重庆市主城区机动车污染状况与分担率研究
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摘要
随着全球经济发展和人口的不断增长,机动车尾气已经成为世界上许多城市空气污染的主要来源,我国作为发展中国家也不例外。机动车尾气不仅严重污染城市大气环境质量,同时也给人民群众的身体健康造成了巨大的危害。本文主要以重庆市机动车尾气污染作为分析对象,通过对重庆市道路交通状况、机动车保有量、实际路况上车速、车流量以及车型比例等的勘查分析,结合台架测试和MOBILE模型模拟,计算出了重庆市道路机动车综合排放因子和机动车污染物在大气环境中的分担率,为准确分析重庆市交通所导致的空气污染,从而进行有效的控制决策提供了科学的理论依据。针对重庆市机动车尾气污染现状,本研究的主要研究内容及结论如下:
1.通过对重庆市在用机动车的实际调查,定量给出了重庆市机动车保有与运营特征。目前重庆市机动车保有量高速增长,平均增长率达到18.9%。截至2007年底,全市机动车保有量达到144.49万辆,主城区机动车保有量也达到了49.6万辆。城市道路负荷持续增加,车辆运行速度降低,加速、减速、怠速状态频繁,运行工况恶化,早晚高峰期车流量最高每小时超过7000辆。主城区道路平均车速仅为34.8km/h左右,而在早晚高峰期平均车速在27km/h左右,而且公共交通的主导地位尚未完全确立,城市运输效率低下。重庆市至今还没有地铁,轻轨也在不断建设过程中,公共汽车专用道较少,还没有形成一个快速公交网络,公共交通的优越性还没有充分体现出来。
2.通过分析重庆市主城区大气污染物的种类和浓度,可以看出PM10在七条主要交通干道上的污染最突出,常年超标现象严重,最大超标倍数高达3.55倍。其次污染较严重的是SO2和NO2,特别是NOX的污染不容忽视,在局部地区超标现象还是比较严重,城市道路两侧及交通密集区CO浓度亦超过国家标准。在早晚上下班高峰期,一些主要污染物如HC、CO以及颗粒物等污染物都呈现“双凸”,而且城市大气污染超标严重的区域主要集中于人口稠密、道路网密集、交通繁忙的城区,这反映了城市大气污染同机动车排放具有较高的相关性。随着机动车保有量的不断增加,将直接导致城市污染物浓度升高,因此机动车的排放是造成环境质量持续恶化的重要因素。
3.应用美国EPA的MOBILE模式并结合重庆市的实际情况,对其输入参数进行修正,最终计算出了重庆市机动车的综合排放因子。并且对比2004年的一项相关研究,虽然模式计算中采用的数据为美国1985年的排放数据,劣化率取基本排放因子对应的FTP75劣化率。但是仍然发现模式计算结果比实际工况下的排放情况偏低,所以如果简单的只采用模式计算污染物的排放量将会低估污染的实际情况。并且通过分析不同车速对机动车排放因子的影响,从减小交通排放污染的角度看,平均速度应在30km/h-80km/h,从污染排放、燃油经济性、交通安全三方面考虑都比较合理。
4.统计重庆市污染物排放清单也是一项重要的工作内容。主要包括城市流动源污染物排放清单和城市固定源污染物排放清单。通过建立污染物排放清单并计算排放值,得到城市机动车污染物和城市固定源污染物的分担率。其中道路机动车NOx、CO、HC、PM10的分担率分别为50.4%、80.0%、54.3%、6.9%。从结果可以看出:重庆市机动车污染物中CO的排放占整个污染物排放的比重已经超过四分之三,NOX的比重也已经比较严重。由此可见,重庆市大气的污染类型已经由煤烟型大气污染正逐步转变为煤烟汽车混合型污染,污染形势比较严峻。
5.针对重庆市机动车污染的实际情况以及目前的治理情况,为减少机动车对重庆市环境空气的污染提出了一些可行性的建议。具体措施主要包括主城区城市建设与交通规划、机动车排放控制管理措施、燃油(气)质量改善管理、技术保障、经济激励、公众参与等。
通过上述分析,重庆市机动车的污染状况已比较严重,如果不进一步采取有效的防范和治理措施,机动车尾气必将成为城市大气环境的罪魁祸首和人民健康的最大杀手,也势必影响到重庆市将来的经济发展。
With the global economical development and rapid progress of cities, exhaust emission of vehicle have been the main source that lead to the air pollution of lots of large cities all over the world. China, as a developing country, is without exception. Exhaust emission of vehicle not only cause the heavy pollution of air, but also bring the serious harm to health of human being at the same time. This article mainly takes exhaust emission contamination as analyse objection and illustrate in detail the current actual state and influence on civil air quality which the exhaust emission of vehicle have caused in Chongqing city. We can finally confirm and calculate the emission factors of contamination through the testing of the actual vehicle, and analyse the distribute probability of contamination, which provide us with scientific theory basis on which we can accurately analyse air pollution Chongqing transport lead to, and furthermore effectively control them. According to current state of exhaust emission in Chongqing, the content of this article are as follows:
1. It provides us with the actual volume and operating state of vehicle through the factual investigation to vehicle in Chongqing. There are rapid improvement about volume of Chongqing whose rate can reach up to 18.9%. By the end of 2007, the vehicle capability of Chongqing city had been up to 1444.9 thousand, in which the total amount in the main urban area is 496 thousand. With the increasing the road load, speed of vehicle has been reduced gradually. The drivers have to frequently change the driving state that cover accelerate and brake as well as ideal speed, which serious aggravates the moving cycle. The average flux of vehicle on the road can reach up to5000 per hour at rush moment for example morning and afternoon on which speed of vehicle is only approximate 27km/h, and at these time it is 34.8km/h. Today the dominant level can not be established, the efficiency of transport is very low. By now there are no underway and shortage of special bus road, and light railway are being established, which can comprise of a rapid common intranet. Common transports route and position can not be reasonably distributed which is not convenient for passengers to change the bus so that it can not show the superiority of the transports.
2. we may know that contents of PM10 on the seven major roads always exceed the standard every year through studying the kinds and density of contamination in the air, with a maximum multiple of 3.55. Then the pollution caused by SO2 and NO2 is very serious, and also the pollution by NOX. The density of NOX have seriously exceeded the state standard on the both edge of roads and in the dense transport area. Some primary pollution such as HC、CO and fine particles have double peak in the every rush morning and evening, and the serious pollution in the large cities mainly fasten on the area of dense population and traffic jam, which tell us that the atmosphere pollution are closely relative to exhaust emission. With the increase of the vehicle fleet, the density of pollutants would certainly rise. Therefore, the key factor that affect the enveriment quality is exhaust emission.
3. According to the United States MOBILE module and the actual situation in Chongqing, we amend the input parameters and then figure out the integrated emission factors of vehicle in Chongqing. We compare the data with a related research in 2004 taking the rate of deterioration of FTP75, although the data in the module is the American aggravating data in 1985. But we have found the average calculated value is lower than the actual one by compare. So to calculate pollution emissions using the formula would underestimate the actual situation. Furthermore, analyzing the effect of different speed to the emission factor is more resonable from the point of view of reducing the pollution emission、fuel economy and traffic safety.
4. to statistics the pollution emission list of Chongqing is a very important work that include emission list of the urban movable contamination and immovable contamination. We can get the value of the urban movable and immovable contamination through making out the list of them and calculating them. The individual proportions of the CO CO、HC、and PM10 are 50.4%、80.0%、54.3% and 6.9%. From the above value we can know the proportion of CO has been over 3/4, and that of NOx has also been heavy. As a result, atmosphere pollute type has been changing from smoke of coal into coal-exhaust, which is more serious than ever.
5. as for the actual situation of the current vehicle exhaust emission in Chongqing, some feasible solution are given to reduce the air pollution. It is key to further improve the vehicle maintain system; and make use of economical method enforce the using management of the current vehicle. At the same time it will be effective solution to use clear fuel in the vehicle by the technical adjustment in the technology aspect; considering the actual policy, we should fasten the speed the scrap vehicle are fallen into disuse and confirm the feasibility of dispatch the relating vehicle to suburb area. Through the above analysis, we can confirm the pollution emission become more and more serious. If we don’t take further effective measures for preventing and controlling the pollution, vehicle exhaust will be the biggest killer of urban air and human health, and harmful to the future development of economy in Chongqing.
1.通过对重庆市在用机动车的实际调查,定量给出了重庆市机动车保有与运营特征。目前重庆市机动车保有量高速增长,平均增长率达到18.9%。截至2007年底,全市机动车保有量达到144.49万辆,主城区机动车保有量也达到了49.6万辆。城市道路负荷持续增加,车辆运行速度降低,加速、减速、怠速状态频繁,运行工况恶化,早晚高峰期车流量最高每小时超过7000辆。主城区道路平均车速仅为34.8km/h左右,而在早晚高峰期平均车速在27km/h左右,而且公共交通的主导地位尚未完全确立,城市运输效率低下。重庆市至今还没有地铁,轻轨也在不断建设过程中,公共汽车专用道较少,还没有形成一个快速公交网络,公共交通的优越性还没有充分体现出来。
2.通过分析重庆市主城区大气污染物的种类和浓度,可以看出PM10在七条主要交通干道上的污染最突出,常年超标现象严重,最大超标倍数高达3.55倍。其次污染较严重的是SO2和NO2,特别是NOX的污染不容忽视,在局部地区超标现象还是比较严重,城市道路两侧及交通密集区CO浓度亦超过国家标准。在早晚上下班高峰期,一些主要污染物如HC、CO以及颗粒物等污染物都呈现“双凸”,而且城市大气污染超标严重的区域主要集中于人口稠密、道路网密集、交通繁忙的城区,这反映了城市大气污染同机动车排放具有较高的相关性。随着机动车保有量的不断增加,将直接导致城市污染物浓度升高,因此机动车的排放是造成环境质量持续恶化的重要因素。
3.应用美国EPA的MOBILE模式并结合重庆市的实际情况,对其输入参数进行修正,最终计算出了重庆市机动车的综合排放因子。并且对比2004年的一项相关研究,虽然模式计算中采用的数据为美国1985年的排放数据,劣化率取基本排放因子对应的FTP75劣化率。但是仍然发现模式计算结果比实际工况下的排放情况偏低,所以如果简单的只采用模式计算污染物的排放量将会低估污染的实际情况。并且通过分析不同车速对机动车排放因子的影响,从减小交通排放污染的角度看,平均速度应在30km/h-80km/h,从污染排放、燃油经济性、交通安全三方面考虑都比较合理。
4.统计重庆市污染物排放清单也是一项重要的工作内容。主要包括城市流动源污染物排放清单和城市固定源污染物排放清单。通过建立污染物排放清单并计算排放值,得到城市机动车污染物和城市固定源污染物的分担率。其中道路机动车NOx、CO、HC、PM10的分担率分别为50.4%、80.0%、54.3%、6.9%。从结果可以看出:重庆市机动车污染物中CO的排放占整个污染物排放的比重已经超过四分之三,NOX的比重也已经比较严重。由此可见,重庆市大气的污染类型已经由煤烟型大气污染正逐步转变为煤烟汽车混合型污染,污染形势比较严峻。
5.针对重庆市机动车污染的实际情况以及目前的治理情况,为减少机动车对重庆市环境空气的污染提出了一些可行性的建议。具体措施主要包括主城区城市建设与交通规划、机动车排放控制管理措施、燃油(气)质量改善管理、技术保障、经济激励、公众参与等。
通过上述分析,重庆市机动车的污染状况已比较严重,如果不进一步采取有效的防范和治理措施,机动车尾气必将成为城市大气环境的罪魁祸首和人民健康的最大杀手,也势必影响到重庆市将来的经济发展。
With the global economical development and rapid progress of cities, exhaust emission of vehicle have been the main source that lead to the air pollution of lots of large cities all over the world. China, as a developing country, is without exception. Exhaust emission of vehicle not only cause the heavy pollution of air, but also bring the serious harm to health of human being at the same time. This article mainly takes exhaust emission contamination as analyse objection and illustrate in detail the current actual state and influence on civil air quality which the exhaust emission of vehicle have caused in Chongqing city. We can finally confirm and calculate the emission factors of contamination through the testing of the actual vehicle, and analyse the distribute probability of contamination, which provide us with scientific theory basis on which we can accurately analyse air pollution Chongqing transport lead to, and furthermore effectively control them. According to current state of exhaust emission in Chongqing, the content of this article are as follows:
1. It provides us with the actual volume and operating state of vehicle through the factual investigation to vehicle in Chongqing. There are rapid improvement about volume of Chongqing whose rate can reach up to 18.9%. By the end of 2007, the vehicle capability of Chongqing city had been up to 1444.9 thousand, in which the total amount in the main urban area is 496 thousand. With the increasing the road load, speed of vehicle has been reduced gradually. The drivers have to frequently change the driving state that cover accelerate and brake as well as ideal speed, which serious aggravates the moving cycle. The average flux of vehicle on the road can reach up to5000 per hour at rush moment for example morning and afternoon on which speed of vehicle is only approximate 27km/h, and at these time it is 34.8km/h. Today the dominant level can not be established, the efficiency of transport is very low. By now there are no underway and shortage of special bus road, and light railway are being established, which can comprise of a rapid common intranet. Common transports route and position can not be reasonably distributed which is not convenient for passengers to change the bus so that it can not show the superiority of the transports.
2. we may know that contents of PM10 on the seven major roads always exceed the standard every year through studying the kinds and density of contamination in the air, with a maximum multiple of 3.55. Then the pollution caused by SO2 and NO2 is very serious, and also the pollution by NOX. The density of NOX have seriously exceeded the state standard on the both edge of roads and in the dense transport area. Some primary pollution such as HC、CO and fine particles have double peak in the every rush morning and evening, and the serious pollution in the large cities mainly fasten on the area of dense population and traffic jam, which tell us that the atmosphere pollution are closely relative to exhaust emission. With the increase of the vehicle fleet, the density of pollutants would certainly rise. Therefore, the key factor that affect the enveriment quality is exhaust emission.
3. According to the United States MOBILE module and the actual situation in Chongqing, we amend the input parameters and then figure out the integrated emission factors of vehicle in Chongqing. We compare the data with a related research in 2004 taking the rate of deterioration of FTP75, although the data in the module is the American aggravating data in 1985. But we have found the average calculated value is lower than the actual one by compare. So to calculate pollution emissions using the formula would underestimate the actual situation. Furthermore, analyzing the effect of different speed to the emission factor is more resonable from the point of view of reducing the pollution emission、fuel economy and traffic safety.
4. to statistics the pollution emission list of Chongqing is a very important work that include emission list of the urban movable contamination and immovable contamination. We can get the value of the urban movable and immovable contamination through making out the list of them and calculating them. The individual proportions of the CO CO、HC、and PM10 are 50.4%、80.0%、54.3% and 6.9%. From the above value we can know the proportion of CO has been over 3/4, and that of NOx has also been heavy. As a result, atmosphere pollute type has been changing from smoke of coal into coal-exhaust, which is more serious than ever.
5. as for the actual situation of the current vehicle exhaust emission in Chongqing, some feasible solution are given to reduce the air pollution. It is key to further improve the vehicle maintain system; and make use of economical method enforce the using management of the current vehicle. At the same time it will be effective solution to use clear fuel in the vehicle by the technical adjustment in the technology aspect; considering the actual policy, we should fasten the speed the scrap vehicle are fallen into disuse and confirm the feasibility of dispatch the relating vehicle to suburb area. Through the above analysis, we can confirm the pollution emission become more and more serious. If we don’t take further effective measures for preventing and controlling the pollution, vehicle exhaust will be the biggest killer of urban air and human health, and harmful to the future development of economy in Chongqing.
引文
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