车辆道路排放测试技术的研究
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摘要
目前由汽车排放产生的环境污染越来越严重。为了治理环境污染,各国相继针对车辆排放制定强制性排放标准,以控制汽车污染物的排放量。
车辆排放测量方法主要由排放检测方法和尾气取样方法构成。检测方法主要是使用工况法。目前有两种主要的尾气采样方法,一种是直接采样法,这种方法比较简单,但是其采样管路的吸附现象会造成测量误差;另一种方法就是定容采样法(CVS),虽然CVS的测量设备以及方法要较复杂,但是CVS结果更为精确。
制定各种车辆排放控制法规的目的是为了控制车辆排放,降低在实际使用过程中的污染物排放量。由于目前对车辆进行排放测试大多是在实验室的发动机台架或者底盘测功机上进行的,但是试验室测试条件与实际路况有很大差别,不能完全反映车辆在道路上排放情况。因此,有必要对实际道路上车辆尾气排放进行详细的研究,这也可以作为试验室结果的补充。
我们使用便携式排放测试系统(PEMS)作为道路排放测试的主要设备。这些系统体积很小,能够安放在车厢内对车辆在实际道路条件下行驶时的排放进行测量。美国环保局根据PEMS实际应用情况,制定出法规代码为CFR1065的测试程序。我们以CFR1065为基础制定我们的测试程序。
为了验证所使用的车载排放测试系统的准确性和可靠性,首先通过在实验室内进行CVS与车载排放测试系统进行对比测试。发现排放结果的差异在正常范围内,车载排放测试系统得到的结果是可以接受的。随后,我们有针对性的选择一辆轻型车作为被测车辆,在实际道路上进行一系列的道路排放测试。所选择的测试线路及时间基本上涵盖了我国大城市的路况特征。
我们针对车辆在实际道路条件下按照瞬态工况行驶的特点,引入瞬态工况参数,构建污染物浓度排放矩阵,对测得排放污染物的瞬态分布情况进行研究。由此得出的排放分布矩阵可以很直观的分析由于车辆行驶情况对车辆排放情况的影响。基于对测试条件和测试车辆的选择,可以说得到的排放分布情况能够初步反映出轻型在用车在我国大城市交通环境中的排放情况。
The pollution from automobile is more and more serious, and it is harm to the human's health and the balance of the nature. For control pollution, every country raises the control requirement about the emission pollutant, constitute the compelling emission standards to control the emission from automobile.The test method and exhaust gas sampling method constitutes the emission measure method. The Drive Cycle is the primary test method. Currently, there are two kinds of exhaust gas sampling method. One is the Direct Sampling, it is a simple method, but the most serious problem of the Direct Sampling is the adsorption of sample line can result in measurement error. The other method is Constant Volume Sampling (CVS). Though the equipments and technique of CVS are more complicated than the Direct Sampling, the measure result is more accurate than that of the Direct Sampling.The main purposes of institute vehicle emission control legislations are control emission of vehicle, reduce pollutant emission on real road. However the vehicles emission tests are mainly carried out on the engine benches or chassis-dynamometers. But the test condition in the laboratory differs from the real road condition, so the test results can't accurately describe the real emission on road. Therefore it is necessary to research on vehicle emission in real road condition, and this research also is the complement of the laboratory results.We used Portable Emission Measure Systems (PEMS) as a main equipment for on-road emission tests. The EPA institutes test programs CFR1065 base on the application of PEMS. Because the environment factors can affect PEMS and result in wrong results, CFR1065 prescribes the preparation of measurement, measure plan, environment condition of measurement, etc for the PEMS.First carry out contrastive test between the CVS and the PEMS, testify the PEMS has good accuracy and reliability. We found the difference between the two results is in normal range, and we conclude the results of the PEMS can be accepted. Base on
the conclusion, we used a light-duty vehicle as test vehicle and do a series on-road emission test. The tests lines and The test time almost include all roads character of our cities.Because vehicles run as instantaneous cycle when they are driving on real road, we introduced instantaneous cycle parameters and constructed pollutant concentration emission matrix. After researched on emission instantaneous distribute. By the new analysis method, we can easily find the effect on the vehicle emission by the traffic. Because we had good choices of test conditions and test vehicle, we conclude that the emission concentration distributions can describe emission of in-use light-duty vehicle in our cities traffic.
车辆排放测量方法主要由排放检测方法和尾气取样方法构成。检测方法主要是使用工况法。目前有两种主要的尾气采样方法,一种是直接采样法,这种方法比较简单,但是其采样管路的吸附现象会造成测量误差;另一种方法就是定容采样法(CVS),虽然CVS的测量设备以及方法要较复杂,但是CVS结果更为精确。
制定各种车辆排放控制法规的目的是为了控制车辆排放,降低在实际使用过程中的污染物排放量。由于目前对车辆进行排放测试大多是在实验室的发动机台架或者底盘测功机上进行的,但是试验室测试条件与实际路况有很大差别,不能完全反映车辆在道路上排放情况。因此,有必要对实际道路上车辆尾气排放进行详细的研究,这也可以作为试验室结果的补充。
我们使用便携式排放测试系统(PEMS)作为道路排放测试的主要设备。这些系统体积很小,能够安放在车厢内对车辆在实际道路条件下行驶时的排放进行测量。美国环保局根据PEMS实际应用情况,制定出法规代码为CFR1065的测试程序。我们以CFR1065为基础制定我们的测试程序。
为了验证所使用的车载排放测试系统的准确性和可靠性,首先通过在实验室内进行CVS与车载排放测试系统进行对比测试。发现排放结果的差异在正常范围内,车载排放测试系统得到的结果是可以接受的。随后,我们有针对性的选择一辆轻型车作为被测车辆,在实际道路上进行一系列的道路排放测试。所选择的测试线路及时间基本上涵盖了我国大城市的路况特征。
我们针对车辆在实际道路条件下按照瞬态工况行驶的特点,引入瞬态工况参数,构建污染物浓度排放矩阵,对测得排放污染物的瞬态分布情况进行研究。由此得出的排放分布矩阵可以很直观的分析由于车辆行驶情况对车辆排放情况的影响。基于对测试条件和测试车辆的选择,可以说得到的排放分布情况能够初步反映出轻型在用车在我国大城市交通环境中的排放情况。
The pollution from automobile is more and more serious, and it is harm to the human's health and the balance of the nature. For control pollution, every country raises the control requirement about the emission pollutant, constitute the compelling emission standards to control the emission from automobile.The test method and exhaust gas sampling method constitutes the emission measure method. The Drive Cycle is the primary test method. Currently, there are two kinds of exhaust gas sampling method. One is the Direct Sampling, it is a simple method, but the most serious problem of the Direct Sampling is the adsorption of sample line can result in measurement error. The other method is Constant Volume Sampling (CVS). Though the equipments and technique of CVS are more complicated than the Direct Sampling, the measure result is more accurate than that of the Direct Sampling.The main purposes of institute vehicle emission control legislations are control emission of vehicle, reduce pollutant emission on real road. However the vehicles emission tests are mainly carried out on the engine benches or chassis-dynamometers. But the test condition in the laboratory differs from the real road condition, so the test results can't accurately describe the real emission on road. Therefore it is necessary to research on vehicle emission in real road condition, and this research also is the complement of the laboratory results.We used Portable Emission Measure Systems (PEMS) as a main equipment for on-road emission tests. The EPA institutes test programs CFR1065 base on the application of PEMS. Because the environment factors can affect PEMS and result in wrong results, CFR1065 prescribes the preparation of measurement, measure plan, environment condition of measurement, etc for the PEMS.First carry out contrastive test between the CVS and the PEMS, testify the PEMS has good accuracy and reliability. We found the difference between the two results is in normal range, and we conclude the results of the PEMS can be accepted. Base on
the conclusion, we used a light-duty vehicle as test vehicle and do a series on-road emission test. The tests lines and The test time almost include all roads character of our cities.Because vehicles run as instantaneous cycle when they are driving on real road, we introduced instantaneous cycle parameters and constructed pollutant concentration emission matrix. After researched on emission instantaneous distribute. By the new analysis method, we can easily find the effect on the vehicle emission by the traffic. Because we had good choices of test conditions and test vehicle, we conclude that the emission concentration distributions can describe emission of in-use light-duty vehicle in our cities traffic.
引文
[1] 王建昕,傅立新,黎维彬.汽车排气污染治理及催化转化器.北京:化学工业出版社,2000.5
[2] SAE J1711.混合动力电动车辆排放和燃料经济性测试规范
[3] 徐圃青 蔡文兴.汽车排放标准与控制技术的发展.北京:环境导报,2002.5
[4] 余志生.汽车理论.北京:机械工业出版社,2002
[5] 李勤.现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制.北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[6] 周龙保 高宗英.内燃机学.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[7] 严兆大等.热能与动力机械测试技术.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[8] 程至远 解建光.内燃机排放与净化.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2000
[9] 方茂东.我国的汽车排放与控制.汽车技术,2002.6
[10] 欧洲经济委员会ECE R101.01法规
[11] ShE J2711.混合动力和传统重型汽车燃料经济性和排放性能测试规范
[12] 汽车工程手册编委会.汽车工程手册—试验篇.北京:人民交通出版社,2001
[13] 吕安涛 冯晋祥 李祥贵.我国汽车排放标准的发展现状及对策研究.交通标准化 2003.8.39-42
[14] Dr Steiger. Modern Diesel Technologies Diesel Initiative Symposium Dec. 1999
[15] MECA U.S EPA Finalizes Tier 2 Standards and Limits on Gasoline Sulfur. May. 12.1999
[16] Velosa J. Error analysesof the vehicle exhaust emission measurement system. SAE paper 930393. 1993
[17] Heller B et al. Performance of a new system for emission sampling and measurement(SESAM). SAE paper 900275.1990
[18] Baronick J et al. Impact of sulfur in gasoline on nitrous oxide and other exhaust gas components. SAE paper 2000-01-0857.2000
[21] Roland Kemmler, Anton Waltner, Christof Schon, Simon Godwin. Current Status and Prospects for Gasoline Engine Emission Control Technology-Paving the Way for Minimal Emissions. SAE 2000-01-0856. 2000
[22] Jetter J, Mawshiro S. Development of an on-board analyser for use on advanced low emission vehicles. SAE paper 2000-01-1140. 2000
[23] Fukushima H et al. Signal processing and practical performance of a real-time PM analyser using fast FIDs. SAE paper 2000-01-1135. 2000
[24] Mridul Gautam, Gregory J. Thompson. Measurement of In-Use On-Board Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Mobile Emissions Measurements System. SAE 2001-01-3643.2001
[25] Nagy D B et al. Evaluation of the bag mini-diluter and direct vehicle exhaust volume system for low level emissions measurement, SAE paper 2000-01-0793
[26] 蒋德明.内燃机燃烧与排放学.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001
[27] 蔡风田主编.汽车排放污染物控制实用技术.北京人民交通出版社,1999.1
[28] 江宇红 陈桂珠.汽车排放检测新技术研究.中国环境检测,2004
[29] 胡引强.汽车排放气体测试仪检定规程存在的问题及改进建议.中国计量,2003
[30] 张雨 刘少伦.汽油机瞬态排放检测的新实践.小型内燃机与摩托车,2004.
[31] 于秀敏 杨世春 高莹.降低汽车发动机排放的技术.汽车工程,2002.5
[32] Pueffel P K et al. Application of a new method for on-line oil consumption measurement, SAE paper 1999-01-3460.1999
[33] 李兴虎.汽车环境保护技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004
[34] 赵航,王务林.我国在用汽车排放现状及其控制措施探讨.世界汽车,1993
[35] 李兴虎.汽车排气污染与控制.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[36] 张雨.汽油机瞬态排放分析.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2005
[37] 张雨 刘少伦.汽油机瞬态排放检测的新实践.小型内燃机与摩托车,2004,33(6)
[38] 赵慧.实际道路行驶中汽车排放特性的研究.燃烧科学与技术,1999,5
[39] 杨延相、杜红、刘昌文等.用于汽车道路行驶排放测量的车载试验系统.长安大学学报,2002年第4期
[40] 李孟良、陈燕涛、刘伏萍等.道路排放测试技术的研究.上海汽车,2005年第12期
[41] 陈燕涛、李孟良、乔维高.车辆气体污染物测量技术的现状和发展分析.汽车研究与开发,2005年第9期
[42] 李岳林、孙祝宽、张雨等.汽油机瞬态排放信号测试与特征分析的新动向.交通工程学报,2001,1(2)
[43] 张光德、夏新祥.车辆有害排放与控制策略的探讨.武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(1)
[44] 赵树恩.车用柴油机排放污染及其控制.陕西工学院学报,2004,20(1)
[45] 汪卫东.国内外汽车排放法规对比分析.商用汽车,2004年第11期
[46] 汪卫东.国内三大汽车排放法规体系.柴油机设计与制造,2003年第4期
[47] 杜愎刚、李家玺.驾驶因素对汽车排放测试结果的影响.交通标准化,2004年第6期
[48] 江宇红、陈桂珠.汽车排放检测新技术研究.中国环境监测,2004,20(1)
[49] 刘双喜、高继东、景晓军.我国车用压燃式发动机排放水平及现状分析.汽车工程,2005,27(1)
[50] 张跃涛、袁大宏、张云龙等.在用车排放检测试验方法的研究.汽车工程,2001,23(1)
[51] 邓顺熙、陈洁、李百川.中国城市道路机动车CO、HC和NOx排放因子的测定.中国环境科学,2000,20(1)
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[56] Study On Emission Control Technology For Heavy-Duty Vehicles ETD/O0/503430
[57] Lei Yu, Fengxiang Qiao. Collection and Evaluation of On-Road Vehicle Emission and Activity Data. Texas Southern University, 2004, 4
[58] Nobutaka Kihara, Tokihiro Tsukamoto, Kozo Ishida. Real-Time On-Board Measurement of Mass Emission of NOx, Fuel Consumption, Road Load, and Engine Output for Diesel Vehicles. SAE Technical paper 2000-01-1141
[2] SAE J1711.混合动力电动车辆排放和燃料经济性测试规范
[3] 徐圃青 蔡文兴.汽车排放标准与控制技术的发展.北京:环境导报,2002.5
[4] 余志生.汽车理论.北京:机械工业出版社,2002
[5] 李勤.现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制.北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[6] 周龙保 高宗英.内燃机学.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[7] 严兆大等.热能与动力机械测试技术.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[8] 程至远 解建光.内燃机排放与净化.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2000
[9] 方茂东.我国的汽车排放与控制.汽车技术,2002.6
[10] 欧洲经济委员会ECE R101.01法规
[11] ShE J2711.混合动力和传统重型汽车燃料经济性和排放性能测试规范
[12] 汽车工程手册编委会.汽车工程手册—试验篇.北京:人民交通出版社,2001
[13] 吕安涛 冯晋祥 李祥贵.我国汽车排放标准的发展现状及对策研究.交通标准化 2003.8.39-42
[14] Dr Steiger. Modern Diesel Technologies Diesel Initiative Symposium Dec. 1999
[15] MECA U.S EPA Finalizes Tier 2 Standards and Limits on Gasoline Sulfur. May. 12.1999
[16] Velosa J. Error analysesof the vehicle exhaust emission measurement system. SAE paper 930393. 1993
[17] Heller B et al. Performance of a new system for emission sampling and measurement(SESAM). SAE paper 900275.1990
[18] Baronick J et al. Impact of sulfur in gasoline on nitrous oxide and other exhaust gas components. SAE paper 2000-01-0857.2000
[21] Roland Kemmler, Anton Waltner, Christof Schon, Simon Godwin. Current Status and Prospects for Gasoline Engine Emission Control Technology-Paving the Way for Minimal Emissions. SAE 2000-01-0856. 2000
[22] Jetter J, Mawshiro S. Development of an on-board analyser for use on advanced low emission vehicles. SAE paper 2000-01-1140. 2000
[23] Fukushima H et al. Signal processing and practical performance of a real-time PM analyser using fast FIDs. SAE paper 2000-01-1135. 2000
[24] Mridul Gautam, Gregory J. Thompson. Measurement of In-Use On-Board Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Mobile Emissions Measurements System. SAE 2001-01-3643.2001
[25] Nagy D B et al. Evaluation of the bag mini-diluter and direct vehicle exhaust volume system for low level emissions measurement, SAE paper 2000-01-0793
[26] 蒋德明.内燃机燃烧与排放学.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001
[27] 蔡风田主编.汽车排放污染物控制实用技术.北京人民交通出版社,1999.1
[28] 江宇红 陈桂珠.汽车排放检测新技术研究.中国环境检测,2004
[29] 胡引强.汽车排放气体测试仪检定规程存在的问题及改进建议.中国计量,2003
[30] 张雨 刘少伦.汽油机瞬态排放检测的新实践.小型内燃机与摩托车,2004.
[31] 于秀敏 杨世春 高莹.降低汽车发动机排放的技术.汽车工程,2002.5
[32] Pueffel P K et al. Application of a new method for on-line oil consumption measurement, SAE paper 1999-01-3460.1999
[33] 李兴虎.汽车环境保护技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004
[34] 赵航,王务林.我国在用汽车排放现状及其控制措施探讨.世界汽车,1993
[35] 李兴虎.汽车排气污染与控制.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[36] 张雨.汽油机瞬态排放分析.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2005
[37] 张雨 刘少伦.汽油机瞬态排放检测的新实践.小型内燃机与摩托车,2004,33(6)
[38] 赵慧.实际道路行驶中汽车排放特性的研究.燃烧科学与技术,1999,5
[39] 杨延相、杜红、刘昌文等.用于汽车道路行驶排放测量的车载试验系统.长安大学学报,2002年第4期
[40] 李孟良、陈燕涛、刘伏萍等.道路排放测试技术的研究.上海汽车,2005年第12期
[41] 陈燕涛、李孟良、乔维高.车辆气体污染物测量技术的现状和发展分析.汽车研究与开发,2005年第9期
[42] 李岳林、孙祝宽、张雨等.汽油机瞬态排放信号测试与特征分析的新动向.交通工程学报,2001,1(2)
[43] 张光德、夏新祥.车辆有害排放与控制策略的探讨.武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(1)
[44] 赵树恩.车用柴油机排放污染及其控制.陕西工学院学报,2004,20(1)
[45] 汪卫东.国内外汽车排放法规对比分析.商用汽车,2004年第11期
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