对逆合成孔径雷达干扰技术研究
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摘要
逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)是一种高分辨率微波成像系统,在目标识别、反隐身、天文学研究以及空中交通管制等领域具有很大的应用前景,ISAR成像技术的迅速发展,对ISAR对抗领域提出了很大的挑战。研究对ISAR成像的干扰技术十分紧迫且具有重要意义。
ISAR成像是一个二维信号处理过程,能够获得很大的信号处理增益,使干扰难度增大。本文结合工程项目,针对ISAR的信号特点及信号处理的特点,研究了工程可实现的、新的干扰方法。所作的工作主要包括：
1.以转台模型为切入点研究了ISAR成像原理,深入分析了ISAR信号处理方式,指明ISAR成像的本质是距离向和方位向的二维信号处理。分别对距离向成像原理和方位向成像原理进行研究,比较了匹配滤波方法和解线调方法的异同点,分析了不同前提下信号处理的采样率和处理方式选择原则,分析了方位向取得高分辨率的原理及方位向信号处理增益。
2.提出一种卷积干扰方法,具体包括脉冲卷积和噪声卷积两种形式,分别可以产生假目标欺骗干扰效果和噪声压制干扰效果,脉冲卷积干扰可以获得ISAR—维信号处理的全部增益,而噪声卷积干扰可以获得ISAR一维信号处理的部分增益。卷积干扰可和移频干扰结合形成组合式干扰,能够改善干扰效果,使干扰位于目标回波之前。
3.提出对ISAR的相干干扰方法,主要表现为几种加权调频干扰方法,包括噪声加权调频、脉冲加权调频干扰、锯齿波加权调频干扰和正弦波加权调频干扰。研究了各种加权调频干扰方法的关键参数、决定干扰类型的条件以及干扰功率增益等等。锯齿波、正弦波和脉冲加权调频干扰均能产生假目标欺骗和噪声压制两种效果,并且可以用参数的设置来灵活控制干扰效果；而噪声加权调频干扰只能产生噪声压制干扰效果。这些方法均能利用ISAR的一维信号处理增益,从而在保证干扰效果的前提下节省干扰功率。
4.从干扰机收发隔离的实际需要出发,提出一种对ISAR的脉冲调幅干扰方法,指出用占空比为50%的脉冲对接收到的雷达照射信号进行调幅之后作为干扰信号转发,既可以产生较好的干扰效果,又可以作为干扰机收发隔离的手段。这种方法可以单独使用,也可以和其他干扰方法一起形成组合式干扰,更大限度发挥干扰威力。分析了脉冲调幅干扰方法的产生机理、时频特性和关键参数,并研究了脉冲调幅干扰及其相关的组合式干扰对ISAR一维成像的干扰效果。
5.基于解线调的ISAR交替发射宽窄谱脉冲的特点,提出对ISAR的距离欺骗干扰方法,即对雷达发射的窄谱脉冲进行距离波门拖引,使雷达获得虚假的距离信息,从而产生错误的参考信号,使得解线调的结果即频域距离像在某种程度上展宽甚至相互交迭,从而破坏ISAR一维距离成像乃至二维成像结果。
6.利用ISAR回波信号多普勒频率与目标方位之间的线性关系,将对距离向成像的干扰方法推广至方位向,提出对ISAR成像的方位向移频干扰和方位向相干干扰方法。分析了各种干扰方法的关键参数,将这些方位向干扰和距离向干扰结合起来产生二维的假目标欺骗或者遮盖干扰效果,且假目标数目、位置或者遮盖区的位置、范围可通过参数进行控制。
7.从图像质量评估的角度出发,研究了基于相关系数的干扰效果评估准则及其改进型干扰效果评估准则；从模糊综合的角度出发研究了对ISAR干扰的效果评估方法,给出了针对ISAR和相干干扰样式的模糊函数参数,初步建立起对ISAR干扰效果评估的模糊综合系统。
Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) is a high resolution microwave imaging system. It has great prospects in target recognition, anti-stealth, astronomy and air traffic control etc. It is an important research direction in radar imaging area. ISAR imaging technique has been rapidly developed to accommodate to the increasingly complicated electromagnetic environment, consequently to challenge the ISAR countermeasure field. The research on jamming methods against ISAR is urgent and important.
The ISAR imaging is a course of two-dimensional signals processing. So ISAR has advantage of high processing gain received signal and bring difficulties to the jamming technique. The dissertation proposes several jamming methods against ISAR range image and two-dimensional image. Primary work of the dissertation is summarized as follows:
1. ISAR imaging principle and echo signal processing method are studied based on the rotational platform. The processing methods concerned with range imaging are presented, which include matched filtering and dechirp processing in range dimension. The similarities and differences between them are discussed and the problem of choosing range sampling rate is studied in order to reduce the range sampling rate. The processing methods concerned with azimuth imaging are presented in detail, which is FFT processing method. The principle of how the azimuth dimension obtains high resolving power is studied. The paper also discussed the azimuth signal processing gain.
2. The dissertation proposes a jamming method named convolution jamming, which includes pulse convolution jamming and noise convolution jamming. The convolution jamming method can produce false targets deceptive jamming or noise cover jamming according to the different forms of convolution signals. And this kind of jamming method can obtain all or part of radar signal processing gain, so it can save the jamming power. The convolution jamming and the shift-frequency jamming are combined in order to improve the jamming effect; in other words, the combined jamming can produce jamming which is ahead of the target echoes.
3. Several coherent jamming methods are proposed, which include noise weighted frequency modulation jamming, pulse weighted frequency modulation jamming, sawtooth weighted frequency modulation jamming and sinusoidal weighted frequency modulation jamming. The noise weighted frequency modulation jamming can produce cover jamming; others can produce both cover jamming and false target deceptive jamming. Some important parameters, jamming type determinants and jamming gain are discussed. Those jamming methods can utilize the radar signal processing gain, so they can save the jamming power.
4. The dissertation proposes a pulse amplitude modulation jamming which uses pulse signal whose duty ration is50%. This kind of jamming can produce false target deceptive jamming effect. At the same time, it can solve the separation problem of the jamming receiver and transmitter. The pulse amplitude modulation jamming can also be combined with other kinds of jamming methods; thereby they can improve their jamming effect. The jamming principle, important parameters and the time-frequency characteristic are discussed. The jamming effect of the pulse amplitude modulation method and correlative combined jamming are discussed.
5. For the reduction of sampling bandwidth, ISAR echoes are usually dechirped first in the receiver. A new method named range deceptive jamming is proposed in this chapter, which is based on the feature of dechirping. The narrow band pulse is jammed by range pull-off, and then radar obtains a false range value and produces a false reference signal. So the point-spread function (PSF) in the frequency domain will be widen or folded and imaging will be worsen or destroyed. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation justify the validity and efficiency of the new jamming technique.
6. There are linear relation between the ISAR echoes and the azimuth position of target. So we can utilize the shift-frequency jamming and the coherent jamming methods to the azimuth imaging. Those methods are combined with the jamming methods countering range imaging to form two-dimensional jamming methods. The jamming principle, important parameters, the time-frequency characteristic and the jamming gain are all discussed. The two-dimensional jamming methods can produce both cover jamming and false target deceptive jamming.
7. The dissertation discusses ISAR radar equation and jamming equation and studies evaluation of jamming effectiveness against ISAR. Since ISAR is a kind of two-dimensional imaging radar, target of which is extended and result of which is an image, it is necessary to evaluate jamming effectiveness against ISAR based on the image. The correlation coefficient can be used as a criterion to evaluate the jamming effect. Furthermore, the fuzzy mathematics is discussed.
ISAR成像是一个二维信号处理过程,能够获得很大的信号处理增益,使干扰难度增大。本文结合工程项目,针对ISAR的信号特点及信号处理的特点,研究了工程可实现的、新的干扰方法。所作的工作主要包括：
1.以转台模型为切入点研究了ISAR成像原理,深入分析了ISAR信号处理方式,指明ISAR成像的本质是距离向和方位向的二维信号处理。分别对距离向成像原理和方位向成像原理进行研究,比较了匹配滤波方法和解线调方法的异同点,分析了不同前提下信号处理的采样率和处理方式选择原则,分析了方位向取得高分辨率的原理及方位向信号处理增益。
2.提出一种卷积干扰方法,具体包括脉冲卷积和噪声卷积两种形式,分别可以产生假目标欺骗干扰效果和噪声压制干扰效果,脉冲卷积干扰可以获得ISAR—维信号处理的全部增益,而噪声卷积干扰可以获得ISAR一维信号处理的部分增益。卷积干扰可和移频干扰结合形成组合式干扰,能够改善干扰效果,使干扰位于目标回波之前。
3.提出对ISAR的相干干扰方法,主要表现为几种加权调频干扰方法,包括噪声加权调频、脉冲加权调频干扰、锯齿波加权调频干扰和正弦波加权调频干扰。研究了各种加权调频干扰方法的关键参数、决定干扰类型的条件以及干扰功率增益等等。锯齿波、正弦波和脉冲加权调频干扰均能产生假目标欺骗和噪声压制两种效果,并且可以用参数的设置来灵活控制干扰效果；而噪声加权调频干扰只能产生噪声压制干扰效果。这些方法均能利用ISAR的一维信号处理增益,从而在保证干扰效果的前提下节省干扰功率。
4.从干扰机收发隔离的实际需要出发,提出一种对ISAR的脉冲调幅干扰方法,指出用占空比为50%的脉冲对接收到的雷达照射信号进行调幅之后作为干扰信号转发,既可以产生较好的干扰效果,又可以作为干扰机收发隔离的手段。这种方法可以单独使用,也可以和其他干扰方法一起形成组合式干扰,更大限度发挥干扰威力。分析了脉冲调幅干扰方法的产生机理、时频特性和关键参数,并研究了脉冲调幅干扰及其相关的组合式干扰对ISAR一维成像的干扰效果。
5.基于解线调的ISAR交替发射宽窄谱脉冲的特点,提出对ISAR的距离欺骗干扰方法,即对雷达发射的窄谱脉冲进行距离波门拖引,使雷达获得虚假的距离信息,从而产生错误的参考信号,使得解线调的结果即频域距离像在某种程度上展宽甚至相互交迭,从而破坏ISAR一维距离成像乃至二维成像结果。
6.利用ISAR回波信号多普勒频率与目标方位之间的线性关系,将对距离向成像的干扰方法推广至方位向,提出对ISAR成像的方位向移频干扰和方位向相干干扰方法。分析了各种干扰方法的关键参数,将这些方位向干扰和距离向干扰结合起来产生二维的假目标欺骗或者遮盖干扰效果,且假目标数目、位置或者遮盖区的位置、范围可通过参数进行控制。
7.从图像质量评估的角度出发,研究了基于相关系数的干扰效果评估准则及其改进型干扰效果评估准则；从模糊综合的角度出发研究了对ISAR干扰的效果评估方法,给出了针对ISAR和相干干扰样式的模糊函数参数,初步建立起对ISAR干扰效果评估的模糊综合系统。
Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) is a high resolution microwave imaging system. It has great prospects in target recognition, anti-stealth, astronomy and air traffic control etc. It is an important research direction in radar imaging area. ISAR imaging technique has been rapidly developed to accommodate to the increasingly complicated electromagnetic environment, consequently to challenge the ISAR countermeasure field. The research on jamming methods against ISAR is urgent and important.
The ISAR imaging is a course of two-dimensional signals processing. So ISAR has advantage of high processing gain received signal and bring difficulties to the jamming technique. The dissertation proposes several jamming methods against ISAR range image and two-dimensional image. Primary work of the dissertation is summarized as follows:
1. ISAR imaging principle and echo signal processing method are studied based on the rotational platform. The processing methods concerned with range imaging are presented, which include matched filtering and dechirp processing in range dimension. The similarities and differences between them are discussed and the problem of choosing range sampling rate is studied in order to reduce the range sampling rate. The processing methods concerned with azimuth imaging are presented in detail, which is FFT processing method. The principle of how the azimuth dimension obtains high resolving power is studied. The paper also discussed the azimuth signal processing gain.
2. The dissertation proposes a jamming method named convolution jamming, which includes pulse convolution jamming and noise convolution jamming. The convolution jamming method can produce false targets deceptive jamming or noise cover jamming according to the different forms of convolution signals. And this kind of jamming method can obtain all or part of radar signal processing gain, so it can save the jamming power. The convolution jamming and the shift-frequency jamming are combined in order to improve the jamming effect; in other words, the combined jamming can produce jamming which is ahead of the target echoes.
3. Several coherent jamming methods are proposed, which include noise weighted frequency modulation jamming, pulse weighted frequency modulation jamming, sawtooth weighted frequency modulation jamming and sinusoidal weighted frequency modulation jamming. The noise weighted frequency modulation jamming can produce cover jamming; others can produce both cover jamming and false target deceptive jamming. Some important parameters, jamming type determinants and jamming gain are discussed. Those jamming methods can utilize the radar signal processing gain, so they can save the jamming power.
4. The dissertation proposes a pulse amplitude modulation jamming which uses pulse signal whose duty ration is50%. This kind of jamming can produce false target deceptive jamming effect. At the same time, it can solve the separation problem of the jamming receiver and transmitter. The pulse amplitude modulation jamming can also be combined with other kinds of jamming methods; thereby they can improve their jamming effect. The jamming principle, important parameters and the time-frequency characteristic are discussed. The jamming effect of the pulse amplitude modulation method and correlative combined jamming are discussed.
5. For the reduction of sampling bandwidth, ISAR echoes are usually dechirped first in the receiver. A new method named range deceptive jamming is proposed in this chapter, which is based on the feature of dechirping. The narrow band pulse is jammed by range pull-off, and then radar obtains a false range value and produces a false reference signal. So the point-spread function (PSF) in the frequency domain will be widen or folded and imaging will be worsen or destroyed. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation justify the validity and efficiency of the new jamming technique.
6. There are linear relation between the ISAR echoes and the azimuth position of target. So we can utilize the shift-frequency jamming and the coherent jamming methods to the azimuth imaging. Those methods are combined with the jamming methods countering range imaging to form two-dimensional jamming methods. The jamming principle, important parameters, the time-frequency characteristic and the jamming gain are all discussed. The two-dimensional jamming methods can produce both cover jamming and false target deceptive jamming.
7. The dissertation discusses ISAR radar equation and jamming equation and studies evaluation of jamming effectiveness against ISAR. Since ISAR is a kind of two-dimensional imaging radar, target of which is extended and result of which is an image, it is necessary to evaluate jamming effectiveness against ISAR based on the image. The correlation coefficient can be used as a criterion to evaluate the jamming effect. Furthermore, the fuzzy mathematics is discussed.
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