基于惯量模拟的汽车ABS动态性能台架测试技术研究
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摘要
ABS(Anti-lock Braking System)是在汽车常规制动装置基础上的改进型技术,它既有普通机械制动系统的制动功能,又能防止车轮抱死,它能够通过调节轮缸制动压力,自动控制车轮上制动力矩的大小,将车轮与路面间的附着系数控制在峰值附近,最大限度的缩短制动距离,提高制动时车辆行驶的稳定性同时防止汽车产生侧滑及甩尾现象,因此ABS在汽车安全领域得到了快速的发展和广泛的应用。然而在利用不同的ABS控制算法对车辆在不同路况下制动性能测试方面,国内外所使用的测试方法单一,轮胎与路面间的附着系数很难做到快速、准确的变化,制动距离也难以估算,因此无法满足ABS在开发过程中对其性能测试的需要。
     本文在深入研究ABS工作原理及测试技术的基础上,提出了一种适于不同路况组合的汽车ABS动态性能台架测试方法。该方法是基于飞轮惯量模拟的独立测试方法,利用四组飞轮在旋转时所具有的转动动能来等效实际被测车辆在此速度下的平动动能,利用磁粉离合器实现制动路况的动态模拟,轮胎与路面间的附着系数通过磁粉离合器主从动轴间的滑差实现,对磁粉离合器的控制由上位机发送附着系数数据,下位机控制磁粉离合器驱动电路输出励磁电流,采用自调整模糊PID控制方法,对磁粉离合器的励磁电流进行闭环控制。整个测试系统不但能够实现单一附着系数路面、对开附着系数路面这两种常规路面的模拟,还能够动态模拟对接附着系数路面,能够在制动过程中改变轮胎与路面间的附着系数,进而对ABS系统控制逻辑中路面识别能力及其动态响应性能做出评价。
     论文通过对制动时汽车动力学以及导致车轮抱死因素的分析,规纳出了汽车防抱死制动特性,建立了制动过程中整车动力学模型、机械制动系统模型、轮胎—路面摩擦模型以及汽车制动距离模型,并进行了理论推导,总结出理想的汽车制动过程及其在制动过程中轮胎—路面附着特性与滑移率的关系,对车轮转动惯量如何影响车轮运动状态和几种成熟的ABS控制策略进行了分析。
     论文对ABS测试系统机械结构及工作原理进行了分析,对数据采集与控制系统的总体设计方案及实现技术进行了详细的阐述,提出了基于CAN总线的设计方法,并对系统中参量信号的采集和信号处理方法以及磁粉离合器励磁电流控制算法进行了深入研究,最后论文通过几组试验数据对台架测试方案的可行性进行了进一步验证。该方法很好地解决了ABS不解体检测过程中,制动压力不易测量、滑移率计算不准确、轮胎与路面间摩擦系数难以调整等问题,使其检测精度和数据重复性都大为提高。
     本文所研究的内容属于汽车安全及测试领域课题。通过对ABS动态性能测试方法及其相应数据采集与控制系统的研究,能够实现对汽车ABS制动性能的独立测试,有效缩短测试周期,降低测试成本。目前,我国汽车制动性能测试技术尚处于发展阶段,此项技术的研发可为国内汽车检测行业及科研院校提供新的技术方案,促进我国汽车检测技术的发展。
ABS is a kind of improved technology based on general braking device, ithas common brake function of mechanical braking system, and also preventswheel from locking, it controls the braking torque on the wheel automaticly,makes the adhesion coefficient between the tire and road surface in near peak,shortens the braking distance maximum, improves the braking performance andprevent vehicle from sideslipping by adjust brake pressure of wheel cylinder. SoABS obtains fast development and widely used in automotive field. However, inthe aspects of using different ABS control algorithm in different conditions totest vehicle braking performance, the test method is very single used at home andabroad. The adhesion coefficient between tire and road surface is hard to be fastand accurate changed and the braking distance is also hard to estimate. So it can'tsatisfy the performance testing needs of ABS in the development process.
     This dissertation puts forward a bench test method of automobile brakingperformance. It is suitable for different road combination that based on furtherresearching working principle and testing technology of ABS.This method is kindof independent test method based on the flywheel inertia simulation. Theprinciple of this method is to simulate the translational kinetic energy of realvehicle by the rotational kinetic energy of flywheels, to dynamic simulate thebrake road conditions by using magnetic clutch.The adhesion coefficient betweentire and road surface is realized by controlling torque transmission betweenmaster and slave shaft of magnetic clutch. PC sends adhesion coefficient data tomagnetic clutch and single-chip microcomputer controls driving circuit to trackthe target current. The exciting current is closed-loop controlled by self-tuningfuzzy PID control method. The whole system can realize not only single adhesive coefficient of the road surface and reciprocal adhesive coefficient of the roadsurface, but also docking adhesive coefficient of the road surface. Thus it canmake performance evaluation to road condition recognition ability and dynamicresponse.
     By Analyzing Automotive dynamics and factors lead to wheel lock,wesummarize vehicle antilock braking characteristics,establish vehicle dynamicmodel in the process of brake, mechanical braking system model, tire-roadfriction model, automobile braking distance model and related theoreticalderivation, sum up the ideal braking process and the relationship between tire-road friction characteristics and slip rate in the braking process. We also analyzethe influence of wheel rotation inertia to the wheel motion state and severalmature ABS control strategy.
     This dissertation also has detailed explanation on mechanical structure ofABS test stand and operating principle, analyzes the overall design scheme andimplementation technique of data acquisition system. Put forward the modulardesign methods based on CAN-BUS and in-depth study wheelspeed signalprocessing method and magnetic clutch exciting current control algorithm.Finally, the dissertation makes further feasibility validation by a group ofexperimental data. This test method has good solutions to the problems such asbrake pressure is not easy to measure, slip rate computation is not accurate, thefriction coefficient between tire road is difficult to adjust and greatly improvedprecision and data repeatability.
     The research content of this dissertation belongs to auto safety and test areas.By researching dynamic performance testing methods and data acquisition andcontrol system, it can realize independent tests of ABS braking performance,shorten test cycle effectively, reduce test cost. At present, automobile brakeperformance test technology is still in the stage of development. Thedevelopment of the technology can provide new technical scheme for thedomestic automobile testing industry and scientific research colleges anduniversities which can promote the development of China's automobile testingtechnology.
引文
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