探地雷达数据处理方法研究与软件研制
摘要
探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar,简称GPR)数据处理是一项复杂的工作。本文从软件研制背景出发,介绍了国内外探地雷达数据处理进展情况。然后本文阐述了GPR工作原理,探讨影响其分辨率与探测深度的因素,并结合实测数据和正演模型详细论述了数据噪音及其来源。针对前述GPR信号特点,结合探地雷达数字信号处理原理,设计了“探地雷达数据处理软件”。该软件在VISUALC++和MATLAB两种平台下开发,其中在VISUALC++下完成数据格式分析和转换程序,在MATLAB下完成主处理程序。主程序由文件操作、视图操作、常规编辑和滤波处理四个模块组成。其中,文件操作模块包括文件读写、文件头编辑、数据格式转换等,数据格式转换是将三种GPR数据转化为地震通用存储格式Segy;视图操作包括对数据显示,其中包括波形、变面积和变密度三种显示方式,三瞬剖面(瞬时振幅、瞬时频率和瞬时相位剖面)以及增益调节;常规编辑包括信号校正、时窗截取、重采样、去直流分量和坐标编辑等功能模块;滤波模块包括频谱分析,其中包括傅式谱和S变换谱,FIR频率域或波数域滤波、二维滤波、背景滤波、均值和中值滤波,其中包括四种形式二维滤波,即任意多边形、扇形和消除上(下)倾。软件处理工作以交互的方式进行,操作友好简洁,处理后的数据以图形化方式实时展现给用户,有利于用户对处理过程进行监视和分析。最后,本文通过一个数据处理应用实例,综合利用本软件处理手段,对其进行分析和解释,验证了本软件的可靠性。
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data processing is a systematic project. Firstly, the dissertation analyses the fault of existent software and introduces the development of GPR data processing history at home and abroad. Then this dissertation summarizes and presents the basic principles of GPR and discusses the key factors which influence its resolution and the depth that it can penetrate. The dissertation points out the possible origin of noise that affects the quality of GPR data with combination of actual data and forward modeling. Based on the former analysis, the author designs GPR Processing Software under the environment of Matlab and Visual C++. Data format analysis and converting are completed by C++ and the main program is made in Matlab. The main program includes four parts: File Operation, View Operation, Basic Edit and Filtering. File operation includes reading and saving files, editing file headers and format convert. The View menu offers data visualization options, which includes image (color-coded) displays with several color maps for better discrimination of the details, wiggle-trace displays and variable-area displays and gain manipulation. It is also possible to plot individual traces and trace spectra, as well as the instantaneous attributes (instantaneous amplitude, instantaneous phase and instantaneous frequency) of the input data and processed data. Basic Edit includes adjustment of signal time-zero, basic trace editing (trimming and extraction), resampling and marker interpolation routines is also provided to data at equal-distance spacing. Filtering provides a suite of data smoothing facilities. These include: zero-phase FIR filtering of the frequency content and of the wave number content, interactive F-K filter design and implementation, Mean and median spatial filtering in one and two dimensions and removal of a sliding window mean (background) trace. The software works in an interactive way. It is friendly to use and the results are returned to customers using graphic scheme. Thus that it is convenient to monitor and analysis of changes caused by operation. At last, the dissertation gives an example to prove it efficiently by using processing method provided by the software.
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data processing is a systematic project. Firstly, the dissertation analyses the fault of existent software and introduces the development of GPR data processing history at home and abroad. Then this dissertation summarizes and presents the basic principles of GPR and discusses the key factors which influence its resolution and the depth that it can penetrate. The dissertation points out the possible origin of noise that affects the quality of GPR data with combination of actual data and forward modeling. Based on the former analysis, the author designs GPR Processing Software under the environment of Matlab and Visual C++. Data format analysis and converting are completed by C++ and the main program is made in Matlab. The main program includes four parts: File Operation, View Operation, Basic Edit and Filtering. File operation includes reading and saving files, editing file headers and format convert. The View menu offers data visualization options, which includes image (color-coded) displays with several color maps for better discrimination of the details, wiggle-trace displays and variable-area displays and gain manipulation. It is also possible to plot individual traces and trace spectra, as well as the instantaneous attributes (instantaneous amplitude, instantaneous phase and instantaneous frequency) of the input data and processed data. Basic Edit includes adjustment of signal time-zero, basic trace editing (trimming and extraction), resampling and marker interpolation routines is also provided to data at equal-distance spacing. Filtering provides a suite of data smoothing facilities. These include: zero-phase FIR filtering of the frequency content and of the wave number content, interactive F-K filter design and implementation, Mean and median spatial filtering in one and two dimensions and removal of a sliding window mean (background) trace. The software works in an interactive way. It is friendly to use and the results are returned to customers using graphic scheme. Thus that it is convenient to monitor and analysis of changes caused by operation. At last, the dissertation gives an example to prove it efficiently by using processing method provided by the software.
引文
[1] 曾昭发等. 探地雷达方法原理与应用. 北京:科学出版社. 2006-6:139-164
[2] 何樵登,熊维纲. 地震勘探. 地质出版社. 1990.8:137-139
[3] 陈义群,肖柏勋. 论探地雷达现状与发展. 工程地球物理学报, 第 2 卷第 2 期. 2005-4
[4] 曹震峰,杨世福,宋世荣,等. 探地雷达数据处理方法及其应用. 地质与勘探. 1996-1
[5] 王者江, 曾昭发, 薛健,等. KL 变换消除探地雷达数据中的水平相干噪声. 吉林大学学报. 2005-7
[6] 赵安兴, 蒋延生, 汪文秉. 卡亨南_洛维变换法提高探地雷达信号信噪比研究. 西安交通大学学报. 2005-12
[7] 廖立坚, 杨新安, 黄小平. 去除探地雷达信号中不相关噪声的方法. 华东交通大学学报. 2007-8
[8] 赵学军,王瑛,王洪领,等. 模糊分形方法在探地雷达信号处理中的应用. 地质与勘探. 2001-7
[9] 黄伟,李大心,唐庆兵. 二维滤波在探地雷达图像处理中的应用研究. 工程勘察. 2002年第四期
[10] 翟波等. 基于二维滤波的探地雷达数据去噪研究. 南京师范大学学报(工程技术版). 2007.9
[11] 宋维琪,吴华. 小波模变换技术在探地雷达资料中的应用. 物探与化探. 2004-2
[12] 邹海林,宁书年,林捷 小波理论在探地雷达信号处理中的应用. 地球物理学进展. 2004,6
[13] Y.Sum ,J.Li. Time-frequency analysis for plastic landmine detection via forward-looking ground penetrating radar. IEEProc. -radar Sonar Navig. 2003,150(4):253~261
[14] Stockwell,R.G.MansinhaL,and Lowe.R.P. Loacalizition of the complex spectrum:The S transform:IEEE Trans. Signal Process 44,998-1001
[15] 李文超,王续本,邓薇. 一种新的时频分析方法在 UWB-GPR 中的应用. 2007 通信理论与技术新发展——第十二届全国青年通信学术会议论文集(上册),2007 年
[16] M.Zoubir. Signal processing techniques for landmine detection using impluse ground penetrating radar. IEEE Sensors Journal,2002,2(1):41-51
[17] Brian D.O.Andersin,John B. Moore,Optimal Filtering,Prentice-Hall,Inc. 1999
[18] 陈洁等. 卡尔曼滤波在探地雷达杂波抑制中的应用. 第二届环境与工程地球物理国际会议论文集. 2006 年
[19] Greg Tuner. Subsurface radar propagation deconvolution[J ] . Geophysics,1994,59 (2): 215 – 223
[20] DUBE F. N,DEVLIN J. C . A new LMS adaptive filter for GPR processing . Proc .SPIE Vol4084,p . 408-412,Eighth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar . 2000-4
[21] Gardner G H F. Migration of seismic data: Geophys[M ] . Reprint Series,4,Soc. Expel. Geophysics ,1985
[22] Elizabeth Fisher ,George A McMechan ,A PeterAnnan ,et al. Examples of reverse - time migration of single - channel ground - penetrating radar pro2 files[J] . Geophysics . 1998 -57 (4)
[23] R E 谢里夫, L P 吉尔达特. 勘探地震学[M] . 北京:石油工业出版社,1999.
[24] 底青云,许琨. 衰减雷达波有限元偏移[J ] . 地球物理学报. 2000 ,43 (2) :257 – 263
[25] 张志勇等. 探地雷达复信号分析的几点讨论[J]. 物探化探计算技术. 2006-5
[26] 戴前伟等. 探地雷达数据的解析信号分析及应用[J]. 西部探矿工程. 2007 年第 3 期
[27] 韦宏鹄. 探地雷达的相位参数及其应用[J]. 地质科技情报. 1999,18(1):3
[28] 李成方,王绪本,王山山. 振幅处理技术在探地雷达资料处理中的应用. 物探化探计算技术. 2002-8
[29] 刘秀娟,邓世坤,薛桂霞. 探地雷达剖面的相干加强处理. 物探与化探. 2004-2
[30] 李大心. 探地雷达方法与应用. 北京:地质出版社. 1994-12:1-4
[31] Lawrence B. Conyers. http://mysite.du.edu/~lconyers/SERDP/GPRprotocols2.htm
[32] Deloor,G.P. The dielectric properties of wet materials, IEEE Trans.,1983,GE-21
[33] A. Giannopoulos. Modelling ground penetrating radar by GprMax. Construction and Building Materials 19 (2005) 755–762
[34] 兰樟松,张虎生. 浅淡地质雷达在工程勘察中的干扰因素及图像特征[J ] . 物探与化 探, 2000,24 (5) :387 – 390
[35] Jeffrey Richter.Programming Application for Microsoft Windows.U.S.A: Microsoft Press,1999
[36] Michael J.Young .邱仲潘译.Visual C++6 从入门到精通. 电子工业出版社,1999-1
[37] 求是科技.MATLAB7.0 从入门到精通.人民邮电出版社,2006-3
[38] 唐大荣. 地质雷达数据的拟浅层地震资料处理技术. 物探化探计算技术. 1995-8
[39] Jeffrey E. Lucius ,Michael H. Powers. GPR Data Processing Computer Software for the PC. USGS:Open-File Report 02-166. 2002
[40] SEG . SEG Y rev 1 Data Exchange format. 2002-5
[41] 杨天春,易伟建,吕绍林. 探地雷达数据文件的分割. 物探与化探,第 29 卷第 1 期, 2005-2
[42] 陈越,刘庆成.直接写位图实现探地雷达数据显示研究.东华理工学院院报,27(3):265~267,2004-9
[43] 谢雄耀,万明浩.复信号分析技术在地质雷达信号处理中的应用.北京:物探化探计算技术,2000-5
[2] 何樵登,熊维纲. 地震勘探. 地质出版社. 1990.8:137-139
[3] 陈义群,肖柏勋. 论探地雷达现状与发展. 工程地球物理学报, 第 2 卷第 2 期. 2005-4
[4] 曹震峰,杨世福,宋世荣,等. 探地雷达数据处理方法及其应用. 地质与勘探. 1996-1
[5] 王者江, 曾昭发, 薛健,等. KL 变换消除探地雷达数据中的水平相干噪声. 吉林大学学报. 2005-7
[6] 赵安兴, 蒋延生, 汪文秉. 卡亨南_洛维变换法提高探地雷达信号信噪比研究. 西安交通大学学报. 2005-12
[7] 廖立坚, 杨新安, 黄小平. 去除探地雷达信号中不相关噪声的方法. 华东交通大学学报. 2007-8
[8] 赵学军,王瑛,王洪领,等. 模糊分形方法在探地雷达信号处理中的应用. 地质与勘探. 2001-7
[9] 黄伟,李大心,唐庆兵. 二维滤波在探地雷达图像处理中的应用研究. 工程勘察. 2002年第四期
[10] 翟波等. 基于二维滤波的探地雷达数据去噪研究. 南京师范大学学报(工程技术版). 2007.9
[11] 宋维琪,吴华. 小波模变换技术在探地雷达资料中的应用. 物探与化探. 2004-2
[12] 邹海林,宁书年,林捷 小波理论在探地雷达信号处理中的应用. 地球物理学进展. 2004,6
[13] Y.Sum ,J.Li. Time-frequency analysis for plastic landmine detection via forward-looking ground penetrating radar. IEEProc. -radar Sonar Navig. 2003,150(4):253~261
[14] Stockwell,R.G.MansinhaL,and Lowe.R.P. Loacalizition of the complex spectrum:The S transform:IEEE Trans. Signal Process 44,998-1001
[15] 李文超,王续本,邓薇. 一种新的时频分析方法在 UWB-GPR 中的应用. 2007 通信理论与技术新发展——第十二届全国青年通信学术会议论文集(上册),2007 年
[16] M.Zoubir. Signal processing techniques for landmine detection using impluse ground penetrating radar. IEEE Sensors Journal,2002,2(1):41-51
[17] Brian D.O.Andersin,John B. Moore,Optimal Filtering,Prentice-Hall,Inc. 1999
[18] 陈洁等. 卡尔曼滤波在探地雷达杂波抑制中的应用. 第二届环境与工程地球物理国际会议论文集. 2006 年
[19] Greg Tuner. Subsurface radar propagation deconvolution[J ] . Geophysics,1994,59 (2): 215 – 223
[20] DUBE F. N,DEVLIN J. C . A new LMS adaptive filter for GPR processing . Proc .SPIE Vol4084,p . 408-412,Eighth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar . 2000-4
[21] Gardner G H F. Migration of seismic data: Geophys[M ] . Reprint Series,4,Soc. Expel. Geophysics ,1985
[22] Elizabeth Fisher ,George A McMechan ,A PeterAnnan ,et al. Examples of reverse - time migration of single - channel ground - penetrating radar pro2 files[J] . Geophysics . 1998 -57 (4)
[23] R E 谢里夫, L P 吉尔达特. 勘探地震学[M] . 北京:石油工业出版社,1999.
[24] 底青云,许琨. 衰减雷达波有限元偏移[J ] . 地球物理学报. 2000 ,43 (2) :257 – 263
[25] 张志勇等. 探地雷达复信号分析的几点讨论[J]. 物探化探计算技术. 2006-5
[26] 戴前伟等. 探地雷达数据的解析信号分析及应用[J]. 西部探矿工程. 2007 年第 3 期
[27] 韦宏鹄. 探地雷达的相位参数及其应用[J]. 地质科技情报. 1999,18(1):3
[28] 李成方,王绪本,王山山. 振幅处理技术在探地雷达资料处理中的应用. 物探化探计算技术. 2002-8
[29] 刘秀娟,邓世坤,薛桂霞. 探地雷达剖面的相干加强处理. 物探与化探. 2004-2
[30] 李大心. 探地雷达方法与应用. 北京:地质出版社. 1994-12:1-4
[31] Lawrence B. Conyers. http://mysite.du.edu/~lconyers/SERDP/GPRprotocols2.htm
[32] Deloor,G.P. The dielectric properties of wet materials, IEEE Trans.,1983,GE-21
[33] A. Giannopoulos. Modelling ground penetrating radar by GprMax. Construction and Building Materials 19 (2005) 755–762
[34] 兰樟松,张虎生. 浅淡地质雷达在工程勘察中的干扰因素及图像特征[J ] . 物探与化 探, 2000,24 (5) :387 – 390
[35] Jeffrey Richter.Programming Application for Microsoft Windows.U.S.A: Microsoft Press,1999
[36] Michael J.Young .邱仲潘译.Visual C++6 从入门到精通. 电子工业出版社,1999-1
[37] 求是科技.MATLAB7.0 从入门到精通.人民邮电出版社,2006-3
[38] 唐大荣. 地质雷达数据的拟浅层地震资料处理技术. 物探化探计算技术. 1995-8
[39] Jeffrey E. Lucius ,Michael H. Powers. GPR Data Processing Computer Software for the PC. USGS:Open-File Report 02-166. 2002
[40] SEG . SEG Y rev 1 Data Exchange format. 2002-5
[41] 杨天春,易伟建,吕绍林. 探地雷达数据文件的分割. 物探与化探,第 29 卷第 1 期, 2005-2
[42] 陈越,刘庆成.直接写位图实现探地雷达数据显示研究.东华理工学院院报,27(3):265~267,2004-9
[43] 谢雄耀,万明浩.复信号分析技术在地质雷达信号处理中的应用.北京:物探化探计算技术,2000-5