城市常规公交线网规划的基本方法研究
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摘要
优先发展公共交通是解决城市交通问题的最有效途径,而常规公交是城市公共交通交通的重要组成部分。合理的常规公交线网规划对于提高公交系统的服务水平和整体效率、优化城市交通结构具有非常重要的作用。但是传统的公交系统存在着公交线网布局不合理、运营不合理等问题,产生这些问题的原因很大程度上是由于公交系统的规划不合理导致的。而常规公交线网的规划是整个公交系统规划的第一步,也是最为重要的一个方面,直接决定着客流运送效率和公交服务水平。因此,本文针对城市不同需求层面的常规公交线网规划进行了探讨。
本文首先对国内外常规公交规划方法进行了归纳总结,在归纳总结的基础上比较了各种规划方法的优缺点,提出了现有规划方法的局限性和不足之处；其次运用交通规划理论和城市形态理论提出了基于城市功能结构的公交规划方法,重点分析了适应城市扩张的功能组团多中心城市发展模式的公交规划方法,以秦皇岛公交规划为案例进行了案例分析；再者针对城市运行或即将运行大运量轨道交通的城市进行了公交线网调整规划,着重探讨了常规公交在城市公共交通的地位,确定了轨道交通吸引范围,论述了基于轨道交通的公交站点和公交线路调整方法,并以即将开通轨道1号线的郑州市为案例,提出了具体的公交线路调整方案；最后探讨了一种适应于城市郊区格网状道路的灵活式公交线网规划,将运营商成本及用户成本之和作为优化目标,建立了优化函数并运用MATLAB求解了该多目标函数,得出了适合灵活式公交线网的出行密度值。
The strategy of public transit priority is the most effective way to solve problems of urban transport. The conventional bus system is the basic part of public transit system. Reasonable bus routs network design ipmoses important impact on improving the service level of public transport system and its overall efficiency and optimizing urban traffic structure. But the exsisting transit system has a lot of problems, such as unreasonable overall network arrangement, low-level service and operation and so on, which are large1y caused by the unreasonable transit system planning. Bus transit network design (BTND), which directly affects passenger transport efficiency and public service level, is the first and most important step of the whole process of transit system planning. Hence, a discussion over BTND according to different travelling demands is necessary and urgent.
In this paper, firstly the existing approaches of BTND are summarized and compared considering their advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, a new BTND approach for multiple-groups cities which combined traffic planning theory with urban morphology theory is put forward, and the bus transit network of Qinhuangdao is showed as an example to illustrate the approach. Thirdly, Ajustment planning of BTN has been raised since many cities begun to construct rail transit heavily. Through the analysis over of conventional bus functions in the public transit system, the features of rail transit stations and its land use and attracting area are illustrate to propose the adjustment method, detailed plan for Zhengzhou Rail Line1is carried out as a case example. Finally, the flexible transit planning for suburban districts is discussed. The optimal model that minimizes generalized cost is built under the assumption of grid road. Assuming the bus lines lay on the gride road network, the optimization model that the minimum total cost of agency and users is built. The softare MATLAB is used to solve the multi-objective problem, and the appropriate value for flexible transit is obtained.
本文首先对国内外常规公交规划方法进行了归纳总结,在归纳总结的基础上比较了各种规划方法的优缺点,提出了现有规划方法的局限性和不足之处；其次运用交通规划理论和城市形态理论提出了基于城市功能结构的公交规划方法,重点分析了适应城市扩张的功能组团多中心城市发展模式的公交规划方法,以秦皇岛公交规划为案例进行了案例分析；再者针对城市运行或即将运行大运量轨道交通的城市进行了公交线网调整规划,着重探讨了常规公交在城市公共交通的地位,确定了轨道交通吸引范围,论述了基于轨道交通的公交站点和公交线路调整方法,并以即将开通轨道1号线的郑州市为案例,提出了具体的公交线路调整方案；最后探讨了一种适应于城市郊区格网状道路的灵活式公交线网规划,将运营商成本及用户成本之和作为优化目标,建立了优化函数并运用MATLAB求解了该多目标函数,得出了适合灵活式公交线网的出行密度值。
The strategy of public transit priority is the most effective way to solve problems of urban transport. The conventional bus system is the basic part of public transit system. Reasonable bus routs network design ipmoses important impact on improving the service level of public transport system and its overall efficiency and optimizing urban traffic structure. But the exsisting transit system has a lot of problems, such as unreasonable overall network arrangement, low-level service and operation and so on, which are large1y caused by the unreasonable transit system planning. Bus transit network design (BTND), which directly affects passenger transport efficiency and public service level, is the first and most important step of the whole process of transit system planning. Hence, a discussion over BTND according to different travelling demands is necessary and urgent.
In this paper, firstly the existing approaches of BTND are summarized and compared considering their advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, a new BTND approach for multiple-groups cities which combined traffic planning theory with urban morphology theory is put forward, and the bus transit network of Qinhuangdao is showed as an example to illustrate the approach. Thirdly, Ajustment planning of BTN has been raised since many cities begun to construct rail transit heavily. Through the analysis over of conventional bus functions in the public transit system, the features of rail transit stations and its land use and attracting area are illustrate to propose the adjustment method, detailed plan for Zhengzhou Rail Line1is carried out as a case example. Finally, the flexible transit planning for suburban districts is discussed. The optimal model that minimizes generalized cost is built under the assumption of grid road. Assuming the bus lines lay on the gride road network, the optimization model that the minimum total cost of agency and users is built. The softare MATLAB is used to solve the multi-objective problem, and the appropriate value for flexible transit is obtained.
引文
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[4]Helene Dufourd, Michel Gendreau, Gilbert Laporte. Locating a Transit Line Using Tabu Search[J].Location Science,1996,4(1-2):1-19.
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[6]Petrelli.A Transit Network Design Model for Urban Areas[C],Urban Transport X:Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century,2004,16:163-172.
[7]Tom V.M., Mohan, S.Transit Route Network Design Using Frequency Coded Cenetic Algorithm[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering,2003,129(2):186-195.
[8]W.Fan, R.B.Machemehl. Optimal Transit Route Network Design Problem with Variable Transit Demand:Genetic Algorithm Approach[J], Journal of Transportation Engineering,2006, 132(1):40-51.
[9]孙艳丰,William H. K. Lam基于遗传算法的城市交通运输网优化问题研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2000(7)：94-98.
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[14]A.T.Murray. A Coverage Model for Improving Public Transit System Accessibility and Expanding Access[J]. Annals of Operations Research, 2003,123:143-156.
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[23]莫一魁,邓军,晏克非.《城市公交主干线网布局优化模式与方法研究》[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,32(6)：818—821.
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[27]Carlos Lticio Martins, Margarida Vaz Pato. Search Strategies for the Feeder Bus Network Design Problem[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 106 (1998):425-440.
[28]S.N. Kuan, H.L.Ong, K.M.Ng. Solving the Feeder Bus Network Design Problem by Genetic Algorithms and Ant Colony Optimization. Advances in Engineering Software, 37(2006):351-359.
[29]蔡全凯,陈学武,李文勇.《“一次无缝换乘”公交线网布局模式的应用研究》[J].城市交通,2006(3)：75-79.
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[32]J. Enrique Ferna'ndez L. a, Joaqui'n de Cea Ch. a, R. Henry Malbran. Demand responsive urban public transport system design:Methodology and application [J] Transportation Research Part A 42(2008)951-972.
[33]Yuwei Li, Jessica Wang, Justin Chen,et al. Design of a Demand-Responsive Transit System[J]. California PATH Working Paper,2007
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[35]张国伍.《交通运输系统分析》[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,1991.
[36]毛蒋兴,阎小培.《我国城市交通系统与土地利用互动关系研究述评》[J].城市规划汇刊,2002(4)：34-37.
[37]周爱娣,李旭宏,季彦睫.《城市公交线网密度指标的改进计算方法》.交通运输工程与信息学报,2004,2(2)：109-115.
[38]杨励雅.《城市交通与土地利用相互关系的基础理论与方法研究》[D].北京交通大学,2007.
[39]陶芳.《房地产价格影响因素探究及实证分析》[D].天津大学,2008.
[40]朱海清.《城市常规公交线路优化方法研究》[D].东南大学,2006.
[41]张明明.《基于GIS的城市公交线网优化设计》[D].山东建筑大学,2011.
[42]David Sullivan, Alastair Morrison. Using Desktop GIS for the Investigation of Accessibility by Public Transport[J]. Geographical Information Science,2002, 14(1):14-19.
[43]刘好德.《公交线网优化理论及实现方法研究》[D].上海：同济大学交通运输工程学院,2008.
[44]朱跃华.《多层次公交线网的规划方法研究》[D].北京工业大学,2008.
[45]陆建.《城市交通系统可持续发展规划理论与方法》[D].东南大学,2003.
[46]http://www.wikipedia.org维基百科.
[47]李娟,石建军,吴子啸.《组团式城市居民出行特征变化趋势分析》[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,2008,6(4)：70-75.
[48]吴子啸,宋维嘉,池利兵,潘俊卿.《出行时耗的规律及启示》[J].城市交通.2007,5(1)：20-26.
[49]田宇.《基于功能布局的组团城市交通出行特征分析》[D],重庆交通大学,2010.
[50]瞿何舟.《城市公共交通不同层次整合研究》[D].西南交通大学,2005.
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[53]陈贵凤.《轨道交通与常规公交的竞争与合作》[D].河海大学,2008.
[54]乐宜春.《城市轨道交通与常规公交的线路接驳优化研究》[D].南京林业大学,2011.
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[2]M.Hadi Baaj, Hani S.Mahmassani. Hybrid Route Generation Heuristic Algorithm for the Design of Transit Networks[J].Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies, 1995,3(1):31-50.
[3]Mao-Chang. A Design Methodology for Bus Transit Route Networks with Coordinated Operations[D].The University of Texas at Austin, Texas,1994.
[4]Helene Dufourd, Michel Gendreau, Gilbert Laporte. Locating a Transit Line Using Tabu Search[J].Location Science,1996,4(1-2):1-19.
[5]S.B.Pattnaik, S.Mohan and V.M.Tom. Urban Bus Transit Network Design Using Genetic Algorithm.Journal of Transportation Engineering,1998,124(4):368-375.
[6]Petrelli.A Transit Network Design Model for Urban Areas[C],Urban Transport X:Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century,2004,16:163-172.
[7]Tom V.M., Mohan, S.Transit Route Network Design Using Frequency Coded Cenetic Algorithm[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering,2003,129(2):186-195.
[8]W.Fan, R.B.Machemehl. Optimal Transit Route Network Design Problem with Variable Transit Demand:Genetic Algorithm Approach[J], Journal of Transportation Engineering,2006, 132(1):40-51.
[9]孙艳丰,William H. K. Lam基于遗传算法的城市交通运输网优化问题研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2000(7)：94-98.
[10]王炜,杨新苗,陈学武.《城市公共交通系统规划方法与管理技术》[M].科学出版社,2002.
[11]肖滨,范炳全.《柯欣城市公交线网的分层规划方法》[J].城市交通,2005,3(3)：19-22.
[12]单连龙等.《城市公交系统连续平衡网络设计的双层规划模型及求解算法》[J].系统上程.2000.
[13]陈少沛.《基于GIS的城市公共交通线网辅助规划模型的研究》[D].中国科学院研究生院,2004.
[14]A.T.Murray. A Coverage Model for Improving Public Transit System Accessibility and Expanding Access[J]. Annals of Operations Research, 2003,123:143-156.
[15]Y.Lee, V.R.Vuchic. Transit Network Design with Variable Demand[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2005,131 (1):1-10.
[16]吴稼豪.《国外公交网络优化设计综述》[J].系统工程.1986(5).
[17]吴稼豪等.《城市公共交通R络设计的一种优化方法》[J].上海机械学院学报.1983.
[18]夏伟民等.《城市公共交通的线路优化设计》[J].运筹学.1985.
[19]杨兆升.《城市公共交通网络优化》[J].汽车运输.1985.
[20]赵志峰.《城市公共交通线路网规划方法》[J].上海交通大学学报,1988,22(6)：63-71.
[21]高岩.《城市公交网络设计模型与算法研究》[D].长沙理工大学.2007.
[22]朱永刚.《城市公交网络设计与优化方法研究》[D].吉林大学.2010.
[23]莫一魁,邓军,晏克非.《城市公交主干线网布局优化模式与方法研究》[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,32(6)：818—821.
[24]翟栋栋.《轨道交通环境下地面公交线网布局发展规划研究》[D].长安大学,2008.
[25]周昌标,王婷静,赖友兵.《基于道路公交与轨道交通布局模式的公交线网调整方法》[J].城市轨道交通研究,2008,4：44-47.
[26]何波.《城市轨道交通与常规公交运营协调优化技术研究》[D].北京交通大学,2009.
[27]Carlos Lticio Martins, Margarida Vaz Pato. Search Strategies for the Feeder Bus Network Design Problem[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 106 (1998):425-440.
[28]S.N. Kuan, H.L.Ong, K.M.Ng. Solving the Feeder Bus Network Design Problem by Genetic Algorithms and Ant Colony Optimization. Advances in Engineering Software, 37(2006):351-359.
[29]蔡全凯,陈学武,李文勇.《“一次无缝换乘”公交线网布局模式的应用研究》[J].城市交通,2006(3)：75-79.
[30]张杰林,王炜,陈学武.《城市常规公交线网的“一路一线”布局构想》[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,2010,8(1)：96-102.
[31]Corinne Mulley, John D. Nelson. Flexible transport services:A new market opportunity for public transport [J]. Research in Transportation Economics, 25(2009)39-45.
[32]J. Enrique Ferna'ndez L. a, Joaqui'n de Cea Ch. a, R. Henry Malbran. Demand responsive urban public transport system design:Methodology and application [J] Transportation Research Part A 42(2008)951-972.
[33]Yuwei Li, Jessica Wang, Justin Chen,et al. Design of a Demand-Responsive Transit System[J]. California PATH Working Paper,2007
[34]Jeffrey LaMondia, Nazneen Ferdous, Chandra R. Bhat.DRT Accessibility Tool:Summary Report[R].Report No. FHWA/TX-09/5-5178-01-1
[35]张国伍.《交通运输系统分析》[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,1991.
[36]毛蒋兴,阎小培.《我国城市交通系统与土地利用互动关系研究述评》[J].城市规划汇刊,2002(4)：34-37.
[37]周爱娣,李旭宏,季彦睫.《城市公交线网密度指标的改进计算方法》.交通运输工程与信息学报,2004,2(2)：109-115.
[38]杨励雅.《城市交通与土地利用相互关系的基础理论与方法研究》[D].北京交通大学,2007.
[39]陶芳.《房地产价格影响因素探究及实证分析》[D].天津大学,2008.
[40]朱海清.《城市常规公交线路优化方法研究》[D].东南大学,2006.
[41]张明明.《基于GIS的城市公交线网优化设计》[D].山东建筑大学,2011.
[42]David Sullivan, Alastair Morrison. Using Desktop GIS for the Investigation of Accessibility by Public Transport[J]. Geographical Information Science,2002, 14(1):14-19.
[43]刘好德.《公交线网优化理论及实现方法研究》[D].上海：同济大学交通运输工程学院,2008.
[44]朱跃华.《多层次公交线网的规划方法研究》[D].北京工业大学,2008.
[45]陆建.《城市交通系统可持续发展规划理论与方法》[D].东南大学,2003.
[46]http://www.wikipedia.org维基百科.
[47]李娟,石建军,吴子啸.《组团式城市居民出行特征变化趋势分析》[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,2008,6(4)：70-75.
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