导航电子地图标准化及基于GIS的交通流仿真
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摘要
导航电子地图是智能运输系统ITS(Intelligent Transportation System)的重要内容，而导航电子地图的标准化是导航电子地图应用的基础。本文首先分析综述了国内外相关电子地图的标准研究，在此基础上系统探讨了导航电子地图的标准、设计和制作，从要素分类与定义、要素属性、要素表达规则和要素关系深入研究了导航电子地图的设计，并从空间数据建库、要素关系表和属性数据库的构建等方面论述了导航电子地图库，随后介绍导航电子地图系统的制作流程，通过实验区的导航电子地图的应用验证了标准和设计的可行性。另外还论述了导航电子地图标准中的一些相关内容和制作过程中的一些要求。
交通流参数如行车速度、行程时间等是智能交通分析系统中的重要要素。本文后半部分论述了基于GPS和GIS开发交通流仿真系统的关键技术，包括模块设计、基于GIS控件MapX的系统功能开发，探讨了交通流轨迹仿真算法模型以及轨迹的路线和时间的取整、大规模矩阵解算等功能，最后给出了系统主要功能的实现。将通过该仿真系统仿真模拟获得的解算结果数据与最初给每条路段预设的等级而确定的每条路段上行驶的时间相比较，实验表明达到预期效果，证明本系统可以对交通流进行有效仿真模拟。
Map standardization is the base of navigation digital map application which is important for Intelligent Transportation System. In this paper, the current researches and implementation of geographic information standardization around the world are firstly reviewed, and the standardization, development and application of navigation digital map are then thoroughly studied. The design of navigation digital map in china is presented, including feature catalogue, attribute catalogue, representation rules, and relation between feature catalogue and representation rules. Based on this, the development of navigation digital map is therefore discussed, including the construction of geo-spatial databases, feature relation tables and attribute databases. The produce flow of navigation digital map database is further introduced. Through case studies of navigation system in experimental region, the feasibility of the standard and the design of navigation digital map application are tested. In addition, other correlative
contents are mentioned.
Traffic flow is the important feature of the traffic system. In this paper, key techniques on development of traffic flow simulation system based on GPS and GIS is discussed, including system design and function development, arithmetic model simulating the traffic flow track is derived, the realization of the prototype system is introduced in the end. After error analysis of result data got by simulation, availability of system is proved.
交通流参数如行车速度、行程时间等是智能交通分析系统中的重要要素。本文后半部分论述了基于GPS和GIS开发交通流仿真系统的关键技术，包括模块设计、基于GIS控件MapX的系统功能开发，探讨了交通流轨迹仿真算法模型以及轨迹的路线和时间的取整、大规模矩阵解算等功能，最后给出了系统主要功能的实现。将通过该仿真系统仿真模拟获得的解算结果数据与最初给每条路段预设的等级而确定的每条路段上行驶的时间相比较，实验表明达到预期效果，证明本系统可以对交通流进行有效仿真模拟。
Map standardization is the base of navigation digital map application which is important for Intelligent Transportation System. In this paper, the current researches and implementation of geographic information standardization around the world are firstly reviewed, and the standardization, development and application of navigation digital map are then thoroughly studied. The design of navigation digital map in china is presented, including feature catalogue, attribute catalogue, representation rules, and relation between feature catalogue and representation rules. Based on this, the development of navigation digital map is therefore discussed, including the construction of geo-spatial databases, feature relation tables and attribute databases. The produce flow of navigation digital map database is further introduced. Through case studies of navigation system in experimental region, the feasibility of the standard and the design of navigation digital map application are tested. In addition, other correlative
contents are mentioned.
Traffic flow is the important feature of the traffic system. In this paper, key techniques on development of traffic flow simulation system based on GPS and GIS is discussed, including system design and function development, arithmetic model simulating the traffic flow track is derived, the realization of the prototype system is introduced in the end. After error analysis of result data got by simulation, availability of system is proved.
引文
[1] 阎正，蒋景瞳等．城市地理信息系统标准化指南．北京：科学出版社，1998．
[2] 蒋景瞳，刘若梅．空间数据基础设施建设中的地理信息标准化问题，见：《数字地球》，中国环境出版社，1999。
[3] 中国21世纪议程管理中心编．中国地理信息元数据标准研究．北京：科学出版社，1999
[4] GDF-Geographic Data Files-Version 4.0, ISO/TC 204 N 34, ISO/CD 2001-02-14, ISO/TC 204/WG3 (Commi ttee Draft)
[5] 刘大杰，史文中，童小华等．GIS空间数据精度分析与质量控制．上海科学技术文献出版社，1999．
[6] 贾顺平，王丽星．城市道路交通流的计算机模拟与智能控制．北方交通大学学报，1999(10)
[7] 荣建，刘小明等．基于司机判断过程的高速公路基本路段模拟模型．公路交通科技，1998(12)
[8] 赵炳强．驾驶员动态视觉特怔及其影响．公路交通科技，1998(5)
[9] 杨晓光．城市快速道路交通流仿真方法研究．公路交通科技，1999(6)
[10] 陈述彭等．地理信息系统导论．北京：科学出版社，2000
[11] 刘光编著．地理信息系统二次开发教程组件篇．清华大学出版社，2003
[12] 龚健雅．地理信息系统基础．北京出版社，2001
[13] 杨佩昆．智能交通．同济大学出版社，2002
[14] 刘春．GIS属性数据的精度度量及质量控制的抽样原理与方法．同济大学博士学位论文．2000，12
[15] 胡鹏，游涟，吴艳兰等．地图代数．武汉：武汉大学出版社，2002
[16] 徐岩宇，贺国光．交通事件检测系统中的交通流仿真模型．系统工程学报，1997(2)
[17] 张安胜，董敏，林建臻．城市道路交通流仿真算法研究．计算机工程，2002(8)
[18] 王晓原，隽志才，贾洪飞．开发和评价ITS的微观交通流仿真模型．交通运输工程，2002(1)
[19] 杨冰．智能交通系统(ITS)的开发与动向．科技导报，1997(12)
[20] 岳云．智能交通系统的发展近况．科技与经济，1998(1)
[21] 邹南昌．智能交通系统在道路交通管理中应用与建设．中国市政工程，1997(4)
[22] 何建邦，吴平生等．地理信息共享的原理与方法．北京：科学出版社，2003
[23] 罗云启，曾琨，罗毅．数字化道理信息系统建设与MapInfo高级应用．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
[24] 史文中．空间数据误差处理的理论与方法．北京：科学出版社，1998
[25] B. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger, J. Collins. GPS Theory and Practice. 1997, 4th ed, Springer-Verlag Wien, New York.
[26] Donghyun Kim, Richard B. Langley. GPS Ambiguity Resolution and Validation: Methodologies, Trends and Issues, Presented at the 7th GNSS Workshop-International Symposium on GPS/GNSS, Seoul, Korea, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 2000
[27] Zumberge, J.F., Bertiger, W. I., 1996, Ephemeris and Clock Navigation Message Accuracy, In: B. Parkinson, Spilker, J. J. (Editor), Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, pp. 585-599.
[28] Blewitt, G. (1989): Carrier phase ambiguity resolution for the Global Position-ins System applied to baselines up to 2000 km, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, No. B8, pp. 10187-10203.
[29] Euler, H.-J., and H. Landau (1992): Fast GPS ambiguity resolution on-the-fly for real-time applications, Proceedings of Sixth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning, Columbus, OH, March 17-20, pp. 650-659.
[30] Hatch, R. (1990). Instantaneous ambiguity resolution. Proceedings KIS90, Banff, Canada, September 10-13, Springer Verlag, pp. 299-308
[31] Teunissen, P. J. G. (1993): Least-squares estimation of the integer GPS ambiguities, Invited lecture, Section Ⅳ Theory and Methodology, IAG General Meeting, Beijing, August, also in Delft Geodetic Computing Centre LGR series, No. 6, 16 pp.
[32] Adam Roulston, Nicholas Talbot and Kefei Zhang, An Evaluation of Various GPS Satellite Ephemerides, ION GPS 2000, 19-22 September 2000, Salt Lake City, UT, pp. 45-54
[33] David C. Jefferson, Yoaz E. Bar-Sever, Accuracy and Consistency of Broadcast GPS Ephemeris Data, ION GPS 2000, 19-22 September 2000,
Salt Lake City, UT, pp391-395
[34] P.J. G. Teunissen, P. Joosten, C. C. J. M. Tiberius, Bias Robustness of GPS Ambiguity Resolution, ION GPS 2000, 19-22 September 2000, Salt Lake City, UT, pp104-112
[35] L. T. Liu, H. T. Hsu, Y. Z. Zhu, J. K. Ou, A new approach to GPS ambiguity deeorrelation. Journal of Geodesy (1999) 73: 478—490
[36] Ning Luo, Centimetre-Level Relative Positioning of Multiple Moving Platforms using Ambiguity Constraints. ION GPS 2000, 19-22 September 2000, Salt Lake City, UT, pp113-122
[37] http://www.mapinfo.com
[38] http://www.gischina.com
[39] http://www.inqr.com
[40] http://www.esri.com
[41] http://www.chinasiwei.com
[42] http://www.intergps.com
[43] http://www.epc-its.com
[2] 蒋景瞳，刘若梅．空间数据基础设施建设中的地理信息标准化问题，见：《数字地球》，中国环境出版社，1999。
[3] 中国21世纪议程管理中心编．中国地理信息元数据标准研究．北京：科学出版社，1999
[4] GDF-Geographic Data Files-Version 4.0, ISO/TC 204 N 34, ISO/CD 2001-02-14, ISO/TC 204/WG3 (Commi ttee Draft)
[5] 刘大杰，史文中，童小华等．GIS空间数据精度分析与质量控制．上海科学技术文献出版社，1999．
[6] 贾顺平，王丽星．城市道路交通流的计算机模拟与智能控制．北方交通大学学报，1999(10)
[7] 荣建，刘小明等．基于司机判断过程的高速公路基本路段模拟模型．公路交通科技，1998(12)
[8] 赵炳强．驾驶员动态视觉特怔及其影响．公路交通科技，1998(5)
[9] 杨晓光．城市快速道路交通流仿真方法研究．公路交通科技，1999(6)
[10] 陈述彭等．地理信息系统导论．北京：科学出版社，2000
[11] 刘光编著．地理信息系统二次开发教程组件篇．清华大学出版社，2003
[12] 龚健雅．地理信息系统基础．北京出版社，2001
[13] 杨佩昆．智能交通．同济大学出版社，2002
[14] 刘春．GIS属性数据的精度度量及质量控制的抽样原理与方法．同济大学博士学位论文．2000，12
[15] 胡鹏，游涟，吴艳兰等．地图代数．武汉：武汉大学出版社，2002
[16] 徐岩宇，贺国光．交通事件检测系统中的交通流仿真模型．系统工程学报，1997(2)
[17] 张安胜，董敏，林建臻．城市道路交通流仿真算法研究．计算机工程，2002(8)
[18] 王晓原，隽志才，贾洪飞．开发和评价ITS的微观交通流仿真模型．交通运输工程，2002(1)
[19] 杨冰．智能交通系统(ITS)的开发与动向．科技导报，1997(12)
[20] 岳云．智能交通系统的发展近况．科技与经济，1998(1)
[21] 邹南昌．智能交通系统在道路交通管理中应用与建设．中国市政工程，1997(4)
[22] 何建邦，吴平生等．地理信息共享的原理与方法．北京：科学出版社，2003
[23] 罗云启，曾琨，罗毅．数字化道理信息系统建设与MapInfo高级应用．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
[24] 史文中．空间数据误差处理的理论与方法．北京：科学出版社，1998
[25] B. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger, J. Collins. GPS Theory and Practice. 1997, 4th ed, Springer-Verlag Wien, New York.
[26] Donghyun Kim, Richard B. Langley. GPS Ambiguity Resolution and Validation: Methodologies, Trends and Issues, Presented at the 7th GNSS Workshop-International Symposium on GPS/GNSS, Seoul, Korea, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 2000
[27] Zumberge, J.F., Bertiger, W. I., 1996, Ephemeris and Clock Navigation Message Accuracy, In: B. Parkinson, Spilker, J. J. (Editor), Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, pp. 585-599.
[28] Blewitt, G. (1989): Carrier phase ambiguity resolution for the Global Position-ins System applied to baselines up to 2000 km, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, No. B8, pp. 10187-10203.
[29] Euler, H.-J., and H. Landau (1992): Fast GPS ambiguity resolution on-the-fly for real-time applications, Proceedings of Sixth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning, Columbus, OH, March 17-20, pp. 650-659.
[30] Hatch, R. (1990). Instantaneous ambiguity resolution. Proceedings KIS90, Banff, Canada, September 10-13, Springer Verlag, pp. 299-308
[31] Teunissen, P. J. G. (1993): Least-squares estimation of the integer GPS ambiguities, Invited lecture, Section Ⅳ Theory and Methodology, IAG General Meeting, Beijing, August, also in Delft Geodetic Computing Centre LGR series, No. 6, 16 pp.
[32] Adam Roulston, Nicholas Talbot and Kefei Zhang, An Evaluation of Various GPS Satellite Ephemerides, ION GPS 2000, 19-22 September 2000, Salt Lake City, UT, pp. 45-54
[33] David C. Jefferson, Yoaz E. Bar-Sever, Accuracy and Consistency of Broadcast GPS Ephemeris Data, ION GPS 2000, 19-22 September 2000,
Salt Lake City, UT, pp391-395
[34] P.J. G. Teunissen, P. Joosten, C. C. J. M. Tiberius, Bias Robustness of GPS Ambiguity Resolution, ION GPS 2000, 19-22 September 2000, Salt Lake City, UT, pp104-112
[35] L. T. Liu, H. T. Hsu, Y. Z. Zhu, J. K. Ou, A new approach to GPS ambiguity deeorrelation. Journal of Geodesy (1999) 73: 478—490
[36] Ning Luo, Centimetre-Level Relative Positioning of Multiple Moving Platforms using Ambiguity Constraints. ION GPS 2000, 19-22 September 2000, Salt Lake City, UT, pp113-122
[37] http://www.mapinfo.com
[38] http://www.gischina.com
[39] http://www.inqr.com
[40] http://www.esri.com
[41] http://www.chinasiwei.com
[42] http://www.intergps.com
[43] http://www.epc-its.com