基于雷达回波信号的弹片与冲击波速度检测技术研究
摘要
炸弹爆炸后,主要以两种形式向外释放能量,一种是爆炸后由弹壳产生的弹片向四周分散击中物体,产生破坏效应,另外一种是爆炸产物挤压周围的空气形成冲击波,由冲击波产生破坏效应。所以弹片与冲击波的速度已经成为衡量炸药及武器战斗部威力的重要指标,对其速度变化规律的研究也成为近几十年来武器学,爆炸学和弹道学的研究热点。
最早提出的雷达是基于多普勒效应提出的多普勒雷达,它是发射机发射一定频率的信号,对比接收机接收到的雷达回波信号,通过计算回波信号的时间差与频率差来计算被测目标的距离、速度、方向和角度等重要参数。雷达以很高的距离分辨力与速度分辨力以及较强的抗干扰能力从开始提出就受到了人们的关注,并且在随后得到了长足的发展,近几十年来雷达也成为各个研究领域特别是航空军事等领域的研究热点。
本文首先通过对比与总结以往对弹片与冲击波的研究方法,指出了传统研究方法的实验限制与可能无法解决的问题,在此基础上提出将雷达应用于对弹片与冲击波速度测试的方法上来,并且根据国内外对弹片与冲击波的研究成果以及雷达的基础理论知识,给出了利用这种方法的理论依据与仿真总结以及结果分析。
由于雷达的高分辨力,在得到弹片与冲击波的雷达回波信号后,本文提出通过首先寻找加速阶段与减速阶段的分界点,将弹片与冲击波的加速阶段与减速阶段分离开来。本文根据频谱的相似度提出了两种寻找分界点的方法：频谱图相似度法和幅度谱面积相似法。最后给出了理论分析与仿真结果,并且对两种方法在精确性与运算量上进行了对比,结果表明两种方法各有优缺点。
文章最后对雷达测试的整体系统结构与各模块的实验方法也进行了阐述,在确定加速曲线的时候利用了相似度曲线的变化趋势,在确定减速阶段时则用到了滑动窗的研究方法,并且用模平方积累的方法检测起始点。最后画出了弹片与冲击波的整体速度曲线。
Fragment and shock wave were all generated at the same time to release energy when the bomb was exploded. Fragment was from broken shell when explosion and scattering around, resulting in damage, While shock wave was formed from the air around the bomb because of the extrusion of the explosion production. So the flying speed of fragment and shock wave have be a mainly indicator of explosive power, and the research of fragment and shock wave has become the focus of weapons, explosives and ballistics science in recent decades.
The Doppler radar was first proposed of the Doppler effect. The radar transmitter transmitted a radar signal with a certain frequency, and the reflected signal from radar was received by the radar receiver. Comparing with the time and frequency of transmitted and received wave we can calculate the distance, speed, direction, angel and the other important parameters of the moving target. Because of the high range resolution radar and speed resolution and strong anti-interference ability, radar get researcher's attention from the beginning and have a considerable development. It can be widely used in many area of research, especially in military, and it has a good practical value.
The traditional methods of shrapnel and shock wave was compared and summarized in this paper. Then we pointed out the limitations and impossible solved problem in that methods. On this basis, this paper proposed that we can use the radar to test shrapnel and shock wave. According to the research at home and abroad and the theoretical knowledge of radar, this paper given the theoretical basis for using this method and analyzed the simulation result.
Because of high resolution radar, this paper looked for the demarcation point between acceleration and deceleration section of the shrapnel and shock wave when we got the reflected wave. There are two methods proposed in this paper, the similarity of spectrum and the similarity of amplitude spectrum area, and this paper given the theoretical analysis and simulation results. The two methods ware compared in amount of calculation and accuracy, and the results showed that the two methods have each advantages and disadvantages.
The overall system of radar test and the experimental methods of each structure ware described in this paper. The trend of similarity curve was applied to determining the acceleration curve, and we used the sliding window to detection the deceleration curve. In determining the starting time, the model squaring energy accumulate detection was used. Finally, the whole speed wave curve was drawn.
最早提出的雷达是基于多普勒效应提出的多普勒雷达,它是发射机发射一定频率的信号,对比接收机接收到的雷达回波信号,通过计算回波信号的时间差与频率差来计算被测目标的距离、速度、方向和角度等重要参数。雷达以很高的距离分辨力与速度分辨力以及较强的抗干扰能力从开始提出就受到了人们的关注,并且在随后得到了长足的发展,近几十年来雷达也成为各个研究领域特别是航空军事等领域的研究热点。
本文首先通过对比与总结以往对弹片与冲击波的研究方法,指出了传统研究方法的实验限制与可能无法解决的问题,在此基础上提出将雷达应用于对弹片与冲击波速度测试的方法上来,并且根据国内外对弹片与冲击波的研究成果以及雷达的基础理论知识,给出了利用这种方法的理论依据与仿真总结以及结果分析。
由于雷达的高分辨力,在得到弹片与冲击波的雷达回波信号后,本文提出通过首先寻找加速阶段与减速阶段的分界点,将弹片与冲击波的加速阶段与减速阶段分离开来。本文根据频谱的相似度提出了两种寻找分界点的方法：频谱图相似度法和幅度谱面积相似法。最后给出了理论分析与仿真结果,并且对两种方法在精确性与运算量上进行了对比,结果表明两种方法各有优缺点。
文章最后对雷达测试的整体系统结构与各模块的实验方法也进行了阐述,在确定加速曲线的时候利用了相似度曲线的变化趋势,在确定减速阶段时则用到了滑动窗的研究方法,并且用模平方积累的方法检测起始点。最后画出了弹片与冲击波的整体速度曲线。
Fragment and shock wave were all generated at the same time to release energy when the bomb was exploded. Fragment was from broken shell when explosion and scattering around, resulting in damage, While shock wave was formed from the air around the bomb because of the extrusion of the explosion production. So the flying speed of fragment and shock wave have be a mainly indicator of explosive power, and the research of fragment and shock wave has become the focus of weapons, explosives and ballistics science in recent decades.
The Doppler radar was first proposed of the Doppler effect. The radar transmitter transmitted a radar signal with a certain frequency, and the reflected signal from radar was received by the radar receiver. Comparing with the time and frequency of transmitted and received wave we can calculate the distance, speed, direction, angel and the other important parameters of the moving target. Because of the high range resolution radar and speed resolution and strong anti-interference ability, radar get researcher's attention from the beginning and have a considerable development. It can be widely used in many area of research, especially in military, and it has a good practical value.
The traditional methods of shrapnel and shock wave was compared and summarized in this paper. Then we pointed out the limitations and impossible solved problem in that methods. On this basis, this paper proposed that we can use the radar to test shrapnel and shock wave. According to the research at home and abroad and the theoretical knowledge of radar, this paper given the theoretical basis for using this method and analyzed the simulation result.
Because of high resolution radar, this paper looked for the demarcation point between acceleration and deceleration section of the shrapnel and shock wave when we got the reflected wave. There are two methods proposed in this paper, the similarity of spectrum and the similarity of amplitude spectrum area, and this paper given the theoretical analysis and simulation results. The two methods ware compared in amount of calculation and accuracy, and the results showed that the two methods have each advantages and disadvantages.
The overall system of radar test and the experimental methods of each structure ware described in this paper. The trend of similarity curve was applied to determining the acceleration curve, and we used the sliding window to detection the deceleration curve. In determining the starting time, the model squaring energy accumulate detection was used. Finally, the whole speed wave curve was drawn.
引文
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[7]Zhi- Yue Liu, Shiro Kubota, Shirou Nagano, Shigeru ItOh. High—speed photography study on overdriven detonation of high explosive.24th International Congress on High— Speed, SPIE V01.4183,2001
[8]Ola Wall. Dynamic crack propagation in large steel specimens. Engineering Fracture Mechanics.2002,(69):835-849
[9]丁杰,弹片迎风面积测量系统研究,长春理工大学硕士学位论文
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[11]谭显祥.高速扫描相机时间测量不确定度分析.光子学报,2002；31(11)：1387—1390
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[16]郭炜,俞统昌,王建灵,空气冲击波压力的地面测量技术,第三届全国爆炸力学实验技术学术会议论文集
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[19]徐干成,赵文良.飞机掩蔽库填充式防护门抗破片侵彻能力研究[A].见：中国土木工程学会防护工程分会第八次学术年会论文集[C].洛阳：总参工程兵科研三所,2003
[20]李晓军,张殿臣.常规武器破坏效应与工程防护技术[M]洛阳：总参工程兵科研三所,2000
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[24]赵文宣,终点弹道学,兵器工业出版社
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[26]Davidson R O. Ammunition Series Section 2,Design for Terminal Effects[R]. AD389304, 1976
[27]张远平,池家春,爆炸冲击波压力传感器灵敏度的动态标定及测试技术研究,第四届全国爆炸力学实验技术学术会议,349-353
[28]张挺编著《爆炸冲.击波测试技术》国防工业出版社1984
[29]高尔新,李景云,冯顺山,带壳聚能装药的实验研究[J].实验力学,1996,(2)：205-210
[30]石守海,高兴勇,张玉令,赵安东,破甲弹弹丸破片初速理论计算方法研究产品开始与设计,2007年第4期
[31]汪源源,王威琪,超声多普勒血信号的时间-频率表示法,复旦学报(自然科学版),1994,33(5).527-532
[32]Mo L L, Cobbold R C A nonstationary signal simulation model for CW and PW Doppler ultrasound. IEEE trans UFFC,1989,36(5):522-530
[33]Brody W, Meindl J, Theoretical analysis of CW Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. IEEE trans Biomed Eng,1974,21(4):183-192
[34]Igor Immoreev, Boris Vovshin. Features of Ultra wideband Radar Projecting. IEEE International Radar Conference,1995,720-725
[35]吴耀云,宽带多基地雷达多目标检测与跟踪技术研究,博士学位论文
[36]Roach L K. A methodology for battle damage repair analysis[R]. AD-A276083,1994
[37]Dvorscak B J, Smith H G. C-5B battle damaged aircraft recovery methods in combat environments[R].AIAA-88-4456.1988
[38]胡时胜,空中爆炸防护若干问题的研究,博士学位论文
[39]尹峰,张来栋,方秦,常规武器爆炸产生的破片及其破坏效应,解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),Vo1.6NO.1 Feb.2005
[40]刘世平,弹丸速度测量与数据处理.北京兵器工业出版社,1994：31-33
[41]TMS-1300. Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions[S]. US:US Department of the Army,1990
[42]史林,张琳.调频连续波雷达频谱配对信号处理方法【J】.西安电子科技大学学报.30(4).2003：534-538
[43]张三喜,张小满,姚敏.XF—2000狭缝摄影系统及联动控制.学子学报,2002,Vo1.31No.z2： 350
[44]李贵.82式双镜头狭缝高速同步摄影机及其在弹道测试上地应用.兵工学报弹箭分册,1984,(4)：72-78
[45]丁玉美,高西全,数字信号处理,西安电子科技大学出版社.2006
[46]Lemire M J. Battlefield damage assessment and repair[R]. AD-A262563,1993
[47]Nydick I, Friendmann P P, Zhong X L. Hypersonic panel flutter studies on curved panels. AIAA Paper 95-1485,1995
[48]R. W. Gurney, BRL Report 405,1943
[49]M. Defourncaux, 《Sciences of techniques de Lament)) p.872,1973
[50]Shung KK, Yuan YW, Fei DY.et al. Effect of flow disturbance on ultrasonic backscatter from blood. J Acoust Soc Am,1984,75:1265-1272
[51]Mo LL,Yum LM. Cobbdd RC. Comperlson of four digital maximum frequency estimators for Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound. In Med & Biol.1988,14(5):355-363
[52]Guo Z, Durand L G, Lee H C. Comparison of time-frequency distribution techniques for analysis of simulated Doppler ultrasound signals of the femoral artery. IEEE trans Biomed Eng,1994,41(4):332-342
[2]黄正平.炸药装药发射安全性研究的文献调研报告[R].北京：北京理工大学.
[3]James. F. Proctor, Internal Blast Damage Mechanisms Computer Program, AD-759002,1972 W. F. Baker, Explosion in Air,1973
[4]TMS-855-1. Fundamentals of protective design for conventional weapons[s]. US:US Army corps of Engineers,1986
[5][美]陆军装备部,终点弹道学原理[M].王维和,李惠昌译,北京：国防工业出版社,1988
[6]李良威,娄国伟,高速摄影法测量弹丸的破片速度,高速摄影与光子学,Vo1.20 No.4Dec.1991
[7]Zhi- Yue Liu, Shiro Kubota, Shirou Nagano, Shigeru ItOh. High—speed photography study on overdriven detonation of high explosive.24th International Congress on High— Speed, SPIE V01.4183,2001
[8]Ola Wall. Dynamic crack propagation in large steel specimens. Engineering Fracture Mechanics.2002,(69):835-849
[9]丁杰,弹片迎风面积测量系统研究,长春理工大学硕士学位论文
[10]吴云峰,叶玉堂,谭显祥.转镜式高速相机控制系统,仪器仪表学报,2004,25(1)：134—137
[11]谭显祥.高速扫描相机时间测量不确定度分析.光子学报,2002；31(11)：1387—1390
[12]W. E. Baker. Engineering Design Handbook Explosions in Air[M],USA,1974
[13]俞统昌,郭炜,王建灵,等自由大气爆炸冲击波超压测试[A].电子测量及仪器学术研讨会论文集,2002：86-89
[14]张挺,爆炸冲击波测量技术[M].国防工业出版社,1984：2-87
[15]熊祖钊,白春华,刘长林,等.FAE武器爆炸状态场压力场测试方法研究[J]火炸药学报,2002第一期：55-61
[16]郭炜,俞统昌,王建灵,空气冲击波压力的地面测量技术,第三届全国爆炸力学实验技术学术会议论文集
[17]李国强,爆炸冲击波测试的干扰问题,第三届全国爆炸力学实验技术学术会议论文集
[18]张三喜,张小满,姚敏.XF—2000狭缝摄影系统及联动控制.学子学报,2002,Vo1.31No.z2：350
[19]徐干成,赵文良.飞机掩蔽库填充式防护门抗破片侵彻能力研究[A].见：中国土木工程学会防护工程分会第八次学术年会论文集[C].洛阳：总参工程兵科研三所,2003
[20]李晓军,张殿臣.常规武器破坏效应与工程防护技术[M]洛阳：总参工程兵科研三所,2000
[21]隋树元,王树山.终点效应学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2000
[22]周光前,柱形杀爆战斗部的破片初速分布.爆轰波与冲击波,1997年3月,第一期
[23]Davidson R O.Ammunition Series Section 2,Design for Terminal Effects [R]. AD389304, 1976
[24]赵文宣,终点弹道学,兵器工业出版社
[25]隋树元,王树山.终点效应学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2000.
[26]Davidson R O. Ammunition Series Section 2,Design for Terminal Effects[R]. AD389304, 1976
[27]张远平,池家春,爆炸冲击波压力传感器灵敏度的动态标定及测试技术研究,第四届全国爆炸力学实验技术学术会议,349-353
[28]张挺编著《爆炸冲.击波测试技术》国防工业出版社1984
[29]高尔新,李景云,冯顺山,带壳聚能装药的实验研究[J].实验力学,1996,(2)：205-210
[30]石守海,高兴勇,张玉令,赵安东,破甲弹弹丸破片初速理论计算方法研究产品开始与设计,2007年第4期
[31]汪源源,王威琪,超声多普勒血信号的时间-频率表示法,复旦学报(自然科学版),1994,33(5).527-532
[32]Mo L L, Cobbold R C A nonstationary signal simulation model for CW and PW Doppler ultrasound. IEEE trans UFFC,1989,36(5):522-530
[33]Brody W, Meindl J, Theoretical analysis of CW Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. IEEE trans Biomed Eng,1974,21(4):183-192
[34]Igor Immoreev, Boris Vovshin. Features of Ultra wideband Radar Projecting. IEEE International Radar Conference,1995,720-725
[35]吴耀云,宽带多基地雷达多目标检测与跟踪技术研究,博士学位论文
[36]Roach L K. A methodology for battle damage repair analysis[R]. AD-A276083,1994
[37]Dvorscak B J, Smith H G. C-5B battle damaged aircraft recovery methods in combat environments[R].AIAA-88-4456.1988
[38]胡时胜,空中爆炸防护若干问题的研究,博士学位论文
[39]尹峰,张来栋,方秦,常规武器爆炸产生的破片及其破坏效应,解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),Vo1.6NO.1 Feb.2005
[40]刘世平,弹丸速度测量与数据处理.北京兵器工业出版社,1994：31-33
[41]TMS-1300. Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions[S]. US:US Department of the Army,1990
[42]史林,张琳.调频连续波雷达频谱配对信号处理方法【J】.西安电子科技大学学报.30(4).2003：534-538
[43]张三喜,张小满,姚敏.XF—2000狭缝摄影系统及联动控制.学子学报,2002,Vo1.31No.z2： 350
[44]李贵.82式双镜头狭缝高速同步摄影机及其在弹道测试上地应用.兵工学报弹箭分册,1984,(4)：72-78
[45]丁玉美,高西全,数字信号处理,西安电子科技大学出版社.2006
[46]Lemire M J. Battlefield damage assessment and repair[R]. AD-A262563,1993
[47]Nydick I, Friendmann P P, Zhong X L. Hypersonic panel flutter studies on curved panels. AIAA Paper 95-1485,1995
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