农业生物技术可持续性评价体系的研究
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摘要
可持续农业是21世纪农业发展的主要模式，生物技术是农业可持续发展的重要技术支撑和保障。农业可持续发展需要什么样的生物技术来支撑，如何根据可持续发展的要求来规范和引导生物技术的发展，从而找到一个生物技术与可持续农业的有效结合点，这是本论文研究的总体思路。
1．系统阐述了各类型农业生物技术的内涵、研究进展和成效。现代生物技术是一个复杂的技术群，包括基因工程、细胞工程、微生物工程、酶(蛋白质)工程等4大工程技术。对农业4大生物工程技术特别是基因工程技术的进展(以转基因作物类型为重点)，作了较为全面系统的阐述，为构建评价体系奠定基础。
2．根据农业生物技术的生态安全性的要求，建立了其安全性评价的指标体系，主要包括：(1)水平基因转移。评价了GMOs(转基因生物)在自然环境中水平基因转移的可能途径及其研究方法；(2)非靶标效应。阐述了转基因植物对植食性昆虫的影响、通过食物链产生的间接影响、对土壤微生物群落的影响、对水生生物的影响、对鸟类的影响以及对生物多样性的影响；(3)有害生物抗性的产生与发展。重点阐述了对Bt的抗性及治理策略；(4)转基因植物的入侵能力。阐述其主要途径是通过生物群体的自身繁衍与扩散和通过基因渗入向野生种群扩散；(5)目的基因的重组与稳定性。主要是目的基因特别是病毒基因在转基因植物中的位移、重组和稳定性产生的影响；(6)对哺乳动物的影响。主要是转基因植物对哺乳动物的毒性和转基因食品中的过敏原问题。对人体健康的影响需要进行潜在风险总体评估和人体安全专项评估，分析了直接影响和间接影响。上述指标主要为定性指标，对具体的生物技术产品，组织针对这六个方面的试验，只要其中一项指标达不到要求，即存在环境安全隐患，则不考虑对其进行进一步综合评估和应用推广。同时，结合典型事例，对农业生物技术生态安全性评价各指标进行了分述。
3．构建了农业生物技术可持续性评价体系。以转基因作物为对象，借鉴国内外可持续性综合评价的方法，本着简明、实用和可操作性原则，从生态、经济、社会等方面，构建一个能够比较科学的农业生物技术可持续性评价体系。在综合评价指标体系中，生态评价是在农业生物技术环境安全性评价的基础上，进一步考察农业生物技术
Sustainable agriculture is regarded as the main model for agricultural development in the 21st century, in which biotechnology serves as technological support and guarantee. The very starting points of this dissertation consider the issues of 'which kinds of biotechnology are needed for agricultural sustainable development?', 'how to keep biotechnology development according to the requirements of sustainable development, thereby to reach an effective junction point for biotechnology and sustainable agriculture?'.
1. The connotation, effect and development of each type of agricultural biotechnology were systematically elaborated. Modern biotechnology is a complex technology cluster encompassing four areas of engineering techniques, i.e., genetic engineering, cell engineering, microbial engineering, enzyme (protein) engineering. In terms of the types of transgenic crops, this dissertation addressed the advances of the four engineering techniques especially genetic engineering in detail, which provided a basis for establishing assessment for sustainable agricultural biotechnology.
2. Index system of assessment for agricultural biotechnology security was established according to the requirements of ecological security of agricultural biotechnology. The main aspects include: (1) Horizontal transfer of transgene DNA. The possible paths and research methods for GMOs in natural environment were investigated and summerizaed. (2) Non-target impacts. Elaborated were the influences of transgenic plants on phytophagous insects, on soil microbial community, on hydrobiology, on birds, biodiversity and indirect influences via food chain. (3) Development of resistance. (4) Capability of transgenic plants to invasiveness. The main paths were self multiplication and diffusion via biological community and diffusion into wild species via genetic transgression. (5) Recombination and stability of transgenes in plants. Influences of viral genes on the genetic translocation, recombination and stability of transgenic plants were focused. (6) Effects of GMOs on mammals. This mainly involved the transgenic plant's toxicity to mammals and the issue of antigens in transgenic plants. Influence on human health entailed general assessment of potential risks and specific assessment of human security, with direct and indirect influences analyzed. All of the above indexes were qualitative indexes which required respective experiments for each of the six aspects. If one of the indexes did not reach the reqirements, it showed that there was environmental security problem, and could not be further assessed and applied. In the mean time, all of the indexes for ecological security of agricultural biotechnology were elaborated in detail with typical cases.
3. An assessment system for agricultural biotechnology sustainability was constructed, which aims to scientifically and effectively reflecting the situation of agriculture biotechnology sustainability and to possess the merit of operational simplicity. Oriented to transgenic plants and based on the principles of simplicity and practicality, the system was established by drawing on the experiences and methods of sustainability assessment at home and abroad from ecological, economic and social perspectives. Ecological assessment was based on assessing biotechnology's influences on environment and their application security, to further discuss agricultural biotechnology's influences on environmental pollution
1．系统阐述了各类型农业生物技术的内涵、研究进展和成效。现代生物技术是一个复杂的技术群，包括基因工程、细胞工程、微生物工程、酶(蛋白质)工程等4大工程技术。对农业4大生物工程技术特别是基因工程技术的进展(以转基因作物类型为重点)，作了较为全面系统的阐述，为构建评价体系奠定基础。
2．根据农业生物技术的生态安全性的要求，建立了其安全性评价的指标体系，主要包括：(1)水平基因转移。评价了GMOs(转基因生物)在自然环境中水平基因转移的可能途径及其研究方法；(2)非靶标效应。阐述了转基因植物对植食性昆虫的影响、通过食物链产生的间接影响、对土壤微生物群落的影响、对水生生物的影响、对鸟类的影响以及对生物多样性的影响；(3)有害生物抗性的产生与发展。重点阐述了对Bt的抗性及治理策略；(4)转基因植物的入侵能力。阐述其主要途径是通过生物群体的自身繁衍与扩散和通过基因渗入向野生种群扩散；(5)目的基因的重组与稳定性。主要是目的基因特别是病毒基因在转基因植物中的位移、重组和稳定性产生的影响；(6)对哺乳动物的影响。主要是转基因植物对哺乳动物的毒性和转基因食品中的过敏原问题。对人体健康的影响需要进行潜在风险总体评估和人体安全专项评估，分析了直接影响和间接影响。上述指标主要为定性指标，对具体的生物技术产品，组织针对这六个方面的试验，只要其中一项指标达不到要求，即存在环境安全隐患，则不考虑对其进行进一步综合评估和应用推广。同时，结合典型事例，对农业生物技术生态安全性评价各指标进行了分述。
3．构建了农业生物技术可持续性评价体系。以转基因作物为对象，借鉴国内外可持续性综合评价的方法，本着简明、实用和可操作性原则，从生态、经济、社会等方面，构建一个能够比较科学的农业生物技术可持续性评价体系。在综合评价指标体系中，生态评价是在农业生物技术环境安全性评价的基础上，进一步考察农业生物技术
Sustainable agriculture is regarded as the main model for agricultural development in the 21st century, in which biotechnology serves as technological support and guarantee. The very starting points of this dissertation consider the issues of 'which kinds of biotechnology are needed for agricultural sustainable development?', 'how to keep biotechnology development according to the requirements of sustainable development, thereby to reach an effective junction point for biotechnology and sustainable agriculture?'.
1. The connotation, effect and development of each type of agricultural biotechnology were systematically elaborated. Modern biotechnology is a complex technology cluster encompassing four areas of engineering techniques, i.e., genetic engineering, cell engineering, microbial engineering, enzyme (protein) engineering. In terms of the types of transgenic crops, this dissertation addressed the advances of the four engineering techniques especially genetic engineering in detail, which provided a basis for establishing assessment for sustainable agricultural biotechnology.
2. Index system of assessment for agricultural biotechnology security was established according to the requirements of ecological security of agricultural biotechnology. The main aspects include: (1) Horizontal transfer of transgene DNA. The possible paths and research methods for GMOs in natural environment were investigated and summerizaed. (2) Non-target impacts. Elaborated were the influences of transgenic plants on phytophagous insects, on soil microbial community, on hydrobiology, on birds, biodiversity and indirect influences via food chain. (3) Development of resistance. (4) Capability of transgenic plants to invasiveness. The main paths were self multiplication and diffusion via biological community and diffusion into wild species via genetic transgression. (5) Recombination and stability of transgenes in plants. Influences of viral genes on the genetic translocation, recombination and stability of transgenic plants were focused. (6) Effects of GMOs on mammals. This mainly involved the transgenic plant's toxicity to mammals and the issue of antigens in transgenic plants. Influence on human health entailed general assessment of potential risks and specific assessment of human security, with direct and indirect influences analyzed. All of the above indexes were qualitative indexes which required respective experiments for each of the six aspects. If one of the indexes did not reach the reqirements, it showed that there was environmental security problem, and could not be further assessed and applied. In the mean time, all of the indexes for ecological security of agricultural biotechnology were elaborated in detail with typical cases.
3. An assessment system for agricultural biotechnology sustainability was constructed, which aims to scientifically and effectively reflecting the situation of agriculture biotechnology sustainability and to possess the merit of operational simplicity. Oriented to transgenic plants and based on the principles of simplicity and practicality, the system was established by drawing on the experiences and methods of sustainability assessment at home and abroad from ecological, economic and social perspectives. Ecological assessment was based on assessing biotechnology's influences on environment and their application security, to further discuss agricultural biotechnology's influences on environmental pollution
引文
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