;不同施肥间隔期和不同施肥量会影响唐菖蒲对氮、磷、钾的吸收,在施纯氮量为9kg/667m~2,唐菖蒲种球中氮、磷、钾含量最高。
4.温室栽培与露地栽培相比,前者地径小于后者,而前者叶面积、花葶长、花穗长都要大与后者,而两者小花数、小花直径差异不显著;荫棚栽培与露地栽培相比,两者的切花质量和种球质量差异不显著;小拱棚栽培与露地栽培相比,前者的出苗期比后者提前了3d,开花期也相应的提前了3d。
5.覆盖黑膜对种球切花品质和种球质量影响与露地栽培相比差异不显著,但黑膜覆盖抑草效果非常理想。不完全覆膜是三种覆膜栽培方式中的最佳选择,前期有效阻止了土壤水分的蒸发,后期有利于自然降水的渗入。
6.种球收获后,地上部枝叶中的养分向下进行了转移,球茎中含N量和含P量分别升高了188.43%、28.23%。
7.通过播种子球,收获的新球质量比子球增加了17.55g,是播种前的37.6倍。通过子球繁殖的种球,直径与高度的比为1:1.1,而多代种球为1:1.9。
8.球茎呼吸强度随温度的升高而加剧;同一温度下,球茎直径为7～8cm的比2～3cm的呼吸强度高出54.58%83.63%,呼吸强度与种球大小成正比;同一等级种球,多代种球呼吸强度要高于一代种球31.3%;感病球茎要比健康球茎的呼吸强度大。
The cold climate resources of Northwest Plateau of Hebei Province as the background, "Peach" and "Rose", "Superme Rose" and "Advanced Red" four gladiolus cultivars were studied for materials. Study leaf area, seedtime, fertilization, cultivation measures, covering ways, nutrition transfer, cormel breeding and respiratory of corm on the sandy chestnut soil experimental field, from May 2006 to September 2007 in Zhangbei Experimental Station of AUH. The results showed that:
1. With the leaf area of Gladiolus measured by digital camera and Photoshop software, the correction coefficient and regression equation were gained by calculating long diameters (L) and short diameters (W) of Gladiolus leaves. According to the method of leaf area correction coefficient the equation for both red-peach and pink-rose were LA=0.65LW and LA=0.71LW, respectively; The Regression equation of red-peach and pink-rose were LA=0.58×L×W+ 7.02 and LA=0.69×LW+ 1.58, respectively. The result of variance analysis revealed that regression equation method could give a more reliable result than Leaf area correction coefficient method for the leaf area measurement.
2. May is the best planting time for cutting flower in this region. After blossoming, corm under ground began enlarge rapidly. Planting in April 5 and April 20, the dry weight of new corm nearly growth linear from mid-September to late September. Planting in May 5, the new corm began enlarge rapidly from the end of September to the early October. The later plant, the less dry weight corm accumulated at harvest. If propagation as purpose we can plant at twenty April.
3. Gladiolus grew 5-6 leafs, which was the sensitive period of fertilizer. Fertilizer in this period played a key role to the accumulation of leaf area. Applicat every 30d, the quality of the corm was the best. Applicated 9kg nitrogen /667m~2, it was beneficial to the corm of Gladiolus accumulation. Different fertilization interval and different application affected the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Application 9kg nitrogen /667m~2, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the corm were the highest.
4. Compared with Greenhouse Culture and Open Cultivation, the former ground diameter smaller than the latter, however the former leaf area, scape length, flower head length were longer than the latter, and the florets, flowers diameter were not significant different. Compared with Shade-frame Cultivation and Open Cultivation, the quality of cutting flower and corm were not significant different. Compared with small arch shed cultivation and open cultivation, the former seedling stage advanced three days, flowering stage was also ahead of three days.
5. The quality under black film of cutting flower and the corm were not significant different from the open cultivation, however the effect of black film inhibiting grass was very good. Incomplete cover among the three cultivations was the best choice, which was effective to prevent the evaporation of soil moisture beginning, and it was beneficial to infiltration later.
6. After harvested, the nutrients transferred from the branches to the corm, the amount of N and P of bulbs were increased by 188.43 percent and 28.23 percent.
7. After harvested by breeding cormel, the new single-weight of corm increase of 17.55 g than the ball, it was the 37.6 times. The new corm of the ratio of diameter and height was 1:1.1, however the ratio was 1:1.9 breeding the multi-generation corm.
8. Respiratory Intensity increased with the temperature and the grade of bulbs. With the same temperature, the Respiratory Intensity of corm of 7～8cm increase by 54.58% to 83.63% than of 2～3cm. Respiratory Intensity increased with the size of the ball. With the same class of the ball, the Respiratory Intensity of corm kind of multi-generation increased 31.3% than the first generation. Respiratory Intensity of bad bulb was higher than the healthy bulb.
1.以数码相机结合Photoshop软件研究的唐菖蒲叶面积,利用不同叶位叶片的长径(L)和宽径(W)求得唐菖蒲叶面积的矫正系数及回归方程。以矫正系数(K)法求算叶面积:品种“桃红”LA=0.65LW,品种“玫瑰粉”LA=0.71LW;回归方程法求算叶面积:“桃红”LA=0.58×L×W+7.02,“玫瑰粉”LA=0.69×L×W+1.58。经分析比较证明,应用回归方程法计算的叶面积比用矫正系数法更为可靠。
2.坝上唐菖蒲切花生产的最佳种植时期是5月,开花后地下球茎开始迅速膨大,4月5日和4月20日播种的新球干重近线性增长出现在9月中、下旬,5月5日以后播种的新球快速增长期出现在9月底10月初。播期越晚,到种球收获之日越不能充分积累干物质,如果以繁殖种球为目的,4月20日播种为宜。
3.唐菖蒲长出5～6片叶时是肥料敏感期,此时施肥对地上部分叶面积的积累起了关键作用;30d施肥一次,种球质量表现最好,施肥量不是越多越好,施氮量达9kg/667m~2时,对唐菖蒲种球质量的积累最有利;不同施肥间隔期和不同施肥量会影响唐菖蒲对氮、磷、钾的吸收,在施纯氮量为9kg/667m~2,唐菖蒲种球中氮、磷、钾含量最高。
4.温室栽培与露地栽培相比,前者地径小于后者,而前者叶面积、花葶长、花穗长都要大与后者,而两者小花数、小花直径差异不显著;荫棚栽培与露地栽培相比,两者的切花质量和种球质量差异不显著;小拱棚栽培与露地栽培相比,前者的出苗期比后者提前了3d,开花期也相应的提前了3d。
5.覆盖黑膜对种球切花品质和种球质量影响与露地栽培相比差异不显著,但黑膜覆盖抑草效果非常理想。不完全覆膜是三种覆膜栽培方式中的最佳选择,前期有效阻止了土壤水分的蒸发,后期有利于自然降水的渗入。
6.种球收获后,地上部枝叶中的养分向下进行了转移,球茎中含N量和含P量分别升高了188.43%、28.23%。
7.通过播种子球,收获的新球质量比子球增加了17.55g,是播种前的37.6倍。通过子球繁殖的种球,直径与高度的比为1:1.1,而多代种球为1:1.9。
8.球茎呼吸强度随温度的升高而加剧;同一温度下,球茎直径为7～8cm的比2～3cm的呼吸强度高出54.58%83.63%,呼吸强度与种球大小成正比;同一等级种球,多代种球呼吸强度要高于一代种球31.3%;感病球茎要比健康球茎的呼吸强度大。
The cold climate resources of Northwest Plateau of Hebei Province as the background, "Peach" and "Rose", "Superme Rose" and "Advanced Red" four gladiolus cultivars were studied for materials. Study leaf area, seedtime, fertilization, cultivation measures, covering ways, nutrition transfer, cormel breeding and respiratory of corm on the sandy chestnut soil experimental field, from May 2006 to September 2007 in Zhangbei Experimental Station of AUH. The results showed that:
1. With the leaf area of Gladiolus measured by digital camera and Photoshop software, the correction coefficient and regression equation were gained by calculating long diameters (L) and short diameters (W) of Gladiolus leaves. According to the method of leaf area correction coefficient the equation for both red-peach and pink-rose were LA=0.65LW and LA=0.71LW, respectively; The Regression equation of red-peach and pink-rose were LA=0.58×L×W+ 7.02 and LA=0.69×LW+ 1.58, respectively. The result of variance analysis revealed that regression equation method could give a more reliable result than Leaf area correction coefficient method for the leaf area measurement.
2. May is the best planting time for cutting flower in this region. After blossoming, corm under ground began enlarge rapidly. Planting in April 5 and April 20, the dry weight of new corm nearly growth linear from mid-September to late September. Planting in May 5, the new corm began enlarge rapidly from the end of September to the early October. The later plant, the less dry weight corm accumulated at harvest. If propagation as purpose we can plant at twenty April.
3. Gladiolus grew 5-6 leafs, which was the sensitive period of fertilizer. Fertilizer in this period played a key role to the accumulation of leaf area. Applicat every 30d, the quality of the corm was the best. Applicated 9kg nitrogen /667m~2, it was beneficial to the corm of Gladiolus accumulation. Different fertilization interval and different application affected the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Application 9kg nitrogen /667m~2, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the corm were the highest.
4. Compared with Greenhouse Culture and Open Cultivation, the former ground diameter smaller than the latter, however the former leaf area, scape length, flower head length were longer than the latter, and the florets, flowers diameter were not significant different. Compared with Shade-frame Cultivation and Open Cultivation, the quality of cutting flower and corm were not significant different. Compared with small arch shed cultivation and open cultivation, the former seedling stage advanced three days, flowering stage was also ahead of three days.
5. The quality under black film of cutting flower and the corm were not significant different from the open cultivation, however the effect of black film inhibiting grass was very good. Incomplete cover among the three cultivations was the best choice, which was effective to prevent the evaporation of soil moisture beginning, and it was beneficial to infiltration later.
6. After harvested, the nutrients transferred from the branches to the corm, the amount of N and P of bulbs were increased by 188.43 percent and 28.23 percent.
7. After harvested by breeding cormel, the new single-weight of corm increase of 17.55 g than the ball, it was the 37.6 times. The new corm of the ratio of diameter and height was 1:1.1, however the ratio was 1:1.9 breeding the multi-generation corm.
8. Respiratory Intensity increased with the temperature and the grade of bulbs. With the same temperature, the Respiratory Intensity of corm of 7～8cm increase by 54.58% to 83.63% than of 2～3cm. Respiratory Intensity increased with the size of the ball. With the same class of the ball, the Respiratory Intensity of corm kind of multi-generation increased 31.3% than the first generation. Respiratory Intensity of bad bulb was higher than the healthy bulb.
引文
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