电流反馈型运算放大器的设计及其应用
|
摘要
本文概述了电流反馈型运算放大器(CFOA)的发展历史,现状和趋势。阐述了CMOS集成电流反馈型运算放大器的优势和特点,对CMOS工艺下的金属场效应晶体管(MOSFET)的影响因素进行了分析,指出CMOS工艺下的MOSFET相比衬底PNP型BJT的CFOA更容易集成在CMOS电路中。详细的分析了CFOA的结构、原理以及电流反馈型运放相对于电压反馈型运放的优点,即与增益无关的带宽和无限大的转换速率,并分析CFOA的二级效应对整个电路的影响。设计确定了各子电路从而得到了最终的整体电路。通过大量文献中对CFOA的分析,得知电路中的两个缓冲器是整个电路的核心器件。采用一种结构新颖的缓冲器结构,很好的消除了CFOA在正向输入端和反向输入端的静态电压差;采用甲乙类的输入结构和推挽式的输出结构,有利于电路在低压低功耗的环境下工作;使用有源电流镜结构,降低了偏置电压,并大大的节省了整个芯片所占的面积。与相关文献相比,在工艺相同的情况下此电路具有更高的精度。
采用0.6μm工艺模型利用HSPICE进行仿真,电路由正负1.5V直流电压提供偏置,Cc=5pf ;Rc=50kΩ;Cout=1pf。整个电路功耗为2.26mW,输入电阻约为4.5kΩ,相位裕度为53.5度,缓冲器补偿电压误差为3mV,带宽为5MHz,CMRR和PSRR+分别为27dB和11dB,开环增益为100dB。
基于本文中的CFOA设计了一种应用在CMOS图象传感器中的ADC,电路仿真表明相对与类似结构的电压反馈型运放来说电流反馈型运放提高了ADC的速度,增加了电路的带宽,也降低了功耗。证明它可以广泛应用于低电压、低功耗、高速和高频电路中。基于CFOA设计了乘法器和除法器等基本的运算电路,并将其应用到积分器、滤波器和振荡器中。
The developing history, present situation and trends of Current-feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA)was summarized in this paper. The dominance and properties of the CMOS integrated CFOA were also described.The influencing factor of subthreshold MOSFET based on CMOS process were analyzed ,and pointed out that the MOSFET based on CMOS process was easier to be integrated in CMOS circuit than BJT transistors. Detailedly narrate the structure, theory of CFOA,and its abstract virtue against Voltage-feedback Operational Amplifier(VFOA),namely the frequent-independent bandgap and infinite Slew Rate.Analyzed the second-order effects.Design CMOS sub-circuits and thus the whole structure.Through analysis of lots of literature related to CFOA,the two buffers are the key cell in the CFOA structure.In this paper,we proposed a brand-new buffer that eliminates the voltage gap between positive and negative input of the amplifier in static condition;besides,we adopted rail-to-rail input and push-pull output structure,both of them were perfect choice of low power and low voltage enviroment;the active current mirror which decrease the operating voltage and area of the whole circuit was also used in the structure.Compared with CFOA that proposed in previous literature,this circuit possess higher SNR and precision,lower power dissipation.
We simulated the CFOA circuit with simulation tool of Hspice, applyed 0.6μmCMOS process parameters(low Vth): its negative and positive supply were -1.5V and +1.5V respectively, Cc=5pf; Rc=50kOhm; Cout=1pf. Its power consumption was 2.262mW; and its input resistor was 4.5k Ohm, phase degree was 53.5o , the disparity between the two inputs was 3 mV, the bandgap was 5MhZ, open-loop gain was 100dB, and its CMRR and PSRR+ are 27dB and 11dB respectively.
We designed an Analog-to-Digital Converter(for CMOS Image Sensor)based on CFOA,observed from simulation the ADC based on CFOA possessed a higher speed,broader bandgap against its counterparts based on VFOA.It also showed that this circuit adopted to low voltage, low power, high speed,high frequency circuits.Based on CFOA,we proposed operational circuits,such as multiplier and dividor;integrator;filter; oscillator.
采用0.6μm工艺模型利用HSPICE进行仿真,电路由正负1.5V直流电压提供偏置,Cc=5pf ;Rc=50kΩ;Cout=1pf。整个电路功耗为2.26mW,输入电阻约为4.5kΩ,相位裕度为53.5度,缓冲器补偿电压误差为3mV,带宽为5MHz,CMRR和PSRR+分别为27dB和11dB,开环增益为100dB。
基于本文中的CFOA设计了一种应用在CMOS图象传感器中的ADC,电路仿真表明相对与类似结构的电压反馈型运放来说电流反馈型运放提高了ADC的速度,增加了电路的带宽,也降低了功耗。证明它可以广泛应用于低电压、低功耗、高速和高频电路中。基于CFOA设计了乘法器和除法器等基本的运算电路,并将其应用到积分器、滤波器和振荡器中。
The developing history, present situation and trends of Current-feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA)was summarized in this paper. The dominance and properties of the CMOS integrated CFOA were also described.The influencing factor of subthreshold MOSFET based on CMOS process were analyzed ,and pointed out that the MOSFET based on CMOS process was easier to be integrated in CMOS circuit than BJT transistors. Detailedly narrate the structure, theory of CFOA,and its abstract virtue against Voltage-feedback Operational Amplifier(VFOA),namely the frequent-independent bandgap and infinite Slew Rate.Analyzed the second-order effects.Design CMOS sub-circuits and thus the whole structure.Through analysis of lots of literature related to CFOA,the two buffers are the key cell in the CFOA structure.In this paper,we proposed a brand-new buffer that eliminates the voltage gap between positive and negative input of the amplifier in static condition;besides,we adopted rail-to-rail input and push-pull output structure,both of them were perfect choice of low power and low voltage enviroment;the active current mirror which decrease the operating voltage and area of the whole circuit was also used in the structure.Compared with CFOA that proposed in previous literature,this circuit possess higher SNR and precision,lower power dissipation.
We simulated the CFOA circuit with simulation tool of Hspice, applyed 0.6μmCMOS process parameters(low Vth): its negative and positive supply were -1.5V and +1.5V respectively, Cc=5pf; Rc=50kOhm; Cout=1pf. Its power consumption was 2.262mW; and its input resistor was 4.5k Ohm, phase degree was 53.5o , the disparity between the two inputs was 3 mV, the bandgap was 5MhZ, open-loop gain was 100dB, and its CMRR and PSRR+ are 27dB and 11dB respectively.
We designed an Analog-to-Digital Converter(for CMOS Image Sensor)based on CFOA,observed from simulation the ADC based on CFOA possessed a higher speed,broader bandgap against its counterparts based on VFOA.It also showed that this circuit adopted to low voltage, low power, high speed,high frequency circuits.Based on CFOA,we proposed operational circuits,such as multiplier and dividor;integrator;filter; oscillator.
引文
[1] Rene A.Vanparys,Roger Cuppens. CMOS Analog Integrated Circuit Based on weak Inversion. IEEE Journal of Circuits and Systems,1977,12(3):224-231
[2] 李明骏 , 张毓波 . 模拟与混合信号技术伴随数字化浪潮不断进步 . http: //www.esmchina.com/ART_8800055169_617671. HTM, 2004-04-03
[3] 童诗白. 模拟电子技术基础. 北京:高等教育出版社, 1999
[4] Tadahiro Kuroda.Low-power, High-speed CMOS VLSI Design.Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, 2002,310-315
[5] Tadahiro Kuroda.Low Power CMOS Design Challenges.IEICE Trans, Electron, 2001,E84-C(8):1021-1028
[6] 龙弟光, 刘先锋, 冯兆兰. 高速运算放大器新技术——电流反馈运算放大器. 微电子学, 1996, 26(4):216-220
[7] 毕查德·拉扎维. 模拟 CMOS 集成电路设计. 陈贵灿, 程军, 张瑞智等译. 西安: 西安交通大学出版社, 2002
[8] Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg. CMOS Analog Circuit Design(Second Edition). Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2002
[9] C. Toumazou, F. J. Lidgey, D. G. Haigh. 模拟集成电路设计-电流模法. 姚玉洁等译. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1996
[10] Toumazous C, Lidgey F J, Haigh D. Analog IC design: the current-mode approach. IEE Circuits and Systems series, Chap. 4:64
[11] 赵玉山, 周跃庆, 王萍. 电流模式电子电路. 天津: 天津大学出版社, 2001
[12] Current Feedback Amplifier Theory an Applications: Application Note 9420. 1, Intersil Corporation, Milpitas, CA, 1995-06-18
[13] D.Nelson,S.Evans. A New Approach to Op Amp Design,Application Note 30-1 ,1983,13(3)
[14] 庞佑兵, 梁伟. 电压反馈和电流反馈运算放大器的比较. 微电子学, 2003, 33(2): 132-135
[15] 850MHz, Output Limiting. Low Distortion Current Feedback Operational Amplifier. Intersil Datsa sheet, HFA1130, 2005-07-15
[16] J. Austin. Current feedback amplifiers: Review, stability, analysis, and applications. Burr Brown Application Bulletin. Dallas, TX: BurrBrown, 2000-12-09
[17] S. Evans. Current-feedback op amp applications circuit guide: Application note OA-07. In: Comlinear Corporation Databook, Application Note OA-07. FortCollins, CO: Comlinear, 1993-1994
[18] 段晓峰, 陈向东, 黎文模. 一种新型的 CMOS 电流反馈运算放大器. 微电子学与计算机, 2006, 23(7):181-184
[19] D Johns, K Martin. Analog Intergrated Circuit Design. Canada: John Wiley & Sons. Inc, 1997
[20] 高文焕. 集成电流反馈运算放大器的特性及应用设计. 北京:电视技术, 1997, (10): 80-83
[21] Sergio Franco. Analytical Foundations of Current-Feedback Amplifiers. IEEE, 1993,2(6):1050-1053
[22] Assi, M. Sawan, Jieyan Zhu. An Offset Compensated and High-Gain CMOS Current-Feedback Op-Amp. 1998, 45(1):85-90
[23] J. A. Koullias. A wide-band low-offset current-feedback OP AMP design. Proc. IEEE Bipolar Circuits Technol. Metting, Minnesota, 1989, (9):18-19, 120-123
[24] D. F. Browers. The so-called current-feedback operational amplifier- technological breakthrough or engineering curiosity. Chicago: Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 1993, (2): 1054-1057
[25] Soliman A. Mahmoud. Low Voltage Fully Differential CMOS Current Feedback Operational Amplifier. The 47th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems.Midwest,2004,49-52
[26] Salvatore Pennisi. High-performance CMOS Current Feedback Operational Amplifier. IEEE Journal of Circuits and Systems, 2005,(8):1573-1576
[27] Soliman A. Mahmoud, Hassan O. Elwan, Ahmed M. Soliman. Low Voltage Rail to Rail CMOS Current Feedback Operational Amplifier and its Applications for Analog VLSI. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 2000, 25(1): 47-57
[28] M. Ismail, A. M. Soliman. Novel CMOS current feedback op-amp realization suitable for high frequency application. IEEE Trans. Circuit Syst. I, 2000,47 (6): 918-921
[29] B. Harvey. Current-feedback OPAMP limitations. Chicago: Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 1993, (2): 1050-1053
[30] J. Pimentel, F. Salazar. M. Pacheco, Y. Gavriel. Very-low-power analog cells in CMOS. IEEE Journal of Circuits and Systems, 2000, 1(8): 8-11
[31] 周勇坤. 运放电路的分析方法. 中国科技信息, 2005,12(6):102-109
[32] Rosario Mita, Gaetano Palumbo, Salvatore Pennisi. Low-Voltage High-Drive CMOS Current Feedback Op-Amp. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 2005, 52(6):317-321
[33] J . Bales. A Low-Power, High-Speed, Current-Feedback Op-Amp with a Novel Class AB high Current Output Stage.IEEE Journal of Solid-circuits,1997,32(9):1470-1474
[34] 贾 政 亚 , 张 丽 燕 , 黄 云 川 . 一 种 轨 至 轨 输 入 的 低 压 低 功 耗 的 设 计 . http://www.eaw.com.cn/news/display/article/4819,2006-5-12
[35] 彭建华, 陈向东, 王红燕等. 低压低功耗 CMOS 电流反馈运算放大器的设计. 微电子学, 2007, 37(3):421-424
[36] J. Francisco Duque-Carrillo, L. Ausin, Guido Torelli, M. Valverde, Miguel A. Dominguez. 1-V Rail-toRail Operational Amplifiers in Standard CMOS technology. IEEE Journal of Solid-circuits, 2000, 35(1):33-44
[37] 曾建平,田涛,刘利辉等. 低功耗高电源抑制比 CMOS 带隙基准源设计.湖南大学学报(自然科学版)2004,32(5):37-40
[38] 杜广涛, 陈向东, 梁恒等. Design of CMOS CFOA with Low Voltage and Low Power 半导体技术, 2007, 32(11):970-974
[39] 孔耀晖,赵兴,陈杰 .CMOS 图象传感器集成 A. /D 转换技术的研究 . http://www.dianyuangu.com/jiaocheng/cixingcailiao/2007-07-03/1580.html.2007-04-03
[40] 裴志军, 曹继华. CMOS 图象传感器用 ADC 及其进展. 天津职业技术师范学报, 2003, 13(3):12-14,29
[41] 李双美, 王连彦. 新型模拟除法器的研究. 辽宁大学报(自然科学版), 2001, 28(1):64-66
[42] R Mita, G Palumbo, S Pennisi. Comparision Between Miller Integrator Cells Using VOAs and CFOAs.IEEE Journal of Solid-circuits,2002,(3):181-184
[43] R. Mita, G. Palumbo, S. Pennisi. Effect of CFOA Nonidealities in Miller Integrator Cells. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II: Express Briefs, 2004, 51(5):249-253
[44] 赵瑾, 吴笑峰. 基于 CFOA 的低通?带通和高通滤波器. 现代电子技术, 2004, 13(180):89-90,93
[45] V. K. Singh, A. K. singh, D. R. Bhaskar, Raj Senani. New Universal Biquads Employing CFOAs. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II: Express Briefs, 2006, 53(11):1299-1303
[46] S. A. Mahmoud, A. M. soliman. Novel MOS-C balanced-input balanced-outputfilter using the current feedback operational amplifier. Int. J. Electron, 1998, 12,(46): 479-485
[2] 李明骏 , 张毓波 . 模拟与混合信号技术伴随数字化浪潮不断进步 . http: //www.esmchina.com/ART_8800055169_617671. HTM, 2004-04-03
[3] 童诗白. 模拟电子技术基础. 北京:高等教育出版社, 1999
[4] Tadahiro Kuroda.Low-power, High-speed CMOS VLSI Design.Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, 2002,310-315
[5] Tadahiro Kuroda.Low Power CMOS Design Challenges.IEICE Trans, Electron, 2001,E84-C(8):1021-1028
[6] 龙弟光, 刘先锋, 冯兆兰. 高速运算放大器新技术——电流反馈运算放大器. 微电子学, 1996, 26(4):216-220
[7] 毕查德·拉扎维. 模拟 CMOS 集成电路设计. 陈贵灿, 程军, 张瑞智等译. 西安: 西安交通大学出版社, 2002
[8] Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg. CMOS Analog Circuit Design(Second Edition). Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2002
[9] C. Toumazou, F. J. Lidgey, D. G. Haigh. 模拟集成电路设计-电流模法. 姚玉洁等译. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1996
[10] Toumazous C, Lidgey F J, Haigh D. Analog IC design: the current-mode approach. IEE Circuits and Systems series, Chap. 4:64
[11] 赵玉山, 周跃庆, 王萍. 电流模式电子电路. 天津: 天津大学出版社, 2001
[12] Current Feedback Amplifier Theory an Applications: Application Note 9420. 1, Intersil Corporation, Milpitas, CA, 1995-06-18
[13] D.Nelson,S.Evans. A New Approach to Op Amp Design,Application Note 30-1 ,1983,13(3)
[14] 庞佑兵, 梁伟. 电压反馈和电流反馈运算放大器的比较. 微电子学, 2003, 33(2): 132-135
[15] 850MHz, Output Limiting. Low Distortion Current Feedback Operational Amplifier. Intersil Datsa sheet, HFA1130, 2005-07-15
[16] J. Austin. Current feedback amplifiers: Review, stability, analysis, and applications. Burr Brown Application Bulletin. Dallas, TX: BurrBrown, 2000-12-09
[17] S. Evans. Current-feedback op amp applications circuit guide: Application note OA-07. In: Comlinear Corporation Databook, Application Note OA-07. FortCollins, CO: Comlinear, 1993-1994
[18] 段晓峰, 陈向东, 黎文模. 一种新型的 CMOS 电流反馈运算放大器. 微电子学与计算机, 2006, 23(7):181-184
[19] D Johns, K Martin. Analog Intergrated Circuit Design. Canada: John Wiley & Sons. Inc, 1997
[20] 高文焕. 集成电流反馈运算放大器的特性及应用设计. 北京:电视技术, 1997, (10): 80-83
[21] Sergio Franco. Analytical Foundations of Current-Feedback Amplifiers. IEEE, 1993,2(6):1050-1053
[22] Assi, M. Sawan, Jieyan Zhu. An Offset Compensated and High-Gain CMOS Current-Feedback Op-Amp. 1998, 45(1):85-90
[23] J. A. Koullias. A wide-band low-offset current-feedback OP AMP design. Proc. IEEE Bipolar Circuits Technol. Metting, Minnesota, 1989, (9):18-19, 120-123
[24] D. F. Browers. The so-called current-feedback operational amplifier- technological breakthrough or engineering curiosity. Chicago: Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 1993, (2): 1054-1057
[25] Soliman A. Mahmoud. Low Voltage Fully Differential CMOS Current Feedback Operational Amplifier. The 47th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems.Midwest,2004,49-52
[26] Salvatore Pennisi. High-performance CMOS Current Feedback Operational Amplifier. IEEE Journal of Circuits and Systems, 2005,(8):1573-1576
[27] Soliman A. Mahmoud, Hassan O. Elwan, Ahmed M. Soliman. Low Voltage Rail to Rail CMOS Current Feedback Operational Amplifier and its Applications for Analog VLSI. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 2000, 25(1): 47-57
[28] M. Ismail, A. M. Soliman. Novel CMOS current feedback op-amp realization suitable for high frequency application. IEEE Trans. Circuit Syst. I, 2000,47 (6): 918-921
[29] B. Harvey. Current-feedback OPAMP limitations. Chicago: Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 1993, (2): 1050-1053
[30] J. Pimentel, F. Salazar. M. Pacheco, Y. Gavriel. Very-low-power analog cells in CMOS. IEEE Journal of Circuits and Systems, 2000, 1(8): 8-11
[31] 周勇坤. 运放电路的分析方法. 中国科技信息, 2005,12(6):102-109
[32] Rosario Mita, Gaetano Palumbo, Salvatore Pennisi. Low-Voltage High-Drive CMOS Current Feedback Op-Amp. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 2005, 52(6):317-321
[33] J . Bales. A Low-Power, High-Speed, Current-Feedback Op-Amp with a Novel Class AB high Current Output Stage.IEEE Journal of Solid-circuits,1997,32(9):1470-1474
[34] 贾 政 亚 , 张 丽 燕 , 黄 云 川 . 一 种 轨 至 轨 输 入 的 低 压 低 功 耗 的 设 计 . http://www.eaw.com.cn/news/display/article/4819,2006-5-12
[35] 彭建华, 陈向东, 王红燕等. 低压低功耗 CMOS 电流反馈运算放大器的设计. 微电子学, 2007, 37(3):421-424
[36] J. Francisco Duque-Carrillo, L. Ausin, Guido Torelli, M. Valverde, Miguel A. Dominguez. 1-V Rail-toRail Operational Amplifiers in Standard CMOS technology. IEEE Journal of Solid-circuits, 2000, 35(1):33-44
[37] 曾建平,田涛,刘利辉等. 低功耗高电源抑制比 CMOS 带隙基准源设计.湖南大学学报(自然科学版)2004,32(5):37-40
[38] 杜广涛, 陈向东, 梁恒等. Design of CMOS CFOA with Low Voltage and Low Power 半导体技术, 2007, 32(11):970-974
[39] 孔耀晖,赵兴,陈杰 .CMOS 图象传感器集成 A. /D 转换技术的研究 . http://www.dianyuangu.com/jiaocheng/cixingcailiao/2007-07-03/1580.html.2007-04-03
[40] 裴志军, 曹继华. CMOS 图象传感器用 ADC 及其进展. 天津职业技术师范学报, 2003, 13(3):12-14,29
[41] 李双美, 王连彦. 新型模拟除法器的研究. 辽宁大学报(自然科学版), 2001, 28(1):64-66
[42] R Mita, G Palumbo, S Pennisi. Comparision Between Miller Integrator Cells Using VOAs and CFOAs.IEEE Journal of Solid-circuits,2002,(3):181-184
[43] R. Mita, G. Palumbo, S. Pennisi. Effect of CFOA Nonidealities in Miller Integrator Cells. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II: Express Briefs, 2004, 51(5):249-253
[44] 赵瑾, 吴笑峰. 基于 CFOA 的低通?带通和高通滤波器. 现代电子技术, 2004, 13(180):89-90,93
[45] V. K. Singh, A. K. singh, D. R. Bhaskar, Raj Senani. New Universal Biquads Employing CFOAs. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II: Express Briefs, 2006, 53(11):1299-1303
[46] S. A. Mahmoud, A. M. soliman. Novel MOS-C balanced-input balanced-outputfilter using the current feedback operational amplifier. Int. J. Electron, 1998, 12,(46): 479-485