欧洲栓皮槭和银叶椴引种的适应性、繁殖技术与经济价值研究
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摘要
栓皮槭和银叶椴自然分布于欧洲和西亚部分地区。两树种具有重要的生态经济价值。本论文依托国家“948”项目“旱地生态经济型树种抗性选择及综合利用技术引进”,对栓皮槭和银叶椴在我国引种适应性、繁殖技术和经济价值进行试验研究。试验区设在北京昌平。试验研究结果如下:
(1)气候生态适生区划分。根据栓皮槭和银叶椴分布区的气候类型,把两树种划分为三种气候生态类型。依据引种的气候相似原理,采用模糊相似优先比法对我国引种栓皮槭和银叶椴三个生态类型的气候生态适生区分别进行区划。
(2)物候表现。栓皮槭与对照树种元宝枫相比,种源4与元宝枫从芽萌动一直到落叶末各物候期最为接近。银叶椴与当地树种紫椴相比,种源1从芽萌动一直到落叶末各物候期与紫椴最为接近。
(3)越冬力。栓皮槭和银叶椴引入北京试验地区栽培的主要限制因子是冬季的严寒和早春的霜冻及低温干燥。种源3(银叶椴德国种源)和种源9(栓皮槭德国种源)的6年生幼树能安全越冬。种源1、2、4、5、6的2年生幼树越冬级仅为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级。
(4)银叶椴种子的休眠原因。银叶椴种子属于综合性深休眠类型。果皮表面的角质层、中果皮木栓层,严重阻碍种子吸水;种皮表面角质化,中层致密的厚壁栅状(柱状)石细胞阻碍胚与外界的水气交换;同时,在果皮、种皮和胚乳内积累了大量的ABA等抑制物质,使幼胚进入深度休眠状态。
(5)银叶椴种子解除休眠的技术。机械去果皮,100℃开水烫2s,再转入室温水浸泡24h,GA3和6-BA分别浸种24h和先暖温(10-15℃)5d,后低温(0-5℃)15d变温层积。
(6)高生长规律。栓皮槭各种源速生期主要发生在7、8月份。与对照树种元宝枫相比,种源4、5树高与元宝枫无显著差异,而显著高于种源6、7、8。银叶椴两个种源速生期主要发生在6、7月份。2年生幼树当年生长高度存在差异,种源1显著高于种源2,但与紫椴、糠椴相比无显著差异。
(7)生物量与根系分布。树高、地径、根长、地上干重、地下干重等生长指标表明:栓皮槭供试种源以种源4各项指标较高,与元宝枫接近。银叶椴供试种源以种源1各项指标较高,与紫椴、糠椴接近。
(8)嫩枝扦插技术。嫩枝扦插得到最佳生根率的促根配方为:IBA1000ppm+NAA500ppm和IBA1000ppm+6-BA10ppm(栓皮槭); IBA1000ppm +NAA500ppm+6-BA40ppm(银叶椴)。栓皮槭4个种源(种源4、5、6、7)生根状况优于银叶椴2个种源(种源1、2)。10种生根基质配方中,栓皮槭生根效果好的基质有3种,即泥炭-珍珠岩、河沙、蛭石;银叶椴有2种,即泥炭-河沙、泥炭-河沙-珍珠岩。
Hedge maple (Acer campestre L) and silver linden (Tilia tomentosa Moench), originated from Europe and parts of East-Asia, are kinds of superior plant resources for its ecological, economic and societal values. In this paper, study on adaptability of introduction, propagative technology and economic values of Acer campestre and Tilia tomentosa were carried out. The testing area was in Changping, Beijing.
The main research results are as follows:
(1)Climatic and ecological suitable region division. According to climatic types of distributing region, hedge maple and silver linden were divided into three climatic and ecological types.According to theory of climatic comparability, the suitable climatic and ecological regions for introduction of three climatic and ecological types of hedge maple and silver linden in China are divided by applying the analysis statistic method of fuzzy distance similitude priority ratio.
(2) Phenophase. Provenance No.4 of hedge maple has similar phenophase with Acer truncatum from date of germination to defoliation.And provenance No.1 of silver linden has similar phenophase with Tilia amurensis from date of germination to defoliation.
(3) Freezing resistance. Primary restrictive factors for introduction of hedge maple and silver linden were chilliness in winter, frost and dryness and low temperature in early spring in Beijing.6-year-old trees of provenance No.3 (Germanic provenance of silver linden) and No.9(Germanic provenance of hedge maple) could live safely through the winter. 2-year-old trees of provenance No.1, 2, 4, 5, 6 haveⅡ,Ⅲgrade of freezing resistance.
(4)Resting reason of silver linden seed. Silver linden seed belongs to all-around deep dormancy. Corneous stratum of pericarpial surface and stratum of phellem in mesocarp block badly seminal sopping. Corneous stratum of seed capsule and thick-walled paled (columelliform)lithoid cells block water and air exchange between embryo and outside. Meanwhile, abundant ABA(abscisic acid) accumulating in pericarp, seed capsule and endosperm, result in deep dormancy in young embryo.
(5)Technique of breaking dormancy of silver linden. Firstly shuck off pericarp by machine;secondly scald seeds for 2s with 100℃boiled water, then dip in room temperature water for 24h, thirdly dip in GA3 and 6-BA solution, respectively; finally need seed stratification at varying temperature, namely first at warm temperature(10-15℃) for 5d, then at low temperature(0-5℃) for 15d.
(6)Low of high growth. The period of fast growth of all provenances of hedge maple is mostly in July and August. The height of trees have no remarkable difference between
(1)气候生态适生区划分。根据栓皮槭和银叶椴分布区的气候类型,把两树种划分为三种气候生态类型。依据引种的气候相似原理,采用模糊相似优先比法对我国引种栓皮槭和银叶椴三个生态类型的气候生态适生区分别进行区划。
(2)物候表现。栓皮槭与对照树种元宝枫相比,种源4与元宝枫从芽萌动一直到落叶末各物候期最为接近。银叶椴与当地树种紫椴相比,种源1从芽萌动一直到落叶末各物候期与紫椴最为接近。
(3)越冬力。栓皮槭和银叶椴引入北京试验地区栽培的主要限制因子是冬季的严寒和早春的霜冻及低温干燥。种源3(银叶椴德国种源)和种源9(栓皮槭德国种源)的6年生幼树能安全越冬。种源1、2、4、5、6的2年生幼树越冬级仅为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级。
(4)银叶椴种子的休眠原因。银叶椴种子属于综合性深休眠类型。果皮表面的角质层、中果皮木栓层,严重阻碍种子吸水;种皮表面角质化,中层致密的厚壁栅状(柱状)石细胞阻碍胚与外界的水气交换;同时,在果皮、种皮和胚乳内积累了大量的ABA等抑制物质,使幼胚进入深度休眠状态。
(5)银叶椴种子解除休眠的技术。机械去果皮,100℃开水烫2s,再转入室温水浸泡24h,GA3和6-BA分别浸种24h和先暖温(10-15℃)5d,后低温(0-5℃)15d变温层积。
(6)高生长规律。栓皮槭各种源速生期主要发生在7、8月份。与对照树种元宝枫相比,种源4、5树高与元宝枫无显著差异,而显著高于种源6、7、8。银叶椴两个种源速生期主要发生在6、7月份。2年生幼树当年生长高度存在差异,种源1显著高于种源2,但与紫椴、糠椴相比无显著差异。
(7)生物量与根系分布。树高、地径、根长、地上干重、地下干重等生长指标表明:栓皮槭供试种源以种源4各项指标较高,与元宝枫接近。银叶椴供试种源以种源1各项指标较高,与紫椴、糠椴接近。
(8)嫩枝扦插技术。嫩枝扦插得到最佳生根率的促根配方为:IBA1000ppm+NAA500ppm和IBA1000ppm+6-BA10ppm(栓皮槭); IBA1000ppm +NAA500ppm+6-BA40ppm(银叶椴)。栓皮槭4个种源(种源4、5、6、7)生根状况优于银叶椴2个种源(种源1、2)。10种生根基质配方中,栓皮槭生根效果好的基质有3种,即泥炭-珍珠岩、河沙、蛭石;银叶椴有2种,即泥炭-河沙、泥炭-河沙-珍珠岩。
Hedge maple (Acer campestre L) and silver linden (Tilia tomentosa Moench), originated from Europe and parts of East-Asia, are kinds of superior plant resources for its ecological, economic and societal values. In this paper, study on adaptability of introduction, propagative technology and economic values of Acer campestre and Tilia tomentosa were carried out. The testing area was in Changping, Beijing.
The main research results are as follows:
(1)Climatic and ecological suitable region division. According to climatic types of distributing region, hedge maple and silver linden were divided into three climatic and ecological types.According to theory of climatic comparability, the suitable climatic and ecological regions for introduction of three climatic and ecological types of hedge maple and silver linden in China are divided by applying the analysis statistic method of fuzzy distance similitude priority ratio.
(2) Phenophase. Provenance No.4 of hedge maple has similar phenophase with Acer truncatum from date of germination to defoliation.And provenance No.1 of silver linden has similar phenophase with Tilia amurensis from date of germination to defoliation.
(3) Freezing resistance. Primary restrictive factors for introduction of hedge maple and silver linden were chilliness in winter, frost and dryness and low temperature in early spring in Beijing.6-year-old trees of provenance No.3 (Germanic provenance of silver linden) and No.9(Germanic provenance of hedge maple) could live safely through the winter. 2-year-old trees of provenance No.1, 2, 4, 5, 6 haveⅡ,Ⅲgrade of freezing resistance.
(4)Resting reason of silver linden seed. Silver linden seed belongs to all-around deep dormancy. Corneous stratum of pericarpial surface and stratum of phellem in mesocarp block badly seminal sopping. Corneous stratum of seed capsule and thick-walled paled (columelliform)lithoid cells block water and air exchange between embryo and outside. Meanwhile, abundant ABA(abscisic acid) accumulating in pericarp, seed capsule and endosperm, result in deep dormancy in young embryo.
(5)Technique of breaking dormancy of silver linden. Firstly shuck off pericarp by machine;secondly scald seeds for 2s with 100℃boiled water, then dip in room temperature water for 24h, thirdly dip in GA3 and 6-BA solution, respectively; finally need seed stratification at varying temperature, namely first at warm temperature(10-15℃) for 5d, then at low temperature(0-5℃) for 15d.
(6)Low of high growth. The period of fast growth of all provenances of hedge maple is mostly in July and August. The height of trees have no remarkable difference between
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