多边贸易体制与美国的霸权权力
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摘要
美国在战后主导建立了多边贸易体制。通过多边贸易体制的发展,美国获得了安全、财富、规则和价值观等四方面的收益,加强了其霸权权力。在安全上,多边贸易体制防止了战前关税战的重演,并在冷战时期为美国的全球安全战略服务;在财富上,多边贸易自由化为美国产品提供了更广阔的市场,推动了美国及其盟国的经济增长;在规则方面,美国以本国的法律规则为蓝本设计国际贸易规则,主导多边贸易谈判的议程设定,将美国关注的议题纳入到多边贸易体制中去,并通过加强多边贸易争端解决机制来规范国际贸易冲突。美国也利用多边规则的漏洞保护本国的经济利益;在价值观方面,美国通过发展多边贸易体制来推广经济自由主义,促进成员方的观念转变和制度变迁,以贸易自由塑造开放社会,并不断致力于将劳工和环境标准纳入到多边贸易规则中去。
美国霸权从多边贸易体制的发展中获取了多重收益,其霸权权力和全球经济领导地位得到了加强。因此在美国未出现真正衰落的情况下,不会从多边贸易自由化的立场上后退,而会不断地推动多边贸易体制发展,将更多的经济领域纳入到这个轨道中来,接受多边规则的制约。当美国真正走向贸易保护主义之时,就是美国霸权衰落的开始。
The United States established and developed the multilateral trade regime after the World War Two. During the development of multilateral trade regime, the hegemonic power of United States was strengthened on security, wealth, rules and value. On security, multilateral trade regime prevented the beggar-thy-neighbor tariff war and played a important role in the U.S. cold war strategy; on wealth, trade liberalization offer broaden international market for U.S. products and stimulate the economic growth of U.S. and its allies; on rules, the United States shape the multilateral trade rules base on the internal rules, dominate the agenda setting and put the topics that U.S. concerned into the multilateral trade negotiations, strengthened the dispute settlement body (DSB) to regulate the international trade conflicts; on value, through the development of multilateral trade regime, economic liberalism was accepted by contracting parties and accelerated their ideas change and institutional transition internal, formulate the foundation of open society.
The United States hegemonic power and leadership was strengthened through the development of multilateral trade regime. Therefore the U.S. won’t stop pushing the multilateral trade liberalism until the American hegemony declines genuinely.
美国霸权从多边贸易体制的发展中获取了多重收益,其霸权权力和全球经济领导地位得到了加强。因此在美国未出现真正衰落的情况下,不会从多边贸易自由化的立场上后退,而会不断地推动多边贸易体制发展,将更多的经济领域纳入到这个轨道中来,接受多边规则的制约。当美国真正走向贸易保护主义之时,就是美国霸权衰落的开始。
The United States established and developed the multilateral trade regime after the World War Two. During the development of multilateral trade regime, the hegemonic power of United States was strengthened on security, wealth, rules and value. On security, multilateral trade regime prevented the beggar-thy-neighbor tariff war and played a important role in the U.S. cold war strategy; on wealth, trade liberalization offer broaden international market for U.S. products and stimulate the economic growth of U.S. and its allies; on rules, the United States shape the multilateral trade rules base on the internal rules, dominate the agenda setting and put the topics that U.S. concerned into the multilateral trade negotiations, strengthened the dispute settlement body (DSB) to regulate the international trade conflicts; on value, through the development of multilateral trade regime, economic liberalism was accepted by contracting parties and accelerated their ideas change and institutional transition internal, formulate the foundation of open society.
The United States hegemonic power and leadership was strengthened through the development of multilateral trade regime. Therefore the U.S. won’t stop pushing the multilateral trade liberalism until the American hegemony declines genuinely.
引文
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①Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.37.
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③同上,第348页。
①David A. Lake, Beneath the Commerce of Nations: A theory of International Economic Structures, (International Studies Quarterly, 1984), p.143, p.156.
②Susan Strange, States and Markets, pp.24-25.
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》(门洪华译),北京大学出版社,2005年版,第6页。
①Susan Strange, States and Markets, p.26.
②Robert Gilpin, Global Poltical Economy, p.88.
③1956年1月艾森豪威尔总统的第四篇国情咨文,载梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,北京·时事出版社,1994年版,第215页。
①Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.136.
②约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第102页。
③约瑟夫·奈:《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》(张小明译),上海世纪出版集团,2005年版,第73页。
④Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market (The University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 173.
⑤Marshall M. Smith to Samuel C. Waugh, June 23, 1955, 394.41/6-2355, Record Group 59, National Archival. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p. 173.
①美国贸易代表办公室网站(2008年1月20日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file451_9646.pdf
②Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.32.
①沃尔特·拉塞尔·米德:《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》,北京·中信出版社,2003年版,第38页。
②苏珊·斯特兰奇:《权力流散:世界经济中的国家与非国家权威》,第5页。
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第107页。
①Miles Kahler,“The United Stetes and the International Monetary Fund: Declining Influence or Declining Interest?”, The United States and Multilateral Institutions: patterns of changing instrumentality and influence, ed. Margaret P. Karns and Karen A. Mingst (London : Routledge, 1992), p.97.
②Robert Keohane,“Economic Limits of Modern Politcs: International Liberalism Reconsidered”.转引自约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第24页。
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第106-108页。
①Susan Strange, States and Markets, p.45.
①John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.18.
②Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988 (Washington, D.C.: Pergamon-Brassey’s International Defense Publishers, 1988), p.33.
①约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第80页。
②Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.29.
③Ibid, p.48.
④Tariff Commission, Reciprocity and Commercial Treaties, Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1919. pp. 317-18, (Root, 318), pp. 427-31. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p. 73.
⑤Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp. 80-81.
⑥Stewart, Gordon T., The American Response to Canada since 1776( East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1992). Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.83.
①白宫网站(2007年10月20日):http://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/ch7-erp06.pdf
②C.P.金德伯格:《1929-1939世界经济萧条》,第146页。
③Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York: Macmillan, 1948), Vol. 1, pp. 355-356.
④美国国务院网站(2007年10月20日):http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/17606.htm
⑤Bureau of Census, USDC, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: US Department of Commerce, 1975), part 2, p.884.
⑥白宫网站(2007年10月20日):http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/fr32.html.
⑦美国国家统计局网站(2007年10月20日):http://www.census.gov/popest/archives/1990s/popclockest.txt.
⑧Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream: a social history of postwar trade policy (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), p.184.
⑨美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》(杨俊峰、王英伟译),沈阳·辽宁教育出版社,2003版,第253页。
⑩Public Papers of President Ronald Reagan, 1988 (1:61, p. 395). Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.102.□Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull , p. 81.
①美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》,第253页。
②Franklin D. Roosevelt,“Message from the President of the United States Transmitting a Request to Authorize the Executive to Enter into Executive Commercial Agreements with Foreign Nations,”Quote from Henry J. Tasca, The Reciprocal Trade Policy of the United States: A Study in Trade Philosophy(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1938), pp.299-301.
③Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, p. 81.
④H.R., Committee on Ways and Means, Extending the Authority of the President under Section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930: Report to Accompany H.R. 407(1940), 1-2. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.153.
⑤Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, p.133.
⑥Ibid, p. 81.
①美国驻华使馆网站(2007年10月20日):http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/infousa/living_doc/GB/14points.htm
②Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, p.356.
③McClure memo, November 10, 1924, 611.0031/233, Record Group 59: Department of State, National Archives. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.94.
④Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp.95-98.
⑤Hearings on H.R. 8687. 73d Cong., 2d sess., April-May, 1934, 1. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp.141-42.
①Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, p.359.
②Ibid, pp.359-361.
③Ibid, p.356.
④FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1944-1945, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), p. 492.
⑤FRUS 1944-1945, p.495.
⑥John H. Jackson, ed, Implementing the Tokyo Round: National Constitutions and International Economic Relations (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984), p.141.
⑦Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p.232.
①Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p.232;石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,北京·人民出版社,2001年版,第4页。
②Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p.220.
③赵维田:《世贸组织(WTO)的法律制度》,吉林人民出版社,2000年版,第5-6页。
④John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.10.
⑤美国对德、日采取的贸易自由化政策详见第三章第三节内容。
⑥约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第7页。
①罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》(杨宇光、杨炯译),上海人民出版社,2001年版,第57页。
②NSC68 United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, Apr. 14, 1950, Foreign Relations of the United States 1950, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 292.
③Ibid, p. 237.
④Ibid, p. 241.
①NSC68, p. 252.
②Ibid, p. 255.
③Ibid, pp. 235-292.
①NSC68, pp. 258-259.
②梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,北京·时事出版社,1996年版,第5-6页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.31-32.
④罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第56页。
⑤同上,第14页。⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed, see http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/1iie3829.pdf
①Linder to Winthrop Aldrich, October 31, 1952, White House Central File, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp. 166-167.
②梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,北京·时事出版社,1994年版,第15-16页。
③Truman to C.E. Garner, May 5, 1941, Senate Papers, HST. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.324, note 69.
④U.S. Public Advisory Board for Mutual Security, A Trade and Tariff Policy in the National Interest, 3. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , p.166.着重号为本文所加。
⑤Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein (Chicago: The Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 1994), p.666.
⑥Robert Ferrell, ed. The Eisenhower Diaries, New York: Norton, 1981, pp.244-45. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , pp.167-168.
⑦Conversation with congressional leaders, February 8, 1955, Ann Whiteman File legislative, Dwight D. Eisen- hower Library, Abilene, Kansas. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.167.
①Macmillan to Eisenhower, March 23, 1959, PREM 11/4021, Public Record Office, Kew, England. Discussion of 409th Meeting of the National Security Council, June 4, 1959, vol.16 (1990), document 971. Declassified Documents Catalog. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.176.
②Kalijarvi,“Foreign Economic Policy and the National Security,”p. 411. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.167.
③1954年1月艾森豪威尔的第二篇国情咨文,梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第176页。
④1956年1月艾森豪威尔的第四篇国情咨文,梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第215页。
⑤1958年1月艾森豪威尔的第六篇国情咨文,梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第253页。
⑥梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第338-339页。
①Francis Bator to Johnson, May 10, 1967, NSF, LBJ. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.194.
②Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Take the Lead (New York: Basic Books, 1988), p. 154, 160, 164.
①Marshall M. Smith to Samuel C. Waugh, June 23, 1955, 394.41/6-2355, Record Group 59, National Archival. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 173.
②Robert O. Keohane & Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence (Peking University Press, 2004), p.41.
③Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988, p.87.
④Ibid, p.34.
⑤George Bush, National Security Strategy of the United States 1990-1991 (New York: Brassey’s, Inc.), pp.4-5.
①Ibid, pp.80-81.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.62.
③罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第15页。
④Lael Brainard,“comments,”Jeffrey Frankel, Peter Orszag eds., American Economic Policy in the 1990s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002), p.342.
⑤Robert Zoellick, Remarks by Ambassador Robert Zoellick (Washington, D.C.: USTR, 2002), p.81.
⑥C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2005), p.264.
①石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第75页。
②WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/gt47ds_e.htm
③WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/gt47ds_e.htm.
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第15页。
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.85-95.
②WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds38_e.htm
③Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.311.
④中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/xgxz/200412/20041200315827.html
①Edward M. Graham and Paul R. Krugman, Foreign Direct Investment in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, second edition, 1991), pp.121-28.
②《金融时报》中文版:《美国国会抵制是中海油竞购失败主因》(2005年8月3日),http://www.ftchinese.com/sc/story.jsp?id=001000235&loc=SEARCH。
③苏珊·斯特兰奇:《权力流散:世界经济中的国家与非国家权威》,第22页。
④资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史:从杜鲁门到里根》上册,北京·世界知识出版社,1994年版,第83页。
⑤经合组织网站(2005年8月3日):http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,2340,en_2649_201185_1876938_1_1_1_1,00.html
⑥FRUS(Foreign Relations of the United States 1947, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol.3, pp.227.
⑦Joseph M. Jones: The Fifteen Weeks: February 21-June 5, 1947, (New York: The Viking Press, 1955), p253.
①FRUS, (Foreign Relations of the United States 1944-1945, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol.5, pp.942-947.
②Ibid, pp.839-840.
③Ibid, pp.998.
④资中筠:《战后美国外交史:从杜鲁门到里根》上册,第84-85页。
①Report by the NSC, Control of Exports to the USSR and Eastern Europe, Dec. 17, 1947, FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office),Vol. 4, pp. 511-512.
②U.S. Congress, Common, C.R., March 30, 1948, 94:3754; 94: 3755.
③Report by the Ad Hoc Subcommittee, May 4, 1948, FRUS, 1948 (Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office),Vol.4, pp.539-540; Definitions of U.S. Criteria for 1A and 1B Policy and Commodity Areas Covered, FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1950, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol.4, pp.146-148.
④Michael Mastanduno, Economic Containment: COCOM and the Politics of East-West Trade (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992), p.70.
⑤崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,东北师范大学出版社,2000年版,第130页。
①崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,第131-134页。
②Gunnar Adler-Karlsson, Western Economic Warfare 1947-1967:A case study in foreign economic policy (Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell, 1968), p. 142.
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第17页。
②孔东润(沃沦·科恩)主编:《剑桥美国对外关系史》第4卷,北京·新华出版社,2004年版,第466页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/11iie3829.pdf
④多哈谈判中形成的发展中国家集团。2003年9月由巴西、印度、中国等组成,随成员的变化有时称为20国或22国集团。⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/11iie3829.pdf
①U.S. Tariff Commission, Operation of the Trade Agreements Program, June 1934 to April 1948 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1948), p.15.
①FRUS 1944-1945, pp.485-91; 491-499。
②FRUS 1944-1945, pp.506-507.
③James G. Fulton and Jacob k. Javits, The International Trade Organization (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1948), p.4. Quote from Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.198.
④这14个国家是:澳大利亚、比利时、卢森堡、巴西、加拿大、中国、捷克斯洛伐克、法国、印度、荷兰、新西兰、南非、苏联和英国。
⑤UN ECOSOC Resolution 1/13, Feb. 18, 1946, UN DOC. E/22. Quote from John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.32.
⑥Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.62.
①FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1946, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol.1, pp.1332-1336.
②John H. Jackson, The World Trading System , p.32.
③Ibid.
④不等国际贸易组织宪章完成而尽快实施GATT的一个原因是美国政府的3年谈判授权将在1948年6月12号到期。John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.35.
⑤他参与起草了大部分GATT文件。See Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.197.
⑥这15个国家包括:巴西、缅甸、锡兰(今斯里兰卡)、智利、中国、古巴、捷克斯洛伐克、印度、黎巴嫩、新西兰、挪威、巴基斯坦、南罗得西亚(今津巴布韦)、叙利亚和南非。石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第4页。
⑦WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/eol/e/wto02/wto2_48.htm#top
①石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第4页。
②John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.33.
③Ibid, p.36.
④“The Charter of the International Trade Organization,”Sept. 1947; and Wilcox to Clayton,“Renewal of Trade Agreements Act,”Dec. 29, 1947, both in box 55, LF 57D-284; Wilcox to Clayton and Brown, Jan. l, 1948, FRUS 1948, vol. 1, pt. 2, p.828; and Campbell et al., U.S. in World Affairs, pp.215-16. Quote from Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.216, note61.
⑤Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.124.
⑥石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第5页。
⑦郑志海、薛荣久主编:《世界贸易组织知识读本》(修订本),北京·中国对外经济贸易出版社,2001年版,第13页。
⑧Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.223, note 37.
①WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
②Ibid.
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第6页。
④WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
⑤石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第6页。
⑥Public Papers of President Kennedy, 1961, Washington, D.C.: GPO, pp.790-91.
⑦Public Papers of President Kennedy, 1962, Washington, D.C.: GPO, pp.204-06.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.181.
②WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/eol/e/wto02/wto2_49.htm
③WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
④石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第6页。
⑤梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第338-339页。
⑥Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.185.
⑦Ernest H. Preeg, Traders and Diplomats (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1970), p.29.
⑧Steve Dryden, Trade warriors: USTR and the American crusade for free trade (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.3.
①石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第6-7页。
②Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.197.
③WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
④WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/eol/e/wto02/wto2_49.htm
⑤陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策-从罗斯福到里根》,北京·世界知识出版社,1988年版,第850页。
⑥Public Papers of the President John F. Kennedy, Washington, D.C.: GPO. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.179.
⑦Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd, 2001), p.390.
①“Task Force on Foreign Economic Policy,”November 25, 1964, WHCF, LBJ. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , pp.191-92.
②陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第852页。
①Ravi Batra, The Myth of Free Trade (New York, C. Scribner’s Sons, 1993), p.143.
②UNCTAD, Handbook, 1991, 16. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , p.180.
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed, see http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/05iie3829.pdf
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.72-73.
⑤Ibid, p.319.
①Gilbert R. Winham, International Trade and the Tokyo Round Negotiation (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986), p.308.
②WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第8页。
④WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
⑤美国销售价格海关估价制度是美国海关法的一项规定,要求在对特定商品征税时,除了依照正常程序以进口价格计算关税税率外,还要在美国国内同类产品的销售价格基础上征税,这提高了实际税率。I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 113.
⑥Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System, p.159.
⑦美国在东京回合谈判中就起草了一份假冒商品守则草案。Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System, p.282.
①J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.641.
②Ronald Reagan, Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreement Program (Washington, D.C., GPO, 1986), p.61.
③John Croome, Reshaping the world trading system: a history of the Uruguay Round (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999, 2nd ed.), p. 16.
④罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第95-96页。
⑤1985年2月里根总统第四篇国情咨文。梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第723页。
⑥石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第10页。
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告选编》,第222页。
②Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel, Peter Orszag, p.284.
③J. D. Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.643.
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第270、244页。
①石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第9-10页。
②以下关于乌拉圭回合谈判结果的内容引自石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第11-16页。
③即在争端解决机构审议专家组报告或上诉机构报告时,只要不是所有参加方都反对,就视为通过。引自石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第57页。
①陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第822页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.46.
③Kenwood, A.G., and A.L. Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, 1820-1990 (New York: Routledge, 1992), p.289.
④马丁·费尔德斯坦编:《转变中的美国经济》(彭家礼、徐鸣等译),北京·商务印书馆,1990年版,第2页。
①马丁·费尔德斯坦编:《转变中的美国经济》,第2页。
②黄金时期的结束点有1968、1971和1973等不同的划法。C. P.金德伯格:《世界经济霸权:1500- 1990》,第172页。
③Economic Report of the President, 1991, table B-109 and B-32. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 55.
④Economic Report of the President, 1985, table B-29. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 55.
⑤陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第859页。
⑥同上,第825、855页。
⑦Jeffrey A. Frankel,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.296.
⑧C. P.金德伯格:《世界经济霸权:1500- 1990》,第291页。
①根据第六章第一节图6.1算出。
②Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.64.
③Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.280.
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.57.
⑤Statistics Abstract of the United States 1991.见美国商务部人口普查局网站(2007年3月20日):, http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1991-01.pdf .
⑥Economic Report of the President, 1991, tables B-107 and B-110. Quote from I. M. Destler, Ameri can Trade Politics, p.48.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.46.
②Economic Report of the President 2002 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2002). Table B2, Real Gross Domestic Product, 1959-2001.
③USITC官方网站(2007年12月8日):http://www.usitc.gov/publications/abstract_3874.htm
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf。
①80年代美国的年失业率从未低于5.3%,大部分时间都在7%以上。Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.318.
②Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.317.
③Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.11.
④Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.278.
⑤罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第2-3页。
⑥C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy, p.17.
⑦美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月8日)::http://www.ustr.gov/Benefits_of_Trade/States/Section_Index.html
⑧美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月8日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file451_9646.pdf
①美国贸易代表办公室网站(2008年2月4日): http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2008/February/asset_upload_file35_14465.pdf
②美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月8日): http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file920_9647.pdf
③C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy, pp.xvii, 32.
④C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy, p.6.
⑤Scott C. Bradford, Paul L. E. Grieco, and Gary Clyde Hufbauer,“The Payoff to America from Global Integration,”The United States and the world Economy, ed. C. Fred Bergsten, p.85.
①C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy, pp.6-7.
②FRUS 1944-1945, pp.485-91。
③赫伯特·吉尔:《世界经济中的美国:一个欧洲人的看法》,载马丁·费尔德斯坦编:《转变中的美国经济》,第291页。
④Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p. 88.
①E. Mandel, Die EWG und die Konkurrenz Europa-Amerika (Frankfurt, 1968), p.10; Albert Statz,‘Zur Geschichet der west-europaischen Integration bis zur Grundung der EWG’in F. Deppe ed., Europaische Wirtschafts- gemeinschaft (Hamburg, 1975), p.113. Quote from Jeremy Leaman, The Political Economy of West Germany, 1945-1985 (Hampshire, 1988), p.92.
②后任艾森豪威尔和肯尼迪时期的中央情报局局长。
③Allen W. Dulles,“Book on Marshall Plan”, draft, Jan. 6, 1948, chapter VIII, Allen Dulles Papers, box 36 (Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton Uni.), p.1. Quote from Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann- Josef Rupieper eds., American Policy and the Reconstruction of West Germany, 1945-1955 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.15.
④Robert O. Keohane, Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, p.41.
⑤M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》(周宪文译),台北·台湾银行经济研究室,1976年版,第3页。
⑥同上,第86页。
①Germany 1947-1949: The Story in Documents (Washington, D.C., The Department of State, 1950), p.519.
②M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第78页。
③Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform,”American Policy and the Reconstru tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.78.
④Ibid, p.79.
⑤M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第85页。
⑥Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform”, American Policy and the Reconstru tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.82.
⑦M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第77页。
①Germany 1947-1949: The Story in Documents, p.5.
②Ibid, p.518.
③M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第2-3页。
④Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform”, American Policy and the Reconstruc tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.69.
⑤Ibid, p.71.
⑥Ibid, p.72.
⑦Ibid, p.80-81.
⑧Jeremy Leaman, The Political Economy of West Germany, 1945-1985, p.92.
⑨Jeremy Leaman, The Political Economy of West Germany, 1945-1985, p.107;卡尔·哈达赫:《二十世纪德国经济史》(扬绪译),北京·商务印书馆,1984年版,第195页。
⑩卡尔·哈达赫:《二十世纪德国经济史》,第181页。□Werner Abelshauser, Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Bundesrepublik 1945-1980 (Frankfurt, 1983), p. 148. Quote from Jeremy Leaman, The Political Economy of West Germany, 1945-1985, p.91. The figures do not include‘intra-Ferman’trade.□卡尔·哈达赫:《二十世纪德国经济史》,第189页。
①M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第65页。
②Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform,”American Policy and the Reconstruc tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.80-81.
③M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第73-74页。
④Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform”, American Policy and the Reconstruc tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.81.
⑤M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第86页。
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》上册,第157页。
②Hugh Patrick & Henry Rosovsky,《战后日本经济史》上册(周宪文译),台北·台湾银行经济研究室,1985年版,第70页。
③崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,第179,283-284页。
④小林义雄:《战后日本经济史》(孙汉超、马君雷译),北京·商务印书馆,1985年版,第38页。
⑤Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.148.
⑥Burton I. Kaufman, Trade and aid: Eisenhower’s foreign economic policy 1953-1961 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), p.40.
⑦Speech to National Editorial Association, June 22, 1954, Public Papers of the President Dwight D. Eisenhower(Washington, D.C.: GPO. 1954), pp.585-90.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.169.
②“Japanese Tariff Negotiations-A Summary,”memo, n.d. White House Central Files, Confidential, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , p.170.
③Hugh Patrick & Henry Rosovsky,《战后日本经济史》上册,第55页。
④神武是传说中的日本第一任天皇,以此用来比喻这次增长前所未有的程度。
⑤小林义雄:《战后日本经济史》,第116页。
⑥宫崎义一:《日本经济的机构和演变》(孙汉超等译),北京·中国对外经济贸易出版社,1990年版,第74页。
⑦NSC41, U.S. Policy Regarding Trade with China, Feb. 28, 1949, FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1949, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol. 9, pp.826-834.
①NSC48/2, The Position of the United States with respect to Asia, Dec. 30, 1949, Documents of the National Security Council 1947-1977 (Washington, D.C.: University Publications of America, 1980).
②Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.169.
③Ibid, p.174.
④House of Representatives, Ways and Means Committee, Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1958, pp.73-74. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.328, note 128.
⑤小林义雄:《战后日本经济史》,第76页。
①薛可:《解剖日本强势汽车品牌》,上海交通大学出版社,2006年版,第66、90页。
②Carl D. Corse to Eisenhower, February 15, 1955, White House Central Files, Confidential, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 170.
③Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 173.
④Marshall M. Smith to Samuel C. Waugh, June 23, 1955, 394.41/6-2355, Record Group 59, National Archival. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 173.
①United States Department of Commerce, Trade of the United States with Japan. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 175.
②Economic Report of the President 1991, table B-110; World Bank, World Development Report, 1984, p.235; Percentages computed from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics: Supplement on Trade Statistics, no. 15, 1988; and International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook, 1990. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.51.
①Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988, p.33-34.
②Ibid, p.33.
①Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p.9.
②约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第228-229页。
③石广生:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第17页。
①约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第258-261页附件A。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.22, 139.
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第160页。
④孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,北京·人民出版社,2005年版,第203页。
⑤石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第194页。
⑥赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第208页;石广生主编,《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第194页。
⑦I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 22.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.221.
②赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第92页。
③峇吉拉·劳·达斯:《WTO与多边贸易体系之过去、现在与未来》,马来西亚·第三世界网络,2004年版,第109-111页。
①BEA, National Income and Product Accounts, 2:207-21. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp.216-17.
②Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002), p.13.
③赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第347-349页。
④峇吉拉·劳·达斯:《WTO与多边贸易体系之过去、现在与未来》,第90页。
①石广生:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第153-156页。
②石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第229-231页。
③赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第397页。
④US ITC 1997, P.37. Quote from Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.287, note 25.
①US ITC 1997, P.39. Quote from Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag eds., p.287, note 26.
②石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第263-264页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf。
④赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第384页。
⑤张玉卿:“译者序”,载约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第1页。
①赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第15-16页。
②约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第20页。
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第55页。
④赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第451页。
⑤WTO官方网站(2007年1月2日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
⑥John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, pp.94-96.
⑦赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第452-453页。
①峇吉拉·劳·达斯:《WTO与多边贸易体系之过去、现在与未来》,第114页。
②Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 225.
③Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream , p. 70.
④Herbert G. Grubel, International Economics (Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, 1981), p. 174.
⑤“主要原因”指“比其他原因合在一起还大的原因”。I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp. 142-3.
⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 23.
①Tariff Commission, Annual Report, Washington, various years. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 141.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 143.
③Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.670.
④In Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, the US Supreme Court declared a similar legislative veto provision unconstitutional, on grounds that it did not provide for“presentment to the President,”as in the normal legislative process. Congress responded, in the Trade and Tariff Act of 1984, by providing for a joint resolution congressional veto for presidential decisions under Section 201. Such a resolution is presented to the chief executive for his signature; should the president veto it, a two-thirds majority of both houses would be required to override. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 143, note 11.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 146.另外还有5宗获得了贸易调整援助救济,3宗通过有序市场协议(orderly marketing agreements)之类的灰色区域措施得到救济。
⑥自1986年至2004年,申请201条款保护的案件总共只有14件,每年最多都不超过2件,其中8年的申请案件数量为零。I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/06iie3829.pdf。
①US Department of the Treasury,“Report of the Secretary of the Treasury,”Annual Report of the Department of the Treasury, 1968, Washington, p. 416. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 141.
②这是肯尼迪回合达成的非关税贸易壁垒方面的唯一正式协议。石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第161页。
①US Department of the Treasury, Annual Report, Washington, various issues; US Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, Temporary Extension of Countervailing Duty Waiver Authority, 96th Cong., 1st sess. (22 February 1979}, H. Rept. 96-15. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 148.
②这里的“实质性损害”被定义为非“不合理、非实质性或不重要的损害。”I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.149.
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第161页。
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.150.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.154.②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/06iie3829.pdf
④美国国际贸易委员会(USITC)官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://info.usitc.gov/oinv/sunset.NSF
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/06iie3829.pdf。
⑥World Trade Organization 2004, p.46. Quote from Douglas A. Irwin, p.138.
⑦美国国际贸易委员会网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.usitc.gov/trade_remedy/731_ad_701_cvd/byrd.htm
⑧这16个国家和地区是:Argentina; Australia; Brazil; Costa Rica; European Communities; Hong Kong, China; India; Indonesia; Israel; Japan; Korea; Norway; Thailand; Canada; Mexico; Chile. WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds217_e.htm。
①WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds217_e.htm。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.170.
③United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,“Protectionism and Structural Adjustment: Anti- Dumping and Countervailing Duty Practices,”draft note by the UNCTAD Secretariat (Geneva, 4 January 1984), processed, p.9.
④赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第271页。
①约翰·H·杰克逊:《世界贸易体制》(张乃根译),上海·复旦大学出版社,2001年版,第147页。
②J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.648.③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/14iie3829.pdf
④约翰·H·杰克逊:《世界贸易体制》,第135页。
①John Gerard Ruggie, ,“International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order,”International Regimes, ed. Steven D. Krasner (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1983), p.212.
②石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第201页。
③约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第74-75页。
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.26-27.
⑤Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.675.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.157.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.122;J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Ec nomic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.639.
①Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p.14.
②约瑟夫·奈,《硬权力与软权力》,第6-7页。
③同上,第24页。
④Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988, p.3-4.
①罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第14页。
②Susan Strange, States and Markets, p. 78.
③John Gerard Ruggie,“International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order,”International Regimes, ed. Steven D. Krasner, pp. 208-209.
①Robert Keohane,“International Liberalism Reconsideration,”The Economic Limits to Modern Politcs, ed. John Dunn (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p.174。
②Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press), p.66.
③张振江:《从英镑到美元:国际经济霸权的转移(1933-1945)》,北京·人民出版社,2006年版,第189页。
④崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,第78-79页。
⑤张振江:《从英镑到美元》,第202-203页,第313页。
①梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第15页。
②牧野裕:《冷战的起源与美国的霸权》,御茶之水书房1993年版,第105-108页。转引自崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,第110页。
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第97页。
①Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy, pp.12-13.
②Judith Goldstein,“International Institutions and Domestic Politics: GATT, WTO, and the Liberalization of International Trade,”The WTO as an International Organization, ed. Anne O. Krueger, pp.145-147.
③涂红:《发展中大国的贸易自由化制度变迁与经济发展》,北京·中国财政经济出版社,2006年版,第73页。
①胡振杰、何平:《世贸组织规则与我国新法律法规》,北京·人民法院出版社,2002年版,第9-10页。
②中国商务部网站(2007年12月1日): http://chinawto.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/ae/ar/200608/20060802946958.html
①Milton Friedman:《资本主义与自由》(赵秋严译),台北·台湾银行经济研究室,1972年版,第1页。
②Ernest H. Preeg, Traders and Diplomats, p.38.
③Charlene Barshefsky,“Comments,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.329.
④乔治·布什图书馆(2007年12月20日): http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=1265&year=1989&month=11
①见论文第二章第三节。
②乔治·布什图书馆(2007年12月20日): http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2419&year=1990&month=11
③乔治·布什图书馆(2007年12月20日): http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3701&year=1991&month=12
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第284页。
①周琪:《美国人权外交政策》,上海人民出版社,2001年版,第368-369页。
②Lael Brainard,“comments,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.349.
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 234.
④Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.307.
⑤金灿荣:《PNTR及相关问题》,载《世界经济与政治》2000年第11期,第67页。⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/08iie3829.pdf
①金灿荣:《PNTR及相关问题》,第68页。
②Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.302.
③Lael Brainard,“comments,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.344.
④美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2004/September/United_States_Bahrain_Sign_Free_Trade_Agreement.html
⑤美国白宫网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040120-7.html
①美国白宫网站(2006年7月4日):http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html
②美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file451_9646.pdf
③美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file920_9647.pdf
④美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file451_9646.pdf
⑤Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, pp.298-300.
⑥美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file289_9645.pdf
⑦美国贸易代表办公室网站(2008年1月12日):http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/December/Statement_by_USTR_Schwab_on_todays_signing_of_the_US_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html
①美国国务院网站(2006年4月22日):http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/tpp/90405.htm
②美国白宫网站(2008年2月4号):http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html
③国际劳工组织网站(2007年12月1日):http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Mainpillars/Therightsatwork/Labour_Standards/lang--en/index.htm
①美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月1日): http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/July/Statement_from_USTR_Spokesman_Regarding_China_Labor_Petition.html
②美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》,第256-257页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.244.
④Ibid, P.245.
⑤Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.287, note 24.
⑥Ibid, p.288.
①Ibid, p.290.
②罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第8页。
③美国贸易代表办公室网站(2008年1月8号):http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Sectors/Labor/Labor_Fact_Sheets/Section_Index.html
④美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月1日): http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Sectors/Labor/Section_Index.html
⑤美国贸易代表办公室网站(2008年2月8号):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file24_9259.pdf
①WTO官方网站(2007年12月1日): http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis00_e.htm
②WTO官方网站(2007年12月1日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/gas1_e.htm
①案例内容除注明外引自WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis07_e.htm和http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds2_e.htm
①WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日): http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/58abr.doc
②WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日): http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis08_e.htm
①WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/hist1_e.htm
②WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_e.htm#disputes
③WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日), para. 133:http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/58abr.doc
①WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis08_e.htm
②赵玉焕:《贸易与环境》,北京·对外经济贸易大学出版社,2002年6月第1版,第225页。
③美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/November/USTR_Schwab_to_Announce_New_Climate_Initiatives_for_WTO,_Including_a_New_Environmental_Goods_Services_Agreement_(EGSA).html
①Richard H. Pells, Not like us: how Europeans have loved, hated, and transformed American culture since World War II (New York: Basic Books, 1997), pp.31-32.
②塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》(周琪、刘绯、张立平、王圆译),北京·新华出版社, 1998年版,第46页。
③Ernest H. Preeg, From Here to Free Trade: Essays in Post-Uruguay Round Trade Strategy (Chicago: The Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 1998), p.22
④马修·弗雷泽:《软实力:美国电影、流行乐、电视和快餐的全球统治》(刘满贵等译),北京·新华出版社,第66页。
⑤WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds28_e.htm
⑥WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds31_e.htm
⑦WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds43_e.htm
⑧WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds31_e.htm
①马修·弗雷泽:《软实力:美国电影、流行乐、电视和快餐的全球统治》,第20页。
②WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds363_e.htm
③美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/October/United_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_in_Case_Challenging_Chinese_Barriers_to_Market_Access_for_Products_of_Copyright-Intensive_Indus.html
①Oran R. Yang,“Regime dynamics: the rise and fall of international regimes”, International Organization (Spring 1982), p. 285.
②C. P.金德伯格:《世界经济霸权:1500- 1990》,第363页。
①陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第825、855页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.48-49.
①Economic Report of the President, 1991, table B-109 and B-32. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 55.
②Economic Report of the President, 1985, table B-29. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 55.
③Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel, Peter Orszag, p.277.
④自1979年到1985年第一季度,去掉通货膨胀因素,美元的贸易加权值相对10个工业国家上升73%。Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, pp.64-65.
⑤陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策-从罗斯福到里根》,第63页。
⑥Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, pp.68-70.
⑦Ronald Reagan, Economic Report of the President to the Congress (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, Feb. 1984), p.5.
⑧J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.635.
⑨Jeffrey A. Frankel,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.296.
①C. P.金德伯格:《世界经济霸权:1500- 1990》,第291页。
②陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第859页。
③梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第6页。
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.41-42.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.44.
①尼克松1973年2月第四篇国情咨文。梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第532-33页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed, see http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/05iie3829.pdf
③详见下节内容。
④美国商务部人口普查局网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/2006/12/deficit.html
①中国国家统计局网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjfx/ztfx/xzgwsnxlfxbg/t20020605_21430.htm
②中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/200705/20070504682646.html
③美国贸易委员会(USITC)的数字是7330亿美元(2007年4月22日)。http://www.usitc.gov/publications/abstract_3874.htm
④中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/200503/20050300021350.html
①中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/200702/20070204344273.html
②中方数据来自中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/tongji.shtml
③美国商务部人口普查局网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/2006/12/deficit.html
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/10iie3829.pdf
②WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.46.
④Japan Economic Institute of America, Yearbook of U.S.-Japan Economic Relations in 1982 (Washington: JEI,1983), 129. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 49.
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第23页。
②Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988, p.87.
③John E. Rielly ed., American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1991 (Chicago: Chicago Coun- cil on Foreign Relations, 1991), pp.20-22.
④Jeffrey A. Frankel,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.296.
⑤见第四章第三节内容。
①J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, Martin Feldstein, p.639.
②C. Fred Bergsten,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.344.③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/04iie3829.pdf
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.41-42.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.44.
⑥C. Fred Bergsten,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.348.
⑦I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.125.
⑧Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.72.
⑨Syed Javed Maswood, Japan and protection, Japan and protection, p.27.
⑩Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.72.
①见第四章第三节内容。
②Jeffrey A. Frankel,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.306.
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.125.
④1974年贸易法第301条款授权总统对其它国家的“不公正或不合理关税或其它进口限制”或“对出口进行补贴……对美国同类竞争产品的销售构成实质性影响”的贸易行为进行报复。美国贸易代表负责301条款的实施,申诉可以由企业提出,也可以由美国贸易代表主动提出或根据总统的要求提出。
⑤陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第868页。
⑥Ronald Reagan, American Life, 241. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.103.
⑦里根1983年1月第二篇国情咨文。梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第693页。
⑧I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.122;J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.639.
⑨灰色区域措施是指有关国家根据双边达成的非正式协议,实施的与GATT/WTO规则不符的进口限制措施。见第四章第四节内容。
①Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.675.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 212.
③Ibid, pp.128-130.
①Lionel H. Olmer,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.664.
②Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.680.
③Economic Report of the President, Feb 1995, p. 232.美国政府出版物网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy96/pdf/econ_rpt.pdf
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第272-273页。
⑤Economic Report of the President, Feb 1996, pp. 245-246.美国政府出版物网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy97/pdf/erp.pdf
①Robert O. Keohane, Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, p.48.
②约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第7页。
③孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,第36-40页。
④美国在东京回合谈判中就起草了一份假冒商品守则草案。Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, p.282.
⑤J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.641.
①罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第8页。
②峇吉拉·劳·达斯:《WTO与多边贸易体系之过去、现在和将来》,第12页。
③美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》,第262页。
④凯恩斯集团(Cairns Group)包括阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、斐济、匈牙利、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、新西兰、菲律宾、泰国、乌拉圭等14个国家。Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System, pp.214-15.
⑤Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System, p.209.
①美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》,第210页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.126.
③Ibid, p.135.
④Ibid, p. 99.
⑤石广生:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第91页。
⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 220.
⑦石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第95页。
①孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,第32-36页。
②同上,第157-158页。
③Interview in Inside US Trade, Special Report: 24 December 1993, 4. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.231, note 27.
①WTO官方网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds294_e.htm
②美国国际贸易委员会(USITC)网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.usitc.gov/trade_remedy/731_ad_701_cvd/byrd.htm。
③这16个国家和地区是:Argentina; Australia; Brazil; Costa Rica; European Communities; Hong Kong, China; India; Indonesia; Israel; Japan; Korea; Norway; Thailand; Canada; Mexico; Chile. WTO官方网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds217_e.htm。
④WTO官方网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds217_e.htm。
⑤孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,第199-203页。
⑥同上,第241-242页。
①约翰·H·杰克逊:《世界贸易体制》,第135页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf
③WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf
⑤WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis07_e.htm和http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds2_e.htm
⑥WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日): http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis08_e.htm
⑦1995年5月美国柯达公司根据301条款向美国贸易代表起诉日本政府的反竞争行为。⑦USTR已认定日本的限制措施不公平,但决定将案件提交WTO的多边解决体制去解决。1996年6月13号,美国在DSB请求与日本就影响进口胶卷和相纸国内销售的日本法律法规进行磋商。美国指控日本政府的这些措施违反了GATT第3和第5条,损害了美国利益。磋商失败后,9月20号,美国要求成立专家组。在DSB推迟建立专家组的情况下,美国又提出了第二次要求,并在12月份要求世界贸易组织总干事来确定专家组的组成。1998年3月31号,DSB专家组向成员方散发被DSB采用的报告,报告否决了美国政府的所有实际指控。⑦报告认为根据GATT第23条第1款,美国未能证明日本的单个或集体“措施”损害了美国的利益;美国也未能根据GATT第3条第4款证明日本的分销“措施”对进口的胶卷和相纸更低的优惠待遇。在WTO败诉后,克林顿政府就终止了301条款在本案的适用。WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds44_e.htm及Lael Brainard,“comments,”Amer- ican Economic Policy in the 1990, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p. 346.
①下面的案件内容引自WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds108_e.htm
①王铁崖主编:《国际法》,北京·法律出版社,1995年,第31页;《奥本海国际法》(詹宁斯、瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译),北京·大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第一卷第一分册,第42-43页。
②Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.672.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 137.
②美国众议院网站(2007年12月5号):http://waysandmeans.house.gov/legacy/portraits/1899-2000/hawley.htm③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed, see http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/2iie3829.pdf
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.32.
⑤Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton: 1969), p. 10.
⑥James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p.59.
①Robert A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy: 1929-1976 (Berkley and Los Angels, California: University of California Press, 1982), pp.100-101.
②Congressional Record, September 28, 1967, pp. 27215-16. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p. 333, note 81.
③Zeiler, Thomas, American Trade and Power, p.240. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 202.
④Congressional Record, September 28, 1967, pp. 27186-215; HRE&L, Establishing Procedures to Relieve Domestic Industries and Workers. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp. 201-02.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.105, 107.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.29.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.31.
③Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.110.
④Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change: 1953-1956 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., 1963), p.194-195.
⑤James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era, pp.60, 67.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.176.
②Robert A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy: 1929-1976, p.21.
①Robert A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, p.22.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.68.
③Robert A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, p.21.
④美国国际贸易委员会网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.usitc.gov/ext_relations/about_itc/index.htm
⑤Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.673.
⑥J. D. Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, pp.636, 646.
①James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era, pp.98-104.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 94-6.
③James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era, p.107.
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 317.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 206.
①罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第8页。
②白宫网站(2007年8月20日):http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/05/20020522-2.html
③见2007年12月12日国务院副总理吴仪在第三次中美战略经济对话开幕式上的发言。新华网(2007年12月13日):http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-12/12/content_7234402.htm
④Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1, p. 358.
①I. M. Destler and C. Randall Henning, Dollar Politics: Exchange Rate Policymaking in the United States (Washington, D. C.: Institute for International Economics, 1989), pp.122-124.
②Journal of Commerce, September 20, 1967. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p. 202.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 180.
②Jonathan M. Orszag, Peter R. Orszag, and Laura D. Tyson,“The Process of Economic Policy-making During the Clinton Administration,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, pp.1012-1013.
③James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era, pp.241-242.
④Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, p.64.
⑤Ibid, p.71.
⑥Lael Brainard,“comments,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, pp.344-345.
①Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.310.
②约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第428-435页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 223.
④Ibid, p. 100.
⑤George Bush, Response of the Administration to Issues Raised in Connection with the Negotiation of a North American Free Trade Agreement, May 1, 1991. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 102.
⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.24.
①C. Michael Alto and Thomas O. Bayard,“Costs and Benefits of Trade Adjustment Assistance,”in Robert E. Baldwin and Anne O. Krueger, eds., The Structure and Evolution of Recent US Trade Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 184. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 153.
②US Department of Labor,“Labor Issues of American International Trade and Investment”(prepared for the National Manpower Administration Policy Task Force), Policy Studies in Employment and Welfare, no. 24, Washington, 1976, 52. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.142.
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp. 153-4.
④Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, p.119.
⑤Alan B. Krueger, Cecilia E. Rouse,“Education and Labor in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, ed. Jeffery Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.719.
⑥Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, pp.119-120.
①Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, ed. Jeffery Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.314.
②Martin Feldstein,“summary of discussion,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, ed. Jeffery Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.356.
③詹姆斯·M·史密斯:《争端解决设计中的政治学:解释区域贸易条约中的条文主义》,载莉萨·马丁、贝思·西蒙斯编:《国际制度》,第226页。
④曼瑟尔·奥尔森:《集体行动的逻辑》(陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译),上海人民出版社,1995年版,第64-74页。
①Keohane, After Hegemony, p. 37.
②Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), pp.117-155.
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第97页。
④同上,第107-108页。
①约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第107页。
②Robert Gilpin, Global Poltical Economy, p.88.
③Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics, p.9.
④Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.138.
⑤2007年8月23日中国商务部副部长高虎城在新闻发布会上的讲话。中国商务部网站(2008年2月24日): http://gzly.mofcom.gov.cn/website/face/www_face_history.jsp?p_page=1&sche_no=1343
①Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, p.18.
②中国国家发改委宏观经济研究院2006年初的一份报告称中国80%的外汇储备是美元资产。中国保监会网站(2007年12月14日):http://www.circ.gov.cn/Portal0/InfoModule_584/30154.htm
③以2003年为例,当年美国的贸易逆差共计将近5,400亿美元,约占GDP的4.9%;但同时美国的资本净流入额大约为5,750亿美元,还高过了美国的贸易逆差数字。经常账户(current account)上的赤字被资本账户(capital account)上的黑字轧平了且还有盈余。Council of Economic Advisers 2004, table B-103. Quote from Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, pp.125-126.
④美国驻中国大使馆网站(2007年12月14日):http://chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn/sed5.html
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①I. M. Desteler, American trade politics (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1995).②I. M. Desteler & Peter J. Balint, The new politics of American trade: trade, labor, and the environment (Washing- ton, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2000).
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④Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, American Economic Policy in the 1990s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002).
⑤C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2005).
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①Donald G. Beane, The United States and GATT: a relational study (Amsterdam: Pergamon, 2000).
②Joanne Gowa, Allies, adversaries, and international trade (Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1994).
③Thomas O. Bayard & Kimberly Ann Elliott; with contributions by Amelia Porges and Charles Iceland: Reciprocity and retaliation in U.S. trade policy (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1994).
④Judith Goldstein, Ideas, interests, and American trade policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
⑤Anne O. Krueger, The WTO as an international organization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
①Anne O. Krueger, American trade policy: a tragedy in the making (Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1995).
②Leah A. Haus, Globalizing the GATT: the Soviet Union’s successor states, Eastern Europe, and the international trading system (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1992).
③John H. Jackson, The world trading system: law and policy of international economic relations (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989).
④约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》(张玉卿、李成钢、杨国华等译),北京·新华出版社,2002年版。
①Stephen D. Krasner, International regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983).
②Stephen D. Cohen, Robert A. Blecker & Peter D. Whitney, Fundamentals of U.S. foreign trade policy: economics, politics, laws, and issues (Westview Press, 2003).
①Joshua S. Goldstein, Long Circles: Prosperity and War in the Mordern Age (New Haven and London: Yale Uni- versity Press, 1988), p.281.
②Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001), p.222.
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④Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p.31.
⑤Oran R. Yang,“Regime dynamics: the rise and fall of international regimes”, International Organization (Spring1982), pp.282-285.
①C. P. Kindleberger, System of International Economic Organization, in D. P. Calleo ed. Money and the Coming World Order (New York: New York University Press, 1976), pp.23-24.
②John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.34, p.38.
③莉萨·马丁,《利益、权力和多边主义》,载莉萨·马丁、贝思·西蒙斯编:《国际制度》(黄仁伟、蔡鹏鸿等译),上海人民出版社,2006年版,第58页。
④Syed Javed Maswood, Japan and protection: the growth of protectionist sentiment and the Japanese response (London: Routledge, 1989), p.19.
⑤Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.33.
①Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.37.
②C.P.金德伯格:《1929-1939世界经济萧条》(宋承先、洪文达译),上海译文出版社,1986年版,第150页。
③同上,第348页。
①David A. Lake, Beneath the Commerce of Nations: A theory of International Economic Structures, (International Studies Quarterly, 1984), p.143, p.156.
②Susan Strange, States and Markets, pp.24-25.
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》(门洪华译),北京大学出版社,2005年版,第6页。
①Susan Strange, States and Markets, p.26.
②Robert Gilpin, Global Poltical Economy, p.88.
③1956年1月艾森豪威尔总统的第四篇国情咨文,载梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,北京·时事出版社,1994年版,第215页。
①Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.136.
②约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第102页。
③约瑟夫·奈:《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》(张小明译),上海世纪出版集团,2005年版,第73页。
④Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market (The University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 173.
⑤Marshall M. Smith to Samuel C. Waugh, June 23, 1955, 394.41/6-2355, Record Group 59, National Archival. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p. 173.
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②Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.32.
①沃尔特·拉塞尔·米德:《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》,北京·中信出版社,2003年版,第38页。
②苏珊·斯特兰奇:《权力流散:世界经济中的国家与非国家权威》,第5页。
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第107页。
①Miles Kahler,“The United Stetes and the International Monetary Fund: Declining Influence or Declining Interest?”, The United States and Multilateral Institutions: patterns of changing instrumentality and influence, ed. Margaret P. Karns and Karen A. Mingst (London : Routledge, 1992), p.97.
②Robert Keohane,“Economic Limits of Modern Politcs: International Liberalism Reconsidered”.转引自约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第24页。
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第106-108页。
①Susan Strange, States and Markets, p.45.
①John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.18.
②Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988 (Washington, D.C.: Pergamon-Brassey’s International Defense Publishers, 1988), p.33.
①约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第80页。
②Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.29.
③Ibid, p.48.
④Tariff Commission, Reciprocity and Commercial Treaties, Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1919. pp. 317-18, (Root, 318), pp. 427-31. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p. 73.
⑤Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp. 80-81.
⑥Stewart, Gordon T., The American Response to Canada since 1776( East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1992). Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.83.
①白宫网站(2007年10月20日):http://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/ch7-erp06.pdf
②C.P.金德伯格:《1929-1939世界经济萧条》,第146页。
③Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York: Macmillan, 1948), Vol. 1, pp. 355-356.
④美国国务院网站(2007年10月20日):http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/17606.htm
⑤Bureau of Census, USDC, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: US Department of Commerce, 1975), part 2, p.884.
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⑧Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream: a social history of postwar trade policy (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), p.184.
⑨美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》(杨俊峰、王英伟译),沈阳·辽宁教育出版社,2003版,第253页。
⑩Public Papers of President Ronald Reagan, 1988 (1:61, p. 395). Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.102.□Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull , p. 81.
①美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》,第253页。
②Franklin D. Roosevelt,“Message from the President of the United States Transmitting a Request to Authorize the Executive to Enter into Executive Commercial Agreements with Foreign Nations,”Quote from Henry J. Tasca, The Reciprocal Trade Policy of the United States: A Study in Trade Philosophy(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1938), pp.299-301.
③Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, p. 81.
④H.R., Committee on Ways and Means, Extending the Authority of the President under Section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930: Report to Accompany H.R. 407(1940), 1-2. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.153.
⑤Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, p.133.
⑥Ibid, p. 81.
①美国驻华使馆网站(2007年10月20日):http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/infousa/living_doc/GB/14points.htm
②Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, p.356.
③McClure memo, November 10, 1924, 611.0031/233, Record Group 59: Department of State, National Archives. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.94.
④Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp.95-98.
⑤Hearings on H.R. 8687. 73d Cong., 2d sess., April-May, 1934, 1. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp.141-42.
①Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, p.359.
②Ibid, pp.359-361.
③Ibid, p.356.
④FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1944-1945, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), p. 492.
⑤FRUS 1944-1945, p.495.
⑥John H. Jackson, ed, Implementing the Tokyo Round: National Constitutions and International Economic Relations (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984), p.141.
⑦Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p.232.
①Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p.232;石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,北京·人民出版社,2001年版,第4页。
②Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p.220.
③赵维田:《世贸组织(WTO)的法律制度》,吉林人民出版社,2000年版,第5-6页。
④John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.10.
⑤美国对德、日采取的贸易自由化政策详见第三章第三节内容。
⑥约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第7页。
①罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》(杨宇光、杨炯译),上海人民出版社,2001年版,第57页。
②NSC68 United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, Apr. 14, 1950, Foreign Relations of the United States 1950, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 292.
③Ibid, p. 237.
④Ibid, p. 241.
①NSC68, p. 252.
②Ibid, p. 255.
③Ibid, pp. 235-292.
①NSC68, pp. 258-259.
②梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,北京·时事出版社,1996年版,第5-6页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.31-32.
④罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第56页。
⑤同上,第14页。⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed, see http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/1iie3829.pdf
①Linder to Winthrop Aldrich, October 31, 1952, White House Central File, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp. 166-167.
②梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,北京·时事出版社,1994年版,第15-16页。
③Truman to C.E. Garner, May 5, 1941, Senate Papers, HST. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.324, note 69.
④U.S. Public Advisory Board for Mutual Security, A Trade and Tariff Policy in the National Interest, 3. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , p.166.着重号为本文所加。
⑤Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein (Chicago: The Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 1994), p.666.
⑥Robert Ferrell, ed. The Eisenhower Diaries, New York: Norton, 1981, pp.244-45. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , pp.167-168.
⑦Conversation with congressional leaders, February 8, 1955, Ann Whiteman File legislative, Dwight D. Eisen- hower Library, Abilene, Kansas. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.167.
①Macmillan to Eisenhower, March 23, 1959, PREM 11/4021, Public Record Office, Kew, England. Discussion of 409th Meeting of the National Security Council, June 4, 1959, vol.16 (1990), document 971. Declassified Documents Catalog. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.176.
②Kalijarvi,“Foreign Economic Policy and the National Security,”p. 411. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p.167.
③1954年1月艾森豪威尔的第二篇国情咨文,梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第176页。
④1956年1月艾森豪威尔的第四篇国情咨文,梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第215页。
⑤1958年1月艾森豪威尔的第六篇国情咨文,梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第253页。
⑥梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第338-339页。
①Francis Bator to Johnson, May 10, 1967, NSF, LBJ. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.194.
②Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Take the Lead (New York: Basic Books, 1988), p. 154, 160, 164.
①Marshall M. Smith to Samuel C. Waugh, June 23, 1955, 394.41/6-2355, Record Group 59, National Archival. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 173.
②Robert O. Keohane & Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence (Peking University Press, 2004), p.41.
③Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988, p.87.
④Ibid, p.34.
⑤George Bush, National Security Strategy of the United States 1990-1991 (New York: Brassey’s, Inc.), pp.4-5.
①Ibid, pp.80-81.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.62.
③罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第15页。
④Lael Brainard,“comments,”Jeffrey Frankel, Peter Orszag eds., American Economic Policy in the 1990s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002), p.342.
⑤Robert Zoellick, Remarks by Ambassador Robert Zoellick (Washington, D.C.: USTR, 2002), p.81.
⑥C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2005), p.264.
①石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第75页。
②WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/gt47ds_e.htm
③WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/gt47ds_e.htm.
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第15页。
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.85-95.
②WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds38_e.htm
③Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.311.
④中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/xgxz/200412/20041200315827.html
①Edward M. Graham and Paul R. Krugman, Foreign Direct Investment in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, second edition, 1991), pp.121-28.
②《金融时报》中文版:《美国国会抵制是中海油竞购失败主因》(2005年8月3日),http://www.ftchinese.com/sc/story.jsp?id=001000235&loc=SEARCH。
③苏珊·斯特兰奇:《权力流散:世界经济中的国家与非国家权威》,第22页。
④资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史:从杜鲁门到里根》上册,北京·世界知识出版社,1994年版,第83页。
⑤经合组织网站(2005年8月3日):http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,2340,en_2649_201185_1876938_1_1_1_1,00.html
⑥FRUS(Foreign Relations of the United States 1947, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol.3, pp.227.
⑦Joseph M. Jones: The Fifteen Weeks: February 21-June 5, 1947, (New York: The Viking Press, 1955), p253.
①FRUS, (Foreign Relations of the United States 1944-1945, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol.5, pp.942-947.
②Ibid, pp.839-840.
③Ibid, pp.998.
④资中筠:《战后美国外交史:从杜鲁门到里根》上册,第84-85页。
①Report by the NSC, Control of Exports to the USSR and Eastern Europe, Dec. 17, 1947, FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office),Vol. 4, pp. 511-512.
②U.S. Congress, Common, C.R., March 30, 1948, 94:3754; 94: 3755.
③Report by the Ad Hoc Subcommittee, May 4, 1948, FRUS, 1948 (Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office),Vol.4, pp.539-540; Definitions of U.S. Criteria for 1A and 1B Policy and Commodity Areas Covered, FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1950, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol.4, pp.146-148.
④Michael Mastanduno, Economic Containment: COCOM and the Politics of East-West Trade (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992), p.70.
⑤崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,东北师范大学出版社,2000年版,第130页。
①崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,第131-134页。
②Gunnar Adler-Karlsson, Western Economic Warfare 1947-1967:A case study in foreign economic policy (Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell, 1968), p. 142.
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第17页。
②孔东润(沃沦·科恩)主编:《剑桥美国对外关系史》第4卷,北京·新华出版社,2004年版,第466页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/11iie3829.pdf
④多哈谈判中形成的发展中国家集团。2003年9月由巴西、印度、中国等组成,随成员的变化有时称为20国或22国集团。⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/11iie3829.pdf
①U.S. Tariff Commission, Operation of the Trade Agreements Program, June 1934 to April 1948 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1948), p.15.
①FRUS 1944-1945, pp.485-91; 491-499。
②FRUS 1944-1945, pp.506-507.
③James G. Fulton and Jacob k. Javits, The International Trade Organization (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1948), p.4. Quote from Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.198.
④这14个国家是:澳大利亚、比利时、卢森堡、巴西、加拿大、中国、捷克斯洛伐克、法国、印度、荷兰、新西兰、南非、苏联和英国。
⑤UN ECOSOC Resolution 1/13, Feb. 18, 1946, UN DOC. E/22. Quote from John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.32.
⑥Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.62.
①FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1946, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol.1, pp.1332-1336.
②John H. Jackson, The World Trading System , p.32.
③Ibid.
④不等国际贸易组织宪章完成而尽快实施GATT的一个原因是美国政府的3年谈判授权将在1948年6月12号到期。John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.35.
⑤他参与起草了大部分GATT文件。See Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.197.
⑥这15个国家包括:巴西、缅甸、锡兰(今斯里兰卡)、智利、中国、古巴、捷克斯洛伐克、印度、黎巴嫩、新西兰、挪威、巴基斯坦、南罗得西亚(今津巴布韦)、叙利亚和南非。石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第4页。
⑦WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/eol/e/wto02/wto2_48.htm#top
①石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第4页。
②John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, p.33.
③Ibid, p.36.
④“The Charter of the International Trade Organization,”Sept. 1947; and Wilcox to Clayton,“Renewal of Trade Agreements Act,”Dec. 29, 1947, both in box 55, LF 57D-284; Wilcox to Clayton and Brown, Jan. l, 1948, FRUS 1948, vol. 1, pt. 2, p.828; and Campbell et al., U.S. in World Affairs, pp.215-16. Quote from Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.216, note61.
⑤Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.124.
⑥石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第5页。
⑦郑志海、薛荣久主编:《世界贸易组织知识读本》(修订本),北京·中国对外经济贸易出版社,2001年版,第13页。
⑧Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.223, note 37.
①WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
②Ibid.
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第6页。
④WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
⑤石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第6页。
⑥Public Papers of President Kennedy, 1961, Washington, D.C.: GPO, pp.790-91.
⑦Public Papers of President Kennedy, 1962, Washington, D.C.: GPO, pp.204-06.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.181.
②WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/eol/e/wto02/wto2_49.htm
③WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
④石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第6页。
⑤梅孜:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第338-339页。
⑥Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.185.
⑦Ernest H. Preeg, Traders and Diplomats (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1970), p.29.
⑧Steve Dryden, Trade warriors: USTR and the American crusade for free trade (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.3.
①石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第6-7页。
②Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.197.
③WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
④WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/eol/e/wto02/wto2_49.htm
⑤陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策-从罗斯福到里根》,北京·世界知识出版社,1988年版,第850页。
⑥Public Papers of the President John F. Kennedy, Washington, D.C.: GPO. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.179.
⑦Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd, 2001), p.390.
①“Task Force on Foreign Economic Policy,”November 25, 1964, WHCF, LBJ. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , pp.191-92.
②陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第852页。
①Ravi Batra, The Myth of Free Trade (New York, C. Scribner’s Sons, 1993), p.143.
②UNCTAD, Handbook, 1991, 16. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , p.180.
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed, see http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/05iie3829.pdf
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.72-73.
⑤Ibid, p.319.
①Gilbert R. Winham, International Trade and the Tokyo Round Negotiation (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986), p.308.
②WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第8页。
④WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
⑤美国销售价格海关估价制度是美国海关法的一项规定,要求在对特定商品征税时,除了依照正常程序以进口价格计算关税税率外,还要在美国国内同类产品的销售价格基础上征税,这提高了实际税率。I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 113.
⑥Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System, p.159.
⑦美国在东京回合谈判中就起草了一份假冒商品守则草案。Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System, p.282.
①J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.641.
②Ronald Reagan, Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreement Program (Washington, D.C., GPO, 1986), p.61.
③John Croome, Reshaping the world trading system: a history of the Uruguay Round (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999, 2nd ed.), p. 16.
④罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第95-96页。
⑤1985年2月里根总统第四篇国情咨文。梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第723页。
⑥石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第10页。
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告选编》,第222页。
②Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel, Peter Orszag, p.284.
③J. D. Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.643.
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第270、244页。
①石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第9-10页。
②以下关于乌拉圭回合谈判结果的内容引自石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第11-16页。
③即在争端解决机构审议专家组报告或上诉机构报告时,只要不是所有参加方都反对,就视为通过。引自石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第57页。
①陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第822页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.46.
③Kenwood, A.G., and A.L. Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, 1820-1990 (New York: Routledge, 1992), p.289.
④马丁·费尔德斯坦编:《转变中的美国经济》(彭家礼、徐鸣等译),北京·商务印书馆,1990年版,第2页。
①马丁·费尔德斯坦编:《转变中的美国经济》,第2页。
②黄金时期的结束点有1968、1971和1973等不同的划法。C. P.金德伯格:《世界经济霸权:1500- 1990》,第172页。
③Economic Report of the President, 1991, table B-109 and B-32. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 55.
④Economic Report of the President, 1985, table B-29. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 55.
⑤陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第859页。
⑥同上,第825、855页。
⑦Jeffrey A. Frankel,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.296.
⑧C. P.金德伯格:《世界经济霸权:1500- 1990》,第291页。
①根据第六章第一节图6.1算出。
②Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.64.
③Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.280.
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.57.
⑤Statistics Abstract of the United States 1991.见美国商务部人口普查局网站(2007年3月20日):, http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1991-01.pdf .
⑥Economic Report of the President, 1991, tables B-107 and B-110. Quote from I. M. Destler, Ameri can Trade Politics, p.48.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.46.
②Economic Report of the President 2002 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2002). Table B2, Real Gross Domestic Product, 1959-2001.
③USITC官方网站(2007年12月8日):http://www.usitc.gov/publications/abstract_3874.htm
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf。
①80年代美国的年失业率从未低于5.3%,大部分时间都在7%以上。Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.318.
②Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.317.
③Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.11.
④Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.278.
⑤罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第2-3页。
⑥C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy, p.17.
⑦美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月8日)::http://www.ustr.gov/Benefits_of_Trade/States/Section_Index.html
⑧美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月8日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file451_9646.pdf
①美国贸易代表办公室网站(2008年2月4日): http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2008/February/asset_upload_file35_14465.pdf
②美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月8日): http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file920_9647.pdf
③C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy, pp.xvii, 32.
④C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy, p.6.
⑤Scott C. Bradford, Paul L. E. Grieco, and Gary Clyde Hufbauer,“The Payoff to America from Global Integration,”The United States and the world Economy, ed. C. Fred Bergsten, p.85.
①C. Fred Bergsten ed., The United States and the world Economy, pp.6-7.
②FRUS 1944-1945, pp.485-91。
③赫伯特·吉尔:《世界经济中的美国:一个欧洲人的看法》,载马丁·费尔德斯坦编:《转变中的美国经济》,第291页。
④Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p. 88.
①E. Mandel, Die EWG und die Konkurrenz Europa-Amerika (Frankfurt, 1968), p.10; Albert Statz,‘Zur Geschichet der west-europaischen Integration bis zur Grundung der EWG’in F. Deppe ed., Europaische Wirtschafts- gemeinschaft (Hamburg, 1975), p.113. Quote from Jeremy Leaman, The Political Economy of West Germany, 1945-1985 (Hampshire, 1988), p.92.
②后任艾森豪威尔和肯尼迪时期的中央情报局局长。
③Allen W. Dulles,“Book on Marshall Plan”, draft, Jan. 6, 1948, chapter VIII, Allen Dulles Papers, box 36 (Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton Uni.), p.1. Quote from Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann- Josef Rupieper eds., American Policy and the Reconstruction of West Germany, 1945-1955 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.15.
④Robert O. Keohane, Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, p.41.
⑤M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》(周宪文译),台北·台湾银行经济研究室,1976年版,第3页。
⑥同上,第86页。
①Germany 1947-1949: The Story in Documents (Washington, D.C., The Department of State, 1950), p.519.
②M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第78页。
③Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform,”American Policy and the Reconstru tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.78.
④Ibid, p.79.
⑤M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第85页。
⑥Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform”, American Policy and the Reconstru tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.82.
⑦M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第77页。
①Germany 1947-1949: The Story in Documents, p.5.
②Ibid, p.518.
③M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第2-3页。
④Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform”, American Policy and the Reconstruc tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.69.
⑤Ibid, p.71.
⑥Ibid, p.72.
⑦Ibid, p.80-81.
⑧Jeremy Leaman, The Political Economy of West Germany, 1945-1985, p.92.
⑨Jeremy Leaman, The Political Economy of West Germany, 1945-1985, p.107;卡尔·哈达赫:《二十世纪德国经济史》(扬绪译),北京·商务印书馆,1984年版,第195页。
⑩卡尔·哈达赫:《二十世纪德国经济史》,第181页。□Werner Abelshauser, Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Bundesrepublik 1945-1980 (Frankfurt, 1983), p. 148. Quote from Jeremy Leaman, The Political Economy of West Germany, 1945-1985, p.91. The figures do not include‘intra-Ferman’trade.□卡尔·哈达赫:《二十世纪德国经济史》,第189页。
①M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第65页。
②Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform,”American Policy and the Reconstruc tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.80-81.
③M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第73-74页。
④Christoph Buchheim,“Marshall Plan and Currency Reform”, American Policy and the Reconstruc tion of West Germany 1945-1955, eds. Jeffery M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn & Hermann-Josef Rupieper, p.81.
⑤M. M. Postan:《战后西欧经济史》,第86页。
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》上册,第157页。
②Hugh Patrick & Henry Rosovsky,《战后日本经济史》上册(周宪文译),台北·台湾银行经济研究室,1985年版,第70页。
③崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,第179,283-284页。
④小林义雄:《战后日本经济史》(孙汉超、马君雷译),北京·商务印书馆,1985年版,第38页。
⑤Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.148.
⑥Burton I. Kaufman, Trade and aid: Eisenhower’s foreign economic policy 1953-1961 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), p.40.
⑦Speech to National Editorial Association, June 22, 1954, Public Papers of the President Dwight D. Eisenhower(Washington, D.C.: GPO. 1954), pp.585-90.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.169.
②“Japanese Tariff Negotiations-A Summary,”memo, n.d. White House Central Files, Confidential, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market , p.170.
③Hugh Patrick & Henry Rosovsky,《战后日本经济史》上册,第55页。
④神武是传说中的日本第一任天皇,以此用来比喻这次增长前所未有的程度。
⑤小林义雄:《战后日本经济史》,第116页。
⑥宫崎义一:《日本经济的机构和演变》(孙汉超等译),北京·中国对外经济贸易出版社,1990年版,第74页。
⑦NSC41, U.S. Policy Regarding Trade with China, Feb. 28, 1949, FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States 1949, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office), Vol. 9, pp.826-834.
①NSC48/2, The Position of the United States with respect to Asia, Dec. 30, 1949, Documents of the National Security Council 1947-1977 (Washington, D.C.: University Publications of America, 1980).
②Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.169.
③Ibid, p.174.
④House of Representatives, Ways and Means Committee, Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1958, pp.73-74. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.328, note 128.
⑤小林义雄:《战后日本经济史》,第76页。
①薛可:《解剖日本强势汽车品牌》,上海交通大学出版社,2006年版,第66、90页。
②Carl D. Corse to Eisenhower, February 15, 1955, White House Central Files, Confidential, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 170.
③Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 173.
④Marshall M. Smith to Samuel C. Waugh, June 23, 1955, 394.41/6-2355, Record Group 59, National Archival. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 173.
①United States Department of Commerce, Trade of the United States with Japan. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 175.
②Economic Report of the President 1991, table B-110; World Bank, World Development Report, 1984, p.235; Percentages computed from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics: Supplement on Trade Statistics, no. 15, 1988; and International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook, 1990. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.51.
①Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988, p.33-34.
②Ibid, p.33.
①Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p.9.
②约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第228-229页。
③石广生:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第17页。
①约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第258-261页附件A。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.22, 139.
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第160页。
④孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,北京·人民出版社,2005年版,第203页。
⑤石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第194页。
⑥赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第208页;石广生主编,《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第194页。
⑦I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 22.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.221.
②赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第92页。
③峇吉拉·劳·达斯:《WTO与多边贸易体系之过去、现在与未来》,马来西亚·第三世界网络,2004年版,第109-111页。
①BEA, National Income and Product Accounts, 2:207-21. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp.216-17.
②Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002), p.13.
③赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第347-349页。
④峇吉拉·劳·达斯:《WTO与多边贸易体系之过去、现在与未来》,第90页。
①石广生:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第153-156页。
②石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第229-231页。
③赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第397页。
④US ITC 1997, P.37. Quote from Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.287, note 25.
①US ITC 1997, P.39. Quote from Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag eds., p.287, note 26.
②石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第263-264页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf。
④赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第384页。
⑤张玉卿:“译者序”,载约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第1页。
①赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第15-16页。
②约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第20页。
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第55页。
④赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第451页。
⑤WTO官方网站(2007年1月2日):http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm
⑥John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, pp.94-96.
⑦赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第452-453页。
①峇吉拉·劳·达斯:《WTO与多边贸易体系之过去、现在与未来》,第114页。
②Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 225.
③Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream , p. 70.
④Herbert G. Grubel, International Economics (Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, 1981), p. 174.
⑤“主要原因”指“比其他原因合在一起还大的原因”。I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp. 142-3.
⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 23.
①Tariff Commission, Annual Report, Washington, various years. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 141.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 143.
③Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.670.
④In Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, the US Supreme Court declared a similar legislative veto provision unconstitutional, on grounds that it did not provide for“presentment to the President,”as in the normal legislative process. Congress responded, in the Trade and Tariff Act of 1984, by providing for a joint resolution congressional veto for presidential decisions under Section 201. Such a resolution is presented to the chief executive for his signature; should the president veto it, a two-thirds majority of both houses would be required to override. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 143, note 11.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 146.另外还有5宗获得了贸易调整援助救济,3宗通过有序市场协议(orderly marketing agreements)之类的灰色区域措施得到救济。
⑥自1986年至2004年,申请201条款保护的案件总共只有14件,每年最多都不超过2件,其中8年的申请案件数量为零。I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/06iie3829.pdf。
①US Department of the Treasury,“Report of the Secretary of the Treasury,”Annual Report of the Department of the Treasury, 1968, Washington, p. 416. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 141.
②这是肯尼迪回合达成的非关税贸易壁垒方面的唯一正式协议。石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第161页。
①US Department of the Treasury, Annual Report, Washington, various issues; US Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, Temporary Extension of Countervailing Duty Waiver Authority, 96th Cong., 1st sess. (22 February 1979}, H. Rept. 96-15. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 148.
②这里的“实质性损害”被定义为非“不合理、非实质性或不重要的损害。”I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.149.
③石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第161页。
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.150.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.154.②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/06iie3829.pdf
④美国国际贸易委员会(USITC)官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://info.usitc.gov/oinv/sunset.NSF
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/06iie3829.pdf。
⑥World Trade Organization 2004, p.46. Quote from Douglas A. Irwin, p.138.
⑦美国国际贸易委员会网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.usitc.gov/trade_remedy/731_ad_701_cvd/byrd.htm
⑧这16个国家和地区是:Argentina; Australia; Brazil; Costa Rica; European Communities; Hong Kong, China; India; Indonesia; Israel; Japan; Korea; Norway; Thailand; Canada; Mexico; Chile. WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds217_e.htm。
①WTO官方网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds217_e.htm。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.170.
③United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,“Protectionism and Structural Adjustment: Anti- Dumping and Countervailing Duty Practices,”draft note by the UNCTAD Secretariat (Geneva, 4 January 1984), processed, p.9.
④赵维田:《世界贸易组织(WTO)的法律制度》,第271页。
①约翰·H·杰克逊:《世界贸易体制》(张乃根译),上海·复旦大学出版社,2001年版,第147页。
②J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.648.③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/14iie3829.pdf
④约翰·H·杰克逊:《世界贸易体制》,第135页。
①John Gerard Ruggie, ,“International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order,”International Regimes, ed. Steven D. Krasner (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1983), p.212.
②石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第201页。
③约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第74-75页。
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.26-27.
⑤Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.675.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.157.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.122;J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Ec nomic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.639.
①Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy, p.14.
②约瑟夫·奈,《硬权力与软权力》,第6-7页。
③同上,第24页。
④Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988, p.3-4.
①罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第14页。
②Susan Strange, States and Markets, p. 78.
③John Gerard Ruggie,“International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order,”International Regimes, ed. Steven D. Krasner, pp. 208-209.
①Robert Keohane,“International Liberalism Reconsideration,”The Economic Limits to Modern Politcs, ed. John Dunn (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p.174。
②Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press), p.66.
③张振江:《从英镑到美元:国际经济霸权的转移(1933-1945)》,北京·人民出版社,2006年版,第189页。
④崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,第78-79页。
⑤张振江:《从英镑到美元》,第202-203页,第313页。
①梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第15页。
②牧野裕:《冷战的起源与美国的霸权》,御茶之水书房1993年版,第105-108页。转引自崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会》,第110页。
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第97页。
①Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy, pp.12-13.
②Judith Goldstein,“International Institutions and Domestic Politics: GATT, WTO, and the Liberalization of International Trade,”The WTO as an International Organization, ed. Anne O. Krueger, pp.145-147.
③涂红:《发展中大国的贸易自由化制度变迁与经济发展》,北京·中国财政经济出版社,2006年版,第73页。
①胡振杰、何平:《世贸组织规则与我国新法律法规》,北京·人民法院出版社,2002年版,第9-10页。
②中国商务部网站(2007年12月1日): http://chinawto.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/ae/ar/200608/20060802946958.html
①Milton Friedman:《资本主义与自由》(赵秋严译),台北·台湾银行经济研究室,1972年版,第1页。
②Ernest H. Preeg, Traders and Diplomats, p.38.
③Charlene Barshefsky,“Comments,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.329.
④乔治·布什图书馆(2007年12月20日): http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=1265&year=1989&month=11
①见论文第二章第三节。
②乔治·布什图书馆(2007年12月20日): http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2419&year=1990&month=11
③乔治·布什图书馆(2007年12月20日): http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3701&year=1991&month=12
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第284页。
①周琪:《美国人权外交政策》,上海人民出版社,2001年版,第368-369页。
②Lael Brainard,“comments,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.349.
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 234.
④Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.307.
⑤金灿荣:《PNTR及相关问题》,载《世界经济与政治》2000年第11期,第67页。⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/08iie3829.pdf
①金灿荣:《PNTR及相关问题》,第68页。
②Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.302.
③Lael Brainard,“comments,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.344.
④美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2004/September/United_States_Bahrain_Sign_Free_Trade_Agreement.html
⑤美国白宫网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040120-7.html
①美国白宫网站(2006年7月4日):http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html
②美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file451_9646.pdf
③美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file920_9647.pdf
④美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file451_9646.pdf
⑤Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, pp.298-300.
⑥美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年11月2日):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file289_9645.pdf
⑦美国贸易代表办公室网站(2008年1月12日):http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/December/Statement_by_USTR_Schwab_on_todays_signing_of_the_US_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html
①美国国务院网站(2006年4月22日):http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/tpp/90405.htm
②美国白宫网站(2008年2月4号):http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html
③国际劳工组织网站(2007年12月1日):http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Mainpillars/Therightsatwork/Labour_Standards/lang--en/index.htm
①美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月1日): http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/July/Statement_from_USTR_Spokesman_Regarding_China_Labor_Petition.html
②美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》,第256-257页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.244.
④Ibid, P.245.
⑤Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.287, note 24.
⑥Ibid, p.288.
①Ibid, p.290.
②罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第8页。
③美国贸易代表办公室网站(2008年1月8号):http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Sectors/Labor/Labor_Fact_Sheets/Section_Index.html
④美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月1日): http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Sectors/Labor/Section_Index.html
⑤美国贸易代表办公室网站(2008年2月8号):http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file24_9259.pdf
①WTO官方网站(2007年12月1日): http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis00_e.htm
②WTO官方网站(2007年12月1日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/gas1_e.htm
①案例内容除注明外引自WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis07_e.htm和http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds2_e.htm
①WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日): http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/58abr.doc
②WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日): http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis08_e.htm
①WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/hist1_e.htm
②WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_e.htm#disputes
③WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日), para. 133:http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/58abr.doc
①WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis08_e.htm
②赵玉焕:《贸易与环境》,北京·对外经济贸易大学出版社,2002年6月第1版,第225页。
③美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/November/USTR_Schwab_to_Announce_New_Climate_Initiatives_for_WTO,_Including_a_New_Environmental_Goods_Services_Agreement_(EGSA).html
①Richard H. Pells, Not like us: how Europeans have loved, hated, and transformed American culture since World War II (New York: Basic Books, 1997), pp.31-32.
②塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》(周琪、刘绯、张立平、王圆译),北京·新华出版社, 1998年版,第46页。
③Ernest H. Preeg, From Here to Free Trade: Essays in Post-Uruguay Round Trade Strategy (Chicago: The Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 1998), p.22
④马修·弗雷泽:《软实力:美国电影、流行乐、电视和快餐的全球统治》(刘满贵等译),北京·新华出版社,第66页。
⑤WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds28_e.htm
⑥WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds31_e.htm
⑦WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds43_e.htm
⑧WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds31_e.htm
①马修·弗雷泽:《软实力:美国电影、流行乐、电视和快餐的全球统治》,第20页。
②WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds363_e.htm
③美国贸易代表办公室网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/October/United_States_Requests_WTO_Panel_in_Case_Challenging_Chinese_Barriers_to_Market_Access_for_Products_of_Copyright-Intensive_Indus.html
①Oran R. Yang,“Regime dynamics: the rise and fall of international regimes”, International Organization (Spring 1982), p. 285.
②C. P.金德伯格:《世界经济霸权:1500- 1990》,第363页。
①陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第825、855页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.48-49.
①Economic Report of the President, 1991, table B-109 and B-32. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 55.
②Economic Report of the President, 1985, table B-29. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 55.
③Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel, Peter Orszag, p.277.
④自1979年到1985年第一季度,去掉通货膨胀因素,美元的贸易加权值相对10个工业国家上升73%。Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, pp.64-65.
⑤陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策-从罗斯福到里根》,第63页。
⑥Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, pp.68-70.
⑦Ronald Reagan, Economic Report of the President to the Congress (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, Feb. 1984), p.5.
⑧J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.635.
⑨Jeffrey A. Frankel,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.296.
①C. P.金德伯格:《世界经济霸权:1500- 1990》,第291页。
②陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第859页。
③梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第6页。
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.41-42.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.44.
①尼克松1973年2月第四篇国情咨文。梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第532-33页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed, see http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/05iie3829.pdf
③详见下节内容。
④美国商务部人口普查局网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/2006/12/deficit.html
①中国国家统计局网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjfx/ztfx/xzgwsnxlfxbg/t20020605_21430.htm
②中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/200705/20070504682646.html
③美国贸易委员会(USITC)的数字是7330亿美元(2007年4月22日)。http://www.usitc.gov/publications/abstract_3874.htm
④中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/200503/20050300021350.html
①中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/200702/20070204344273.html
②中方数据来自中国商务部网站(2007年4月22日):http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/tongji.shtml
③美国商务部人口普查局网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/2006/12/deficit.html
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/10iie3829.pdf
②WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.46.
④Japan Economic Institute of America, Yearbook of U.S.-Japan Economic Relations in 1982 (Washington: JEI,1983), 129. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 49.
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第23页。
②Ronald Reagan, National Security Strategy of the United States 1988, p.87.
③John E. Rielly ed., American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1991 (Chicago: Chicago Coun- cil on Foreign Relations, 1991), pp.20-22.
④Jeffrey A. Frankel,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.296.
⑤见第四章第三节内容。
①J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, Martin Feldstein, p.639.
②C. Fred Bergsten,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.344.③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/04iie3829.pdf
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.41-42.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.44.
⑥C. Fred Bergsten,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.348.
⑦I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.125.
⑧Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.72.
⑨Syed Javed Maswood, Japan and protection, Japan and protection, p.27.
⑩Martin Feldstein,“American Economic Policy in the 1980s: A Personal View,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.72.
①见第四章第三节内容。
②Jeffrey A. Frankel,“Exchange Rate Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.306.
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.125.
④1974年贸易法第301条款授权总统对其它国家的“不公正或不合理关税或其它进口限制”或“对出口进行补贴……对美国同类竞争产品的销售构成实质性影响”的贸易行为进行报复。美国贸易代表负责301条款的实施,申诉可以由企业提出,也可以由美国贸易代表主动提出或根据总统的要求提出。
⑤陈宝森:《美国经济与政府政策》,第868页。
⑥Ronald Reagan, American Life, 241. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.103.
⑦里根1983年1月第二篇国情咨文。梅孜编译:《美国总统国情咨文选编》,第693页。
⑧I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.122;J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.639.
⑨灰色区域措施是指有关国家根据双边达成的非正式协议,实施的与GATT/WTO规则不符的进口限制措施。见第四章第四节内容。
①Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.675.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 212.
③Ibid, pp.128-130.
①Lionel H. Olmer,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.664.
②Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.680.
③Economic Report of the President, Feb 1995, p. 232.美国政府出版物网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy96/pdf/econ_rpt.pdf
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第272-273页。
⑤Economic Report of the President, Feb 1996, pp. 245-246.美国政府出版物网站(2007年11月20日):http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy97/pdf/erp.pdf
①Robert O. Keohane, Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, p.48.
②约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第7页。
③孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,第36-40页。
④美国在东京回合谈判中就起草了一份假冒商品守则草案。Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, p.282.
⑤J. David Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.641.
①罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第8页。
②峇吉拉·劳·达斯:《WTO与多边贸易体系之过去、现在和将来》,第12页。
③美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》,第262页。
④凯恩斯集团(Cairns Group)包括阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、斐济、匈牙利、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、新西兰、菲律宾、泰国、乌拉圭等14个国家。Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System, pp.214-15.
⑤Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System, p.209.
①美国国务院国际信息局编:《美国经济概况》,第210页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.126.
③Ibid, p.135.
④Ibid, p. 99.
⑤石广生:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第91页。
⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 220.
⑦石广生主编:《世界贸易组织基本知识》,第95页。
①孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,第32-36页。
②同上,第157-158页。
③Interview in Inside US Trade, Special Report: 24 December 1993, 4. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.231, note 27.
①WTO官方网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds294_e.htm
②美国国际贸易委员会(USITC)网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.usitc.gov/trade_remedy/731_ad_701_cvd/byrd.htm。
③这16个国家和地区是:Argentina; Australia; Brazil; Costa Rica; European Communities; Hong Kong, China; India; Indonesia; Israel; Japan; Korea; Norway; Thailand; Canada; Mexico; Chile. WTO官方网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds217_e.htm。
④WTO官方网站(2007年12月5日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds217_e.htm。
⑤孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,第199-203页。
⑥同上,第241-242页。
①约翰·H·杰克逊:《世界贸易体制》,第135页。
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf
③WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed., http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/9iie3829.pdf
⑤WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis07_e.htm和http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds2_e.htm
⑥WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日): http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis08_e.htm
⑦1995年5月美国柯达公司根据301条款向美国贸易代表起诉日本政府的反竞争行为。⑦USTR已认定日本的限制措施不公平,但决定将案件提交WTO的多边解决体制去解决。1996年6月13号,美国在DSB请求与日本就影响进口胶卷和相纸国内销售的日本法律法规进行磋商。美国指控日本政府的这些措施违反了GATT第3和第5条,损害了美国利益。磋商失败后,9月20号,美国要求成立专家组。在DSB推迟建立专家组的情况下,美国又提出了第二次要求,并在12月份要求世界贸易组织总干事来确定专家组的组成。1998年3月31号,DSB专家组向成员方散发被DSB采用的报告,报告否决了美国政府的所有实际指控。⑦报告认为根据GATT第23条第1款,美国未能证明日本的单个或集体“措施”损害了美国的利益;美国也未能根据GATT第3条第4款证明日本的分销“措施”对进口的胶卷和相纸更低的优惠待遇。在WTO败诉后,克林顿政府就终止了301条款在本案的适用。WTO官方网站(2007年4月22日):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds44_e.htm及Lael Brainard,“comments,”Amer- ican Economic Policy in the 1990, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p. 346.
①下面的案件内容引自WTO官方网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds108_e.htm
①王铁崖主编:《国际法》,北京·法律出版社,1995年,第31页;《奥本海国际法》(詹宁斯、瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译),北京·大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第一卷第一分册,第42-43页。
②Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.672.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 137.
②美国众议院网站(2007年12月5号):http://waysandmeans.house.gov/legacy/portraits/1899-2000/hawley.htm③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 4th ed, see http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/3829/2iie3829.pdf
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.32.
⑤Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton: 1969), p. 10.
⑥James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p.59.
①Robert A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy: 1929-1976 (Berkley and Los Angels, California: University of California Press, 1982), pp.100-101.
②Congressional Record, September 28, 1967, pp. 27215-16. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p. 333, note 81.
③Zeiler, Thomas, American Trade and Power, p.240. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p. 202.
④Congressional Record, September 28, 1967, pp. 27186-215; HRE&L, Establishing Procedures to Relieve Domestic Industries and Workers. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, pp. 201-02.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp.105, 107.
①Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Market, p.29.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.31.
③Susan Arial Aaronson, Trade and the American Dream, p.110.
④Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change: 1953-1956 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., 1963), p.194-195.
⑤James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era, pp.60, 67.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.176.
②Robert A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy: 1929-1976, p.21.
①Robert A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, p.22.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.68.
③Robert A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, p.21.
④美国国际贸易委员会网站(2007年12月5号):http://www.usitc.gov/ext_relations/about_itc/index.htm
⑤Paula Stern,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, p.673.
⑥J. D. Richardson,“Trade Policy,”American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein, pp.636, 646.
①James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era, pp.98-104.
②I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 94-6.
③James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era, p.107.
④I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 317.
⑤I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, 206.
①罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球资本主义的挑战》,第8页。
②白宫网站(2007年8月20日):http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/05/20020522-2.html
③见2007年12月12日国务院副总理吴仪在第三次中美战略经济对话开幕式上的发言。新华网(2007年12月13日):http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-12/12/content_7234402.htm
④Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1, p. 358.
①I. M. Destler and C. Randall Henning, Dollar Politics: Exchange Rate Policymaking in the United States (Washington, D. C.: Institute for International Economics, 1989), pp.122-124.
②Journal of Commerce, September 20, 1967. Quote from Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., p. 202.
①I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 180.
②Jonathan M. Orszag, Peter R. Orszag, and Laura D. Tyson,“The Process of Economic Policy-making During the Clinton Administration,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, pp.1012-1013.
③James Shoch, Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era, pp.241-242.
④Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, p.64.
⑤Ibid, p.71.
⑥Lael Brainard,“comments,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, pp.344-345.
①Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, eds. Jeffrey Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.310.
②约翰·H·杰克逊:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,第428-435页。
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 223.
④Ibid, p. 100.
⑤George Bush, Response of the Administration to Issues Raised in Connection with the Negotiation of a North American Free Trade Agreement, May 1, 1991. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 102.
⑥I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.24.
①C. Michael Alto and Thomas O. Bayard,“Costs and Benefits of Trade Adjustment Assistance,”in Robert E. Baldwin and Anne O. Krueger, eds., The Structure and Evolution of Recent US Trade Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 184. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p. 153.
②US Department of Labor,“Labor Issues of American International Trade and Investment”(prepared for the National Manpower Administration Policy Task Force), Policy Studies in Employment and Welfare, no. 24, Washington, 1976, 52. Quote from I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, p.142.
③I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics, pp. 153-4.
④Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, p.119.
⑤Alan B. Krueger, Cecilia E. Rouse,“Education and Labor in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, ed. Jeffery Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.719.
⑥Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, pp.119-120.
①Robert Z. Lawrence,“International Trade Policy in the 1990s,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, ed. Jeffery Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.314.
②Martin Feldstein,“summary of discussion,”American Economic Policy in the 1990s, ed. Jeffery Frankel & Peter Orszag, p.356.
③詹姆斯·M·史密斯:《争端解决设计中的政治学:解释区域贸易条约中的条文主义》,载莉萨·马丁、贝思·西蒙斯编:《国际制度》,第226页。
④曼瑟尔·奥尔森:《集体行动的逻辑》(陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译),上海人民出版社,1995年版,第64-74页。
①Keohane, After Hegemony, p. 37.
②Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), pp.117-155.
③约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第97页。
④同上,第107-108页。
①约瑟夫·奈:《硬权力与软权力》,第107页。
②Robert Gilpin, Global Poltical Economy, p.88.
③Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics, p.9.
④Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony, p.138.
⑤2007年8月23日中国商务部副部长高虎城在新闻发布会上的讲话。中国商务部网站(2008年2月24日): http://gzly.mofcom.gov.cn/website/face/www_face_history.jsp?p_page=1&sche_no=1343
①Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, p.18.
②中国国家发改委宏观经济研究院2006年初的一份报告称中国80%的外汇储备是美元资产。中国保监会网站(2007年12月14日):http://www.circ.gov.cn/Portal0/InfoModule_584/30154.htm
③以2003年为例,当年美国的贸易逆差共计将近5,400亿美元,约占GDP的4.9%;但同时美国的资本净流入额大约为5,750亿美元,还高过了美国的贸易逆差数字。经常账户(current account)上的赤字被资本账户(capital account)上的黑字轧平了且还有盈余。Council of Economic Advisers 2004, table B-103. Quote from Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire, pp.125-126.
④美国驻中国大使馆网站(2007年12月14日):http://chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn/sed5.html
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U.S. White House: http://www.whitehouse.gov/
U.S. State Department: http://www.state.gov/
U.S. Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/
US Embassy at China: http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/
US House of Representatives: http://waysandmeans.house.gov/
US International Trade Commission: http://www.usitc.gov/
US Trade Representative Office: www.ustr.gov
World Trade Organization: http://www.wto.org/
US-China Economic and Security Review:http://www.uscc.gov/about/overview.php US House Ways and Means Committee:
http://waysandmeans.house.gov/legacy/portraits/1899-2000/hawley.htm
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International Labor Organization: http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Mainpillars/Therightsatwork/Labour_Standards/lang--en/index.htm
George Bush Library: http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2419&year=1990&month=11 Institute for International Economics: http://www.petersoninstitute.org/