基于车牌照的车辆出行轨迹分析方法与实践研究
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摘要
近年来，随着交通系统规模的不断壮大，大规模交通调查如居民/车辆的出行调查、交通量调查、OD调查所需投入的人力、物力越来越大，数据处理的难度和复杂度也在逐级攀升。传统的交通调查方法大都停留在获取单一交通参数的层面上，在达成调查目标同时很少能兼顾其他目的调查，其局限性、低效性很难满足当今复杂交通系统分析的信息需求。
随着交通信息采集设备的自动化、智能化、网络化、信息处理能力在不断提升，GPS、RFID、无线通信、视频监控、车牌自动识别、无线传感器网络等技术都可用于追踪、识别车辆在路网中的完整出行轨迹，这种以获取交通实体出行轨迹为目的“面向轨迹”的调查理念可充分发挥调查点间的关联性、调查设备间的协作性、调查数据的网络特性和时空特性，通过科学的调查选点与数据处理，可实现对车辆出行轨迹的捕捉，再对车辆出行轨迹进行深入分析即可获取全路网的丰富的交通运行状况信息，能全面、系统地再现纷繁复杂的交通运行场景，也为一次调查获取多种交通信息提供了全新的解决思路。
当前，在城市路网和公路网中每天都在获取超过百万计的车牌照，然而车牌照作为一种车辆出行轨迹的天然载体，却没有得到足够重视与高效利用。本文立足于面向轨迹调查的理念，以获取路网中全部车辆的出行轨迹为目标，研究基于车牌照的车辆出行轨迹分析方法，旨在建立车辆轨迹分析的基础理论方法体系，拓宽面向轨迹的交通调查的研究思路与方法，实现海量车牌数据的高效利用，准确把握路网交通运行状态、交通出行特征、交通分布规律，为面向轨迹的交通调查研究提供新的思路与方法借鉴。论文对以下几个方面进行了研究：
1、阐明了车辆出行轨迹分析的总体思想，以获取车辆在路网中完整运行轨迹为目标，结合路网拓扑结构，基于交通可达性理论，引入了描述调查点间连通关系的一次可达性概念，通过路径搜索技术建立调查点之间的一次可达关系，采用图论的研究思路与方法，结合轨迹分析总体思想，建立了车辆出行轨迹分析的基础理论——“调查点一次可达网络理论”，以指导轨迹分析方法技术的全过程，为轨迹分析方法的科学性和轨迹分析结果的正确性提供保障。
2、紧密结合路网拓扑结构，基于一次可达网络，构建了包括唯一一次可达性指标、轨迹分析误差指标、布点数量指标在内的布设约束指标集，提出了城市路网环境下面向轨迹分析的调查点布设方法；自主开发了调查点布设测试平台，通过仿真实验系统地分析了调查点布设方案与一次可达网络中关键参数之间的相互影响与制约关系，引入可达路径数量、可达路径长度、路段数量、弹性调查点数量等一次可达网络参数表征布设方案获取轨迹的准确性与布设方案的鲁棒性，为最优布设方案的选取提供了决策支持。
3、立足于车辆出行轨迹分析的总体思路与目标，基于调查点布设方案和一次可达网络，在对问题车牌以及车辆途经调查点的问题序列的成因与时空特征深入分析的基础上，提出了面向车辆出行轨迹分析的数据处理流程，构建了车辆出行轨迹分析的数据处理方法体系，综合考虑驾驶人路径选择行为、路径模式特征、连续调查点之间的时距关系等因素，有针对性地研究了轨迹分析数据处理中的方法与算法：包括原始车牌调查数据的清洗方法、车牌尾数重复导致混合车辆轨迹问题下的轨迹拆分算法、调查点遗漏车牌问题下的轨迹还原算法、针对路网中单调查点序列的单点序列补充算法、实现车牌照数据和交通量数据全面整合的车辆出行轨迹扩样算法，对各种算法的思想、机理、过程都进行了详细的论述，与传统交通调查方法相比，提高了数据处理的精细度，保证了轨迹分析结果的准确度。
4、以数理统计分析技术、GIS地理分析技术、道路拓扑建模技术与轨迹分析理论方法为支撑，设计研发了具有自动化轨迹分析处理、系统化轨迹统计分析应用、可视化轨迹分析结果呈现、访问与导出的多功能车辆出行轨迹分析系统RVTTSAS，整合了全部车辆出行轨迹分析理论方法，实现了轨迹分析数据处理过程与数据结果的可视、可控、可查。通过车辆出行轨迹分析方法应用于西安市曲江新区交通调查和浙江省公路网OD调查的实践中，利用RVTTAS进行海量车牌数据的分析处理，取得了丰富、准确的数据处理结果，验证了车辆出行轨迹分析方法的科学性和先进性。
With the growing of the size of transportation systems, the investigation of human andmaterial resources and the difficulty and complexity of data processing is growingincreasingly in large-scale traffic surveys such as the residents travel surveys, vehicles travelsurveys, traffic volume surveys and Origin-Destination surveys. Most of the traditionalsurvey methods can only obtain single traffic parameter while achieving the target forinvestigation, and rarely take into account other purposes, so that the limitations andinefficiency is difficult to meet today's complex information needs of transportation systemsanalysis.
Nowadays, the automation, intelligence, network, information-processing capacity oftraffic information collection equipment has been continuously increased. Global positioningsystems, radio frequency identification, wireless communication, video surveillance andautomatic license plate recognition technologies and wireless sensor networks can be used toand identify the complete tracks of running vehicle in the road network. The“Tracking-Oriented” survey idea for the purpose of obtaining vehicle tracks can take theadvantage of the correlation between survey site, collaboration between survey equipment,network characteristics and spatial and temporal characteristics of survey data and cancapture the complete tracks of running vehicle through scientific distribution of survey sites,information transmission and information processing. Through comprehensive statisticalanalysis of all the vehicle tracks in the road network, rich traffic condition information of thewhole network can be obtained, which can completely and accurately represent the complextraffic running scene, thus providing an absolutely new solution ideas for accessing a varietyof traffic information.
Currently, the city road network and high network are obtaining millions of platenumber everyday, however, as a natural carrier of the vehicle travel path, plate numbershaven’t got enough attention and efficient use. Under the direction of “Tracking-Oriented”survey idea, this paper studies the analysis methods for vehicles traveling track based on platenumbers in order to establish the basic theory of technical system for track analysis, tobroaden the ideas and methods for studying the “Tracking-Oriented” traffic survey and toaccurately obtain the state of network traffic operation, the features of traffic travel and thepatterns of traffic distribution. The following aspects are studied in this article:
Firstly, the basic theory and technical methods for vehicle travel analysis based on platenumbers is proposed. Based on the Accessibility theory and graph theory, Direct AccessNetwork (DAN) Theory is created for the analysis of the travel track of vehicles. DAN theorywhich guide the whole process of analysis of travel tracks, implements the safe, reliable, continuous transition of every process of analysis of the travel track, ensures the reliability,accuracy of data results, enriches the track-oriented survey theory and empirical research,provides reference information for other track-oriented survey and analysis.
Secondly, a survey site layout method based on plate number for vehicle traveling trackanalysis is proposed. Based on DAN Theory and structural features of network, the wholenetwork is divided into several local road network and the brute-force method is used togenerate all the feasible layout solution, then merge all the layout solution of local networkinto the global layout solution of the whole network and finally generate the final layoutsolution of survey points. Under the guidance of DAN theory, accurate computing of layoutperformance, layout efficiency and network Robustness of layout solution can be realized andthe strictly control to the Layout precision and weak nodes in the whole laying process isachieved, which ensures the accuracy of the layout process and provides sufficient protectionfor the processing of plate number.
Thirdly, data processing methodology for analysis of vehicle traveling track isestablished. Based on network topology, layout solution of survey points and graph theory, settheory, DAN theory, the following method and algorithm is respectively studied and described:1) the data cleaning method for original plate number,2) track splitting algorithm underhybrid vehicle track caused by repeated plate number,3) track recovery algorithm under thequestion of missing survey points,4) survey points supplement algorithm for single surveypoint sequence,5) track expansion algorithm that integrate all the plate number data andtraffic volume data. Taken the network of Xi'an Qu Jiang new district as experimentalnetwork, simulation experiments and numerical example is carried out for testing theperformance and accuracy of all the algorithms. Simulation presents good results and provesthe applicability and reliability of all the algorithms.
Fourthly, a new, efficient Running Vehicle Traveling Track Analysis System (RVTTAS)is developed, and within which the vehicle track analysis method together with themathematical statistics， Geo-spatial analysis and technical, Road topology modelingtechnology, advanced software design concept, open data sharing mechanism andvisualization operations are efficiently connected. The overall design concept, main functionsof the system and subsystems, working mechanism of each module in RVTTAS are cleardescribed and explained. With the good performance in Xi’an Qujiang traffic survey andZhejiang OD survey, RVTTAS can provide new insights, ideas and engineering solutions forTraveling Track Analysis of Running Vehicle.
随着交通信息采集设备的自动化、智能化、网络化、信息处理能力在不断提升，GPS、RFID、无线通信、视频监控、车牌自动识别、无线传感器网络等技术都可用于追踪、识别车辆在路网中的完整出行轨迹，这种以获取交通实体出行轨迹为目的“面向轨迹”的调查理念可充分发挥调查点间的关联性、调查设备间的协作性、调查数据的网络特性和时空特性，通过科学的调查选点与数据处理，可实现对车辆出行轨迹的捕捉，再对车辆出行轨迹进行深入分析即可获取全路网的丰富的交通运行状况信息，能全面、系统地再现纷繁复杂的交通运行场景，也为一次调查获取多种交通信息提供了全新的解决思路。
当前，在城市路网和公路网中每天都在获取超过百万计的车牌照，然而车牌照作为一种车辆出行轨迹的天然载体，却没有得到足够重视与高效利用。本文立足于面向轨迹调查的理念，以获取路网中全部车辆的出行轨迹为目标，研究基于车牌照的车辆出行轨迹分析方法，旨在建立车辆轨迹分析的基础理论方法体系，拓宽面向轨迹的交通调查的研究思路与方法，实现海量车牌数据的高效利用，准确把握路网交通运行状态、交通出行特征、交通分布规律，为面向轨迹的交通调查研究提供新的思路与方法借鉴。论文对以下几个方面进行了研究：
1、阐明了车辆出行轨迹分析的总体思想，以获取车辆在路网中完整运行轨迹为目标，结合路网拓扑结构，基于交通可达性理论，引入了描述调查点间连通关系的一次可达性概念，通过路径搜索技术建立调查点之间的一次可达关系，采用图论的研究思路与方法，结合轨迹分析总体思想，建立了车辆出行轨迹分析的基础理论——“调查点一次可达网络理论”，以指导轨迹分析方法技术的全过程，为轨迹分析方法的科学性和轨迹分析结果的正确性提供保障。
2、紧密结合路网拓扑结构，基于一次可达网络，构建了包括唯一一次可达性指标、轨迹分析误差指标、布点数量指标在内的布设约束指标集，提出了城市路网环境下面向轨迹分析的调查点布设方法；自主开发了调查点布设测试平台，通过仿真实验系统地分析了调查点布设方案与一次可达网络中关键参数之间的相互影响与制约关系，引入可达路径数量、可达路径长度、路段数量、弹性调查点数量等一次可达网络参数表征布设方案获取轨迹的准确性与布设方案的鲁棒性，为最优布设方案的选取提供了决策支持。
3、立足于车辆出行轨迹分析的总体思路与目标，基于调查点布设方案和一次可达网络，在对问题车牌以及车辆途经调查点的问题序列的成因与时空特征深入分析的基础上，提出了面向车辆出行轨迹分析的数据处理流程，构建了车辆出行轨迹分析的数据处理方法体系，综合考虑驾驶人路径选择行为、路径模式特征、连续调查点之间的时距关系等因素，有针对性地研究了轨迹分析数据处理中的方法与算法：包括原始车牌调查数据的清洗方法、车牌尾数重复导致混合车辆轨迹问题下的轨迹拆分算法、调查点遗漏车牌问题下的轨迹还原算法、针对路网中单调查点序列的单点序列补充算法、实现车牌照数据和交通量数据全面整合的车辆出行轨迹扩样算法，对各种算法的思想、机理、过程都进行了详细的论述，与传统交通调查方法相比，提高了数据处理的精细度，保证了轨迹分析结果的准确度。
4、以数理统计分析技术、GIS地理分析技术、道路拓扑建模技术与轨迹分析理论方法为支撑，设计研发了具有自动化轨迹分析处理、系统化轨迹统计分析应用、可视化轨迹分析结果呈现、访问与导出的多功能车辆出行轨迹分析系统RVTTSAS，整合了全部车辆出行轨迹分析理论方法，实现了轨迹分析数据处理过程与数据结果的可视、可控、可查。通过车辆出行轨迹分析方法应用于西安市曲江新区交通调查和浙江省公路网OD调查的实践中，利用RVTTAS进行海量车牌数据的分析处理，取得了丰富、准确的数据处理结果，验证了车辆出行轨迹分析方法的科学性和先进性。
With the growing of the size of transportation systems, the investigation of human andmaterial resources and the difficulty and complexity of data processing is growingincreasingly in large-scale traffic surveys such as the residents travel surveys, vehicles travelsurveys, traffic volume surveys and Origin-Destination surveys. Most of the traditionalsurvey methods can only obtain single traffic parameter while achieving the target forinvestigation, and rarely take into account other purposes, so that the limitations andinefficiency is difficult to meet today's complex information needs of transportation systemsanalysis.
Nowadays, the automation, intelligence, network, information-processing capacity oftraffic information collection equipment has been continuously increased. Global positioningsystems, radio frequency identification, wireless communication, video surveillance andautomatic license plate recognition technologies and wireless sensor networks can be used toand identify the complete tracks of running vehicle in the road network. The“Tracking-Oriented” survey idea for the purpose of obtaining vehicle tracks can take theadvantage of the correlation between survey site, collaboration between survey equipment,network characteristics and spatial and temporal characteristics of survey data and cancapture the complete tracks of running vehicle through scientific distribution of survey sites,information transmission and information processing. Through comprehensive statisticalanalysis of all the vehicle tracks in the road network, rich traffic condition information of thewhole network can be obtained, which can completely and accurately represent the complextraffic running scene, thus providing an absolutely new solution ideas for accessing a varietyof traffic information.
Currently, the city road network and high network are obtaining millions of platenumber everyday, however, as a natural carrier of the vehicle travel path, plate numbershaven’t got enough attention and efficient use. Under the direction of “Tracking-Oriented”survey idea, this paper studies the analysis methods for vehicles traveling track based on platenumbers in order to establish the basic theory of technical system for track analysis, tobroaden the ideas and methods for studying the “Tracking-Oriented” traffic survey and toaccurately obtain the state of network traffic operation, the features of traffic travel and thepatterns of traffic distribution. The following aspects are studied in this article:
Firstly, the basic theory and technical methods for vehicle travel analysis based on platenumbers is proposed. Based on the Accessibility theory and graph theory, Direct AccessNetwork (DAN) Theory is created for the analysis of the travel track of vehicles. DAN theorywhich guide the whole process of analysis of travel tracks, implements the safe, reliable, continuous transition of every process of analysis of the travel track, ensures the reliability,accuracy of data results, enriches the track-oriented survey theory and empirical research,provides reference information for other track-oriented survey and analysis.
Secondly, a survey site layout method based on plate number for vehicle traveling trackanalysis is proposed. Based on DAN Theory and structural features of network, the wholenetwork is divided into several local road network and the brute-force method is used togenerate all the feasible layout solution, then merge all the layout solution of local networkinto the global layout solution of the whole network and finally generate the final layoutsolution of survey points. Under the guidance of DAN theory, accurate computing of layoutperformance, layout efficiency and network Robustness of layout solution can be realized andthe strictly control to the Layout precision and weak nodes in the whole laying process isachieved, which ensures the accuracy of the layout process and provides sufficient protectionfor the processing of plate number.
Thirdly, data processing methodology for analysis of vehicle traveling track isestablished. Based on network topology, layout solution of survey points and graph theory, settheory, DAN theory, the following method and algorithm is respectively studied and described:1) the data cleaning method for original plate number,2) track splitting algorithm underhybrid vehicle track caused by repeated plate number,3) track recovery algorithm under thequestion of missing survey points,4) survey points supplement algorithm for single surveypoint sequence,5) track expansion algorithm that integrate all the plate number data andtraffic volume data. Taken the network of Xi'an Qu Jiang new district as experimentalnetwork, simulation experiments and numerical example is carried out for testing theperformance and accuracy of all the algorithms. Simulation presents good results and provesthe applicability and reliability of all the algorithms.
Fourthly, a new, efficient Running Vehicle Traveling Track Analysis System (RVTTAS)is developed, and within which the vehicle track analysis method together with themathematical statistics， Geo-spatial analysis and technical, Road topology modelingtechnology, advanced software design concept, open data sharing mechanism andvisualization operations are efficiently connected. The overall design concept, main functionsof the system and subsystems, working mechanism of each module in RVTTAS are cleardescribed and explained. With the good performance in Xi’an Qujiang traffic survey andZhejiang OD survey, RVTTAS can provide new insights, ideas and engineering solutions forTraveling Track Analysis of Running Vehicle.
引文
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