铁路运输企业改革重组方案研究
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摘要
多年来我国的铁路运输企业改革,没有从本质上摆脱和冲破计划经济的管理束缚,因而长时期形成运能紧张以及无法吸引境内外资金进入铁路领域,这些都与现存政企不分的管理体制有关。另外我国已加入世界贸易组织(WTO),按承诺铁路运输市场将逐步开放,可以预见未来的运输市场竞争将异常激烈,所有这些都迫切要求我国铁路运输企业加快改革重组步伐,提高自身综合竞争能力,以迎接这即将到来的严峻挑战。
在此背景下本文通过对自然垄断理论、现代竞争理论和交易费用理论的分析以及国外铁路运输企业,特别是对日本、美国、欧盟(英国、法国、德国)等铁路运输企业改革重组的实践启示,依照网运分离运营以及组建企业集团的管理模式,在遵循政企分开,明确市场主体；引入竞争,提高运营效率；完整运输,提高服务质量；路网完整,调度集中统一；多元投资,促进铁路发展以及循序渐进,确保安全第一的原则之下,对我国铁路运输系统的政府铁路主管部门、铁路运输调度、铁路路网基础设施、中央铁路客运和货运企业进行了改革重组方案设计。
这个方案不仅能很好地解决长期困扰我国铁路运输发展的深层次体制弊端和结构性矛盾,而且能合理地解决铁路运输基础设施中社会公益性与竞争性等问题；不仅能推进铁路运输市场化改革,而且还能有利于境内外资金投资铁路建设和经营,从而促进我国铁路运输企业的快速发展。
Over the years our country the reform of railway transportation enterprises, It haven't get rid of and break through the shackles of a planned economy management essentially, while the long period of time of the nervous operation and unable to attract domestic and foreign funds to enter the field of railways, it is involved in the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up. In addition, China has joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), rail transport market will be gradually open as promised, in order to foresee the future transport market competition will be fierce, all of these have an urgent requirement to China's railway transport enterprises to accelerate the pace of reform and reorganization, to improve our overall competitiveness, so as to meet the serious challenges of the upcoming.
Under the background, this paper through the analysis of the natural monopoly theory, modern competitive theory and transaction cost theory, as well as foreign railway transport enterprise, Especially under the inspiration of the reform and reorganization of the railway transport enterprises in Japan, the United States, the European Union (Britain France, Germany) etc, in accordance with the separation of the Network and transport, and the formation of enterprise groups, follow the separation of government functions from enterprise management, and clear the main players in the market; Introduce competition improve operational efficiency; Complete transportation, improve service quality; Integrated road and network, centralized and unified scheduling; Diversified investment and promote railway development and the gradual improvement, under the principle of safety, program of the reform and restructuring of china's railway transportation system was designed, include department in charge of railway under government, railway traffic control, railway network infrastructure, the central railway passenger and freight companies. This program can not only solve the deep-level system defects and structural contradictions have long plagued China's railway transport development, and reasonable solution to the social welfare, and competitive rail transport infrastructure.
This program can not only solve the deep-level system defects and structural contradictions that have plagued China's railway transport development all the time, and reasonable solve the question of social welfare and competitive in railway transport infrastructure; Not only to promote rail transport market-oriented reforms, but also conducive to domestic and foreign capital investment in railway construction and operation, thus contributing to the rapid development of China's railway transport enterprises.
在此背景下本文通过对自然垄断理论、现代竞争理论和交易费用理论的分析以及国外铁路运输企业,特别是对日本、美国、欧盟(英国、法国、德国)等铁路运输企业改革重组的实践启示,依照网运分离运营以及组建企业集团的管理模式,在遵循政企分开,明确市场主体；引入竞争,提高运营效率；完整运输,提高服务质量；路网完整,调度集中统一；多元投资,促进铁路发展以及循序渐进,确保安全第一的原则之下,对我国铁路运输系统的政府铁路主管部门、铁路运输调度、铁路路网基础设施、中央铁路客运和货运企业进行了改革重组方案设计。
这个方案不仅能很好地解决长期困扰我国铁路运输发展的深层次体制弊端和结构性矛盾,而且能合理地解决铁路运输基础设施中社会公益性与竞争性等问题；不仅能推进铁路运输市场化改革,而且还能有利于境内外资金投资铁路建设和经营,从而促进我国铁路运输企业的快速发展。
Over the years our country the reform of railway transportation enterprises, It haven't get rid of and break through the shackles of a planned economy management essentially, while the long period of time of the nervous operation and unable to attract domestic and foreign funds to enter the field of railways, it is involved in the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up. In addition, China has joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), rail transport market will be gradually open as promised, in order to foresee the future transport market competition will be fierce, all of these have an urgent requirement to China's railway transport enterprises to accelerate the pace of reform and reorganization, to improve our overall competitiveness, so as to meet the serious challenges of the upcoming.
Under the background, this paper through the analysis of the natural monopoly theory, modern competitive theory and transaction cost theory, as well as foreign railway transport enterprise, Especially under the inspiration of the reform and reorganization of the railway transport enterprises in Japan, the United States, the European Union (Britain France, Germany) etc, in accordance with the separation of the Network and transport, and the formation of enterprise groups, follow the separation of government functions from enterprise management, and clear the main players in the market; Introduce competition improve operational efficiency; Complete transportation, improve service quality; Integrated road and network, centralized and unified scheduling; Diversified investment and promote railway development and the gradual improvement, under the principle of safety, program of the reform and restructuring of china's railway transportation system was designed, include department in charge of railway under government, railway traffic control, railway network infrastructure, the central railway passenger and freight companies. This program can not only solve the deep-level system defects and structural contradictions have long plagued China's railway transport development, and reasonable solution to the social welfare, and competitive rail transport infrastructure.
This program can not only solve the deep-level system defects and structural contradictions that have plagued China's railway transport development all the time, and reasonable solve the question of social welfare and competitive in railway transport infrastructure; Not only to promote rail transport market-oriented reforms, but also conducive to domestic and foreign capital investment in railway construction and operation, thus contributing to the rapid development of China's railway transport enterprises.
引文
[1]陈楠.我国铁路网运分离式管理体制改革研究[D].中南大学硕士论文.2007
[2]路.汤姆森等.中国铁路改革——铁路行业的巨大挑战[J].铁道经济研究.2000,2
[3]孔琦.德国铁路改革之路[J].铁道运营技术.2000,3：95
[4]黄庆.国有企业集团研究与铁路企业集团实证分析[D].西南交通大学博士学位论文.2000,12：153
[5]荣朝和.从运输产品特性看铁路重组的方向[J].北方交通大学学报.2002,1：15-16
[6]陈雯.网运分离模式在中国铁路的可行性研究[J].产业经济研究.2009,6：77
[7]文力.关于“网运分离”若干问题的探讨[J].铁道经济研究.2000,5：24
[8]荣朝和.试论“网运分离”与铁路重组的关系[J].北方交通大学学报.2000,6：36-37
[9]欧国立.关于组建和规范我国铁路客运公司的思考[J].中国铁路.2000,8：12-13
[10]崔永梅.铁路客货线路使用费定价的研究[J].北方交通大学学报.2001.10：22-23
[11]王书会中国铁路投融资体制改革研究[D].西南交通大学硕士.2007
[12]和军.自然垄断产业规制改革理论[M].经济科学出版,2008
[13]来有为,宋方明.美国铁路规制改革[J].经济理论与经济管理.2003,3
[14]毛哲.中国铁路体制改革相关法律问题研究[D].兰州大学硕士.2009
[15]荣朝和.关于铁路规模经济与范围经济的探讨[J].铁道经济研究.2001,4
[16]吴玉督,朱乾龙,曹婧.美国铁路改革模式及启示[J].宏观经济管理.2010,6
[17]杨江敏.关于中国铁路改革路径的研究[D].东北财经大学硕士.2004
[18]吴朝阳.中国铁路规制改革研究[D].江西财经大学硕士.2002
[19]毛哲.中国铁路体制改革相关法律问题研究[D].兰州大学硕士.2009
[20]车文娇.中国铁路业竞争性改革研究[D].山东大学硕士.2008
[21]张琦.中国铁路运输企业融资改革研究[D].北京交通大学硕士.2006
[22]张建美.中国铁路改革的竞争法问题研究[D].湖南大学硕士.2008
[23]李怀.自然垄断理论研究[M].东北财经大学出版社,2003
[24]于军.论中国铁路重组的模式选择[J].铁道经济研究.2002,,2
[25]刘延平,张力.关于我国铁路客运公司组建模式的新构想[J].铁道经济研究.2001,5
[26]张梦龙,欧国立.关于组建和规范我国铁路客运公司的思考[J].中国铁路.2000,8
[27]窦立人.关于组建铁路货运股份公司的构想[J].铁道运输与经济.2001,23
[28]王致中.中国铁路改革与发展研究[M].当代中国出版社,2001
[29]欧国立.运输市场变迁与中国铁路市场化改革[M].中国铁道出版社,2001
[30]陈清态.建立国有资产管理、监督和运营体制[J].经济社会制度比较.2001,4
[31]罗叙德.关于“网运分离”的几点思考[J].铁道经济研究.2000,3
[32]赵吉斌.关于铁路实行“网运分离”改革的实践与思考[J].铁道经济研究.2000,5
[33]王建军.论我国铁路“网运分离”的运输管理体制[J].内蒙古科技与经济.2001,5
[34]罗泽涛.交通运输投融资管理[M].经济科学出版社,2000
[35]薛荣久.中国加入WTO纵论[M].对外经济贸易大学出版社,2001
[36]曹钟雄.许子敬.世纪之交的中国铁路改革[J].铁道经济研究.2000,1
[37]林晓言.铁路的民营化改革与市场融[M].经济科学出版社,2006
[38]KuPo,W:CooPerRussell W,ZhangJun,Coordination games complementarities and maeroeeonomics[M]. 中国人民大学出版社,2001,2
[39]Church,Jeffrey and Ware, Roger, Industrial Organization:a Strategic Approach [M]. McGram-Hill Companies. Inc.2000
[40]Meagher, Kieron J., Generalizing incentives and loss of control in an optimal ierarchy:the role of information technology[M]. Economics Letters.2003
[41]Pittman, R., Chinese Railway Reform and Competition: Llessons from the xperience in Other Countries [M]. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 2004
[42]Schmidt, Stephen, Market structure and market outcomes in deregulated rail freight Markets[M].International Journal of Industrial Organization.2005
[43]E.A.Feinberg and A.Shwartz, Constrained Diseounted Dyamie Programming[J], Mathematics of operationsReseareh.2003
[44]NaShiJ.:Nashjohn,Essays on game theory [M].首都经济贸易大学出版社,2000
[45]Rangehengjia,Yuan yao Ding, Nonzero-sum Non-stationary Diseounied Markov Game Model.2000
[46]Armsortng,M.,S.Cowan and J.Vickesr,Regualoty reform:economic analysis and Britsihe Pxerienee[M],The MIT Press,2000
[47]Bmuaol,W,J.Panzar,J.C. and R.D.Willig.Contesatble market and the Theory of industry structure[M].Harcourt Bacre Jvanoavihc.2002
[48]Viseusi,W.K.,J.M.Vemon and J.E.Harrington,.Jr,Economics of Regulation and Antirtust,Massaehusetts[M].The MIT Perss,1995
[49]WeiriehPaul;Wei Li Xi;Huang Tao,Equilibrium and rationality:game theory revised by deeisionrules[M]经济科学出版社,2000,12
[50]L.C.M.Kallenberg,Survey of Linear Programming for standard and Nonstandard Nonstandard Markovian Control Problems.Partl[J].Theory,Mathematieal Methods of Operations Researeh.1996
[51]Baumol,wj,On the proper Cost Tests for Natural Monopoly in a Multiproduct industry[J],American economic review. 2000
[52]F.A.Feinberg,Contrained Semi-Markov Deeision Processes with Average Rewards [M].1994
[53]Bitzan, John, Railroad Cost Conditions—Implications for Policy, Prepared for the FederalRailroad Administration [M]. Department of Transportation. 2000
[54]StePhen Perkins.An Overview of Rail Reformin EuroPe[R].Seminar on Railway Reform, Restrueturing and ComPetition.2002,11
[55]Commission of the European Communities, Annual Report of the Cohesion Fund[J].Brussels.2004.12
[56]Caroline A. Rodenburg, Barry Ubbers, Peter Nijbamp. Poliey Scenarios For Achieving Sustainable Transportationin Europe[J].TransportReviews.2002,4
[2]路.汤姆森等.中国铁路改革——铁路行业的巨大挑战[J].铁道经济研究.2000,2
[3]孔琦.德国铁路改革之路[J].铁道运营技术.2000,3：95
[4]黄庆.国有企业集团研究与铁路企业集团实证分析[D].西南交通大学博士学位论文.2000,12：153
[5]荣朝和.从运输产品特性看铁路重组的方向[J].北方交通大学学报.2002,1：15-16
[6]陈雯.网运分离模式在中国铁路的可行性研究[J].产业经济研究.2009,6：77
[7]文力.关于“网运分离”若干问题的探讨[J].铁道经济研究.2000,5：24
[8]荣朝和.试论“网运分离”与铁路重组的关系[J].北方交通大学学报.2000,6：36-37
[9]欧国立.关于组建和规范我国铁路客运公司的思考[J].中国铁路.2000,8：12-13
[10]崔永梅.铁路客货线路使用费定价的研究[J].北方交通大学学报.2001.10：22-23
[11]王书会中国铁路投融资体制改革研究[D].西南交通大学硕士.2007
[12]和军.自然垄断产业规制改革理论[M].经济科学出版,2008
[13]来有为,宋方明.美国铁路规制改革[J].经济理论与经济管理.2003,3
[14]毛哲.中国铁路体制改革相关法律问题研究[D].兰州大学硕士.2009
[15]荣朝和.关于铁路规模经济与范围经济的探讨[J].铁道经济研究.2001,4
[16]吴玉督,朱乾龙,曹婧.美国铁路改革模式及启示[J].宏观经济管理.2010,6
[17]杨江敏.关于中国铁路改革路径的研究[D].东北财经大学硕士.2004
[18]吴朝阳.中国铁路规制改革研究[D].江西财经大学硕士.2002
[19]毛哲.中国铁路体制改革相关法律问题研究[D].兰州大学硕士.2009
[20]车文娇.中国铁路业竞争性改革研究[D].山东大学硕士.2008
[21]张琦.中国铁路运输企业融资改革研究[D].北京交通大学硕士.2006
[22]张建美.中国铁路改革的竞争法问题研究[D].湖南大学硕士.2008
[23]李怀.自然垄断理论研究[M].东北财经大学出版社,2003
[24]于军.论中国铁路重组的模式选择[J].铁道经济研究.2002,,2
[25]刘延平,张力.关于我国铁路客运公司组建模式的新构想[J].铁道经济研究.2001,5
[26]张梦龙,欧国立.关于组建和规范我国铁路客运公司的思考[J].中国铁路.2000,8
[27]窦立人.关于组建铁路货运股份公司的构想[J].铁道运输与经济.2001,23
[28]王致中.中国铁路改革与发展研究[M].当代中国出版社,2001
[29]欧国立.运输市场变迁与中国铁路市场化改革[M].中国铁道出版社,2001
[30]陈清态.建立国有资产管理、监督和运营体制[J].经济社会制度比较.2001,4
[31]罗叙德.关于“网运分离”的几点思考[J].铁道经济研究.2000,3
[32]赵吉斌.关于铁路实行“网运分离”改革的实践与思考[J].铁道经济研究.2000,5
[33]王建军.论我国铁路“网运分离”的运输管理体制[J].内蒙古科技与经济.2001,5
[34]罗泽涛.交通运输投融资管理[M].经济科学出版社,2000
[35]薛荣久.中国加入WTO纵论[M].对外经济贸易大学出版社,2001
[36]曹钟雄.许子敬.世纪之交的中国铁路改革[J].铁道经济研究.2000,1
[37]林晓言.铁路的民营化改革与市场融[M].经济科学出版社,2006
[38]KuPo,W:CooPerRussell W,ZhangJun,Coordination games complementarities and maeroeeonomics[M]. 中国人民大学出版社,2001,2
[39]Church,Jeffrey and Ware, Roger, Industrial Organization:a Strategic Approach [M]. McGram-Hill Companies. Inc.2000
[40]Meagher, Kieron J., Generalizing incentives and loss of control in an optimal ierarchy:the role of information technology[M]. Economics Letters.2003
[41]Pittman, R., Chinese Railway Reform and Competition: Llessons from the xperience in Other Countries [M]. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 2004
[42]Schmidt, Stephen, Market structure and market outcomes in deregulated rail freight Markets[M].International Journal of Industrial Organization.2005
[43]E.A.Feinberg and A.Shwartz, Constrained Diseounted Dyamie Programming[J], Mathematics of operationsReseareh.2003
[44]NaShiJ.:Nashjohn,Essays on game theory [M].首都经济贸易大学出版社,2000
[45]Rangehengjia,Yuan yao Ding, Nonzero-sum Non-stationary Diseounied Markov Game Model.2000
[46]Armsortng,M.,S.Cowan and J.Vickesr,Regualoty reform:economic analysis and Britsihe Pxerienee[M],The MIT Press,2000
[47]Bmuaol,W,J.Panzar,J.C. and R.D.Willig.Contesatble market and the Theory of industry structure[M].Harcourt Bacre Jvanoavihc.2002
[48]Viseusi,W.K.,J.M.Vemon and J.E.Harrington,.Jr,Economics of Regulation and Antirtust,Massaehusetts[M].The MIT Perss,1995
[49]WeiriehPaul;Wei Li Xi;Huang Tao,Equilibrium and rationality:game theory revised by deeisionrules[M]经济科学出版社,2000,12
[50]L.C.M.Kallenberg,Survey of Linear Programming for standard and Nonstandard Nonstandard Markovian Control Problems.Partl[J].Theory,Mathematieal Methods of Operations Researeh.1996
[51]Baumol,wj,On the proper Cost Tests for Natural Monopoly in a Multiproduct industry[J],American economic review. 2000
[52]F.A.Feinberg,Contrained Semi-Markov Deeision Processes with Average Rewards [M].1994
[53]Bitzan, John, Railroad Cost Conditions—Implications for Policy, Prepared for the FederalRailroad Administration [M]. Department of Transportation. 2000
[54]StePhen Perkins.An Overview of Rail Reformin EuroPe[R].Seminar on Railway Reform, Restrueturing and ComPetition.2002,11
[55]Commission of the European Communities, Annual Report of the Cohesion Fund[J].Brussels.2004.12
[56]Caroline A. Rodenburg, Barry Ubbers, Peter Nijbamp. Poliey Scenarios For Achieving Sustainable Transportationin Europe[J].TransportReviews.2002,4