我国汽车企业外部技术整合发展路径及能力演化研究
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摘要
改革开放之后,我国汽车企业通过合资、合作、收购等方式大量引进和学习外部技术,加快了产业发展的进程。然而,我国汽车企业的自主开发能力依然薄弱,关键零部件技术尚未完全掌握,限制了自主品牌汽车在国内市场份额的进一步提升以及在国际市场的发展。汽车企业如何通过外部技术整合提升自主研发能力,已成为亟需解决的关键问题。在这样的背景下,本文以我国自主品牌整车制造企业的外部技术整合作为研究对象,围绕以下两个问题展开研究。
第一,我国汽车企业的外部技术整合是沿着怎样的路径发展的,这个过程对自主创新能力产生了怎样的影响?为了解释这个问题,本文构建“双链模型”,从“学习链”和“技术链”的视角在理论上阐释技术整合的完整链条。从“学习链”视角看,外部技术整合应包括技术载体整合、技术知识整合与研发惯例整合。从“技术链”视角看,外部技术整合应包括制造技术整合,架构技术整合、核心元件技术整合和前沿研究开发整合。
以“双链模型”为分析逻辑,论文研究了我国汽车企业外部技术整合的历程,明晰了技术整合中的缺失环节。这些缺失环节导致外部技术整合提升自主创新能力的进程比较缓慢。对长安汽车的案例分析显示,由于较为完整地实践了“双链模型”中的各个环节,技术整合对长安汽车的自主创新能力产生了较大的促进作用。由此论文从纵向延伸“学习链”和横向拓展“技术链”两个方面提出了对我国汽车企业技术整合路径发展的建议。
第二,企业应如何提升技术整合能力,从而更有效地完成“双链”的全部环节?这就需要对外部技术整合能力演化的微观机理进行研究。论文借鉴资源理论和自组织演化理论,认为技术整合能力的提升是企业内部资源数量积累、资源结构改善以及组织惯例优化带来的结果,但资源的数量积累和结构改变并不会自动发生,而是在外部环境和企业内部决策与机制作用下的一个渐进过程。随机涨落在特定的环境和企业资源状态下,演变为不同的巨涨落,从而推动企业能力形成各自不同的演化路径。对长安汽车的案例分析,显示了我国汽车企业外部技术整合能力的演化过程。
Chinese automobile manufacturers have improved their technology level a lot through corporating with multinational automobile companies, creating joint-ventures, M&A, etc. However, their capabilities of innovation remain weak compared with the multinational companies. It is important for Chinese auto industry that how to improve independent innovation capabilities through technology integration. This dissertation attempts to clarify the relationship between technology integration and independent innovation capabilities, the main contents are as follow.
1. This dissertation provides a "double-chain" model, which is made of "learning chain" and "technology chain", to describe technology integration path at firm's level. Learning chain describes the three tiers of technology integration: technology carrier integration, technology knowledge integration and R&D routine integration. Technology chain describes the scope of technology integration, which involves vehicle manufacturing technology, architecture technology, core component technology and frontier research and development.
According to the double-chain model, the dissertation analyses the history of technology integration history of Chinese auto industry, points out the missing links in the double-chain, which delay the improvement process of independent innovation capabilities of Chinese auto industry. The case study of Chongqing Changan Automobile shows that technology integration improves its independent innovation capabilities since the technology integration of Changan involved almost all areas of double-chain model.
2. The dissertation studies the micro-mechanism of technology integration capabilities evolution at firm's level. According to resource-based theory and self-organization theory, enhancement of technology integration capabilities is the result of resource accumulation, resource structure improvement and organization routine adjustment, which are driven by external environment and internal organization learning mechanism. The development of firms is based on a dialectic of chance and necessity and the principle of order through fluctuation in situations of instability and bifurcation. The dissertation shows the process of capabilities evolution with the case of Chongqing Changan.
第一,我国汽车企业的外部技术整合是沿着怎样的路径发展的,这个过程对自主创新能力产生了怎样的影响?为了解释这个问题,本文构建“双链模型”,从“学习链”和“技术链”的视角在理论上阐释技术整合的完整链条。从“学习链”视角看,外部技术整合应包括技术载体整合、技术知识整合与研发惯例整合。从“技术链”视角看,外部技术整合应包括制造技术整合,架构技术整合、核心元件技术整合和前沿研究开发整合。
以“双链模型”为分析逻辑,论文研究了我国汽车企业外部技术整合的历程,明晰了技术整合中的缺失环节。这些缺失环节导致外部技术整合提升自主创新能力的进程比较缓慢。对长安汽车的案例分析显示,由于较为完整地实践了“双链模型”中的各个环节,技术整合对长安汽车的自主创新能力产生了较大的促进作用。由此论文从纵向延伸“学习链”和横向拓展“技术链”两个方面提出了对我国汽车企业技术整合路径发展的建议。
第二,企业应如何提升技术整合能力,从而更有效地完成“双链”的全部环节?这就需要对外部技术整合能力演化的微观机理进行研究。论文借鉴资源理论和自组织演化理论,认为技术整合能力的提升是企业内部资源数量积累、资源结构改善以及组织惯例优化带来的结果,但资源的数量积累和结构改变并不会自动发生,而是在外部环境和企业内部决策与机制作用下的一个渐进过程。随机涨落在特定的环境和企业资源状态下,演变为不同的巨涨落,从而推动企业能力形成各自不同的演化路径。对长安汽车的案例分析,显示了我国汽车企业外部技术整合能力的演化过程。
Chinese automobile manufacturers have improved their technology level a lot through corporating with multinational automobile companies, creating joint-ventures, M&A, etc. However, their capabilities of innovation remain weak compared with the multinational companies. It is important for Chinese auto industry that how to improve independent innovation capabilities through technology integration. This dissertation attempts to clarify the relationship between technology integration and independent innovation capabilities, the main contents are as follow.
1. This dissertation provides a "double-chain" model, which is made of "learning chain" and "technology chain", to describe technology integration path at firm's level. Learning chain describes the three tiers of technology integration: technology carrier integration, technology knowledge integration and R&D routine integration. Technology chain describes the scope of technology integration, which involves vehicle manufacturing technology, architecture technology, core component technology and frontier research and development.
According to the double-chain model, the dissertation analyses the history of technology integration history of Chinese auto industry, points out the missing links in the double-chain, which delay the improvement process of independent innovation capabilities of Chinese auto industry. The case study of Chongqing Changan Automobile shows that technology integration improves its independent innovation capabilities since the technology integration of Changan involved almost all areas of double-chain model.
2. The dissertation studies the micro-mechanism of technology integration capabilities evolution at firm's level. According to resource-based theory and self-organization theory, enhancement of technology integration capabilities is the result of resource accumulation, resource structure improvement and organization routine adjustment, which are driven by external environment and internal organization learning mechanism. The development of firms is based on a dialectic of chance and necessity and the principle of order through fluctuation in situations of instability and bifurcation. The dissertation shows the process of capabilities evolution with the case of Chongqing Changan.
引文
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