赤楠叶片显微形态、植物体化学成分与抗菌活性的初步研究
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摘要
对赤楠Syzygium buxifolium Hook.et Arn的叶表皮特征，叶、果实和种子的化学成分和抑菌活性等进行研究。研究结果表明：
1 在光镜下和电镜下的赤楠叶表皮特征与同属形态相近的轮叶蒲桃Syzygium grijsii，有较大差异。“叶表皮细胞形状大多为多边形，垂周壁式样近平直或弓状，保卫细胞表面纹饰呈细小致密的小穴状和明显鳞片状，角质膜纹饰呈鳞片状”是其较独特的特征。
2 果肉中总糖(15.4％)、维生素C(11.69mg/100g·FW)、粗蛋白(4.75％)、粗脂肪(5.75％)等含量丰富，果肉中含有17种AA，EAA/TAA高达39.7％，果肉的矿物质元素丰富，元素配比合理,Cr的含量尤其突出。种子的总糖、粗蛋白、氨基酸、矿质元素含量也较丰富。首次发现种子醇提物有较强的抗菌活性和青果种子油有相对含量高达18.99％的十五碳烷酸。
3 赤楠果实红色素属水醇溶性的花色甙色素，在酸性条件下稳定性好，对光，热，Ca~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+等金属离子和食品添加剂也有较好的稳定性，VitC、Fe~(3+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和氧化还原剂存在不良影响，色素可应用于高钙酸性食品与饮料的着色。色素经纸层析可分离出四个成分。
4 以水蒸汽蒸馏法得赤楠叶精油，含量约0.52％，该精油具有抑菌活性，用GC-MS分析其化学成分主要为有平喘特效的石竹烯(37.623％)和α-瑟林烯(9.627％)，β-瑟林烯(9.408％)，柯巴烯(5.360％)。
5 不同提取剂提取的赤楠叶提取物以水提物等极性较大提取剂的提取物抑菌活性较强。水提物、水提醇沉物、醇提物等3种提取物纸层析结果显示有两种黄酮类化合物，经薄层层析分离纯化，并进行紫外光谱分析，初步测定其中一组分为4′，5-二羟基黄酮醇醚或4′，5，8-三羟基黄酮醇醚。
The paper studied on the micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis of Syzygium buxifolium Hook.et Am, the chemical composition of its leaf,fruit and seed ,the antimicrobial activity of the extracts from leaves. The conclusions were as follows :
1. The micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis of S.buxifoliwn were examined by LM and SEM. The particular characters of leaf epidermis of S. buxifolium which were different from the other species in Syzygium such as S. grijsii were that the shape of epidermal cells was generally polygonal with the nearly straight pattern of anticlinal walls, the wax ornamentation of the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis and the surface of the guard cell was all cavemulous , obviously scaly.
2. It had been dealt with the analysis of nutrient constituents of S. buxifolium fruit and the research of chemical constituents of its seed. The results showed that the pulp of the Syzygium buxifolium fruit was rich in total sugar(l 5.4%),in VitC(l1.69mg/100.FW),in crude protein(4.75%),in fat(5.75%),and in 17 kinds of amino acid, containing 39.7% of EAA. Inorganic elements having the right ratio were abundant in the fruit, especially in Cr. The seed was also rich in total sugar,in crude protein, in amino acid and inorganic elements .In addition, the higher antimicrobial activity of alcohol extracts from the seed and Pentadecanoic acid containing 18.99% in the unripe seed oils were first found .
3. The red pigment from S. buxifolium fruit was water -soluble and alcohol-soluble anthocyanins.In acid solution.the stability of it was well.The results also showed that it could resist light ,heat, Ca2+, Al3+, Mg2+,Na+,
K+ and food additives except for VitC, Fe3+, Zn2+, Cu2+, oxide-educing medium. It was suitable that the red pigment was used as nature healthy pigment-additive to acid food or potation containing rich Ca. Four kinds of components of it were separated by paper chromatography.
4.The evident antimicrobial activity of essential oils (0.52%) extracted by steam distillation from leaves was found. The main components of it were identified by GC-MS as Caryophyllene(37.623%) with antiasthmatic effect and a -selinene(9.627%), B-selinene (9.408%),Copaene (5.360%).
5.By the different extractive solution, the antimicrobial activity of extracts appear different results, but higher activity of higher polarity solution. Two kinds of flavonoids in water extracts, water-extraction and alcohol precipitation, alcohol extracts were found by paper chromatography . They were separated and purified by thin-layer chromatography ,one of which was primarily identified by UV as 4', 5-Dihydroxy-flavonol etherification or 4 ' , 5,8-Trihydroxy-flavonol etherification.
1 在光镜下和电镜下的赤楠叶表皮特征与同属形态相近的轮叶蒲桃Syzygium grijsii，有较大差异。“叶表皮细胞形状大多为多边形，垂周壁式样近平直或弓状，保卫细胞表面纹饰呈细小致密的小穴状和明显鳞片状，角质膜纹饰呈鳞片状”是其较独特的特征。
2 果肉中总糖(15.4％)、维生素C(11.69mg/100g·FW)、粗蛋白(4.75％)、粗脂肪(5.75％)等含量丰富，果肉中含有17种AA，EAA/TAA高达39.7％，果肉的矿物质元素丰富，元素配比合理,Cr的含量尤其突出。种子的总糖、粗蛋白、氨基酸、矿质元素含量也较丰富。首次发现种子醇提物有较强的抗菌活性和青果种子油有相对含量高达18.99％的十五碳烷酸。
3 赤楠果实红色素属水醇溶性的花色甙色素，在酸性条件下稳定性好，对光，热，Ca~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+等金属离子和食品添加剂也有较好的稳定性，VitC、Fe~(3+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和氧化还原剂存在不良影响，色素可应用于高钙酸性食品与饮料的着色。色素经纸层析可分离出四个成分。
4 以水蒸汽蒸馏法得赤楠叶精油，含量约0.52％，该精油具有抑菌活性，用GC-MS分析其化学成分主要为有平喘特效的石竹烯(37.623％)和α-瑟林烯(9.627％)，β-瑟林烯(9.408％)，柯巴烯(5.360％)。
5 不同提取剂提取的赤楠叶提取物以水提物等极性较大提取剂的提取物抑菌活性较强。水提物、水提醇沉物、醇提物等3种提取物纸层析结果显示有两种黄酮类化合物，经薄层层析分离纯化，并进行紫外光谱分析，初步测定其中一组分为4′，5-二羟基黄酮醇醚或4′，5，8-三羟基黄酮醇醚。
The paper studied on the micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis of Syzygium buxifolium Hook.et Am, the chemical composition of its leaf,fruit and seed ,the antimicrobial activity of the extracts from leaves. The conclusions were as follows :
1. The micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis of S.buxifoliwn were examined by LM and SEM. The particular characters of leaf epidermis of S. buxifolium which were different from the other species in Syzygium such as S. grijsii were that the shape of epidermal cells was generally polygonal with the nearly straight pattern of anticlinal walls, the wax ornamentation of the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis and the surface of the guard cell was all cavemulous , obviously scaly.
2. It had been dealt with the analysis of nutrient constituents of S. buxifolium fruit and the research of chemical constituents of its seed. The results showed that the pulp of the Syzygium buxifolium fruit was rich in total sugar(l 5.4%),in VitC(l1.69mg/100.FW),in crude protein(4.75%),in fat(5.75%),and in 17 kinds of amino acid, containing 39.7% of EAA. Inorganic elements having the right ratio were abundant in the fruit, especially in Cr. The seed was also rich in total sugar,in crude protein, in amino acid and inorganic elements .In addition, the higher antimicrobial activity of alcohol extracts from the seed and Pentadecanoic acid containing 18.99% in the unripe seed oils were first found .
3. The red pigment from S. buxifolium fruit was water -soluble and alcohol-soluble anthocyanins.In acid solution.the stability of it was well.The results also showed that it could resist light ,heat, Ca2+, Al3+, Mg2+,Na+,
K+ and food additives except for VitC, Fe3+, Zn2+, Cu2+, oxide-educing medium. It was suitable that the red pigment was used as nature healthy pigment-additive to acid food or potation containing rich Ca. Four kinds of components of it were separated by paper chromatography.
4.The evident antimicrobial activity of essential oils (0.52%) extracted by steam distillation from leaves was found. The main components of it were identified by GC-MS as Caryophyllene(37.623%) with antiasthmatic effect and a -selinene(9.627%), B-selinene (9.408%),Copaene (5.360%).
5.By the different extractive solution, the antimicrobial activity of extracts appear different results, but higher activity of higher polarity solution. Two kinds of flavonoids in water extracts, water-extraction and alcohol precipitation, alcohol extracts were found by paper chromatography . They were separated and purified by thin-layer chromatography ,one of which was primarily identified by UV as 4', 5-Dihydroxy-flavonol etherification or 4 ' , 5,8-Trihydroxy-flavonol etherification.
引文
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[2]Nodunga M, et al. Fitoterapia, 1994, LXV(1)：80．
[3]蔡秋，龙梅立，卢兰，程明亮．贵州蒲桃营养成分分析[J]．营养学报，1996，18(2)：235-237
[4]蔡秋，龙梅立，卢兰．贵州蒲桃营养成分与资源的综合利用[J]．资源开发与市场，1996，12(1)：7-9．
[5]刘剑秋，张清其，吴文珊．我国南部几种果树蜂花粉营养成分研究[J]．热带作物学报，1996，2：36-41．
[6] D. B. V. Ramana. Nutritive evaluation of some nitrogen and non-nitrogen fixing multipurpose tree species[J]Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2000, 88(1-2): 103-111.
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