借助遗传育种模拟工具QuLine开展小麦设计育种初探
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摘要
研究目的:利用软件QUline分析现有不同环境下生长的不同小麦品系,和已有的基因信息相结合,预测并比较不同育种策略下的产量和品质效果,更好指导实践,以达到高产、优质、节约成本的研究目的。
试验方法:分析小麦的基因组和不同群体下的小麦中与产量品质相关的QTL以及与品质和产量相关的主效基因的连锁紧密的marker。根据现有的小麦品系的基因信息和和其在群体中的基因频率编写.qug文件,并根据现有的基因信息对.pop文件进行编辑,最后编辑包含有不同育种策略和不同选择方式的.qmp文件,在运行1000次后得到不同育种策略的所需种植株数、得到的杂交组合数、遗传进度均值及其调整值、性状的真实值,然后对得到的数据进行整理分析,找出现有小麦品系的理想育种策略,并与现实的育种进程相结合,以便获得更理想的育种效果。
创新点:将小麦的与品质性状的主效基因紧密连锁的marker和QTL结合一起,对小麦不同品系在不同的育种策略下进行模拟预测对比,以便寻找到较好的育种策略,能更好的指导实践。
结果:在进行单交试验中:如果只进行表型选择时,前5个世代进行bulk和后2个世代进行pedigree的育种策略和前4个世代进行bulk和后3个世代进行pedigree的育种策略,各有优劣;如果既有表型选择又有分子标记辅助选择,则前5个世代进行bulk和后两代进行pedigree的育种策略在先进行表型选择后进行分子标记选择的情况下最好。
选择好的单交策略进入回交试验:在回交3次后轮回亲本的基因恢复程度不再有大的变化,在marker距离目的基因越远的时候,回交代数越多,MAS选择到目的基因的可能性越小,在距离超过3.87cm时,利用MAS选择目标基因时尽量不要使用回交方法。
Most important agronomic and economic traits such as yield, quality, resistance, are quantitative traits in crops. Quantitative traits not only its genetic complexity, but also the performance of low heritability, regulated and controlled by a number of QTL and each QTL is minor. Performance of these quantitative traits has led to minor QTL can not be detected, if you want to improve on these traits you must have a number of minor QTL operated at the same time. the complexity of quantitative trait take tremendous difficulties to the genetic research and application.
How to improve future generations of hybrid combinations have excellent frequency and which kinds of choice is an important issue to the process of seedbreeding. A breeding project configuration of conventional breeding ,always make hundreds or even thousands of hybrid combinations every year, only 1-2% of the combinations can be selected with the objectives of seedbreeding, a large number of combinations in different generations of the selection process has been eliminated , it’s waste of resources. Hence traditional breeding has inefficiency and poor predictability. The same problem also exists in the marker-assisted selection, the marker-assisted selection in the breeding process through the choice of several different strategies to achieve the target plant, which is the most appropriate strategy? How is genetic progress ? To obtain the goal of the reorganization of genotype need how many species? These problems can be solved by breeding simulation,to some extent .
Therefore, this experiment will combine the traditional breeding methods, MAS with simulated molecular breeding. The simulated sofeware QuLine can be used for breeding strategies comparison, using genetic information known to the parent matching, designing breeding programs and genetic research ,and so on. to solve some practical problems, to reduce the cost of breeding time, money and access to greater economic and social benefits.
1.In the single cross, which is more effective among the traditional breeding methods and the methods introduced from abroad. First molecular marker-assisted selection or first phenotypic selection is more conducive to improving the breeding efficiency, energy conservation, providing more and more hybrid combinations?
2. What is the number of backcross generations of recurrent parent when the restoration will not be any major changes?
3. When the distance between the marker and the target gene change, the results of marker-assisted selection in the single cross and the backcross generations?
4. Genetic changes in the actual production or quality?
This study will focus on these issues, with the breeding simulation software QuLine, simulated between single cross (singlecross, SC), between families of non-recurrent parent and the recurrent parent of the backcross (Backcross, BC), as well as several different groups of the actual value of simulated breeding strategy.
Simulation results show that: 1. only take phenotypic selection ,P2 and P3,our traditional breeding methods,are the good choice of imported hybrid can not match the advantages of access to higher genetic progress, with more more hybrid combinations and better able to conserve resources. If we take MAS and PS two selection methods, and first PS to key traits of, then take MAS to the gene imported , we can obtain better results, the progress of genetic of the key characters and the gene imported both higher than the breeding strategies of first MAS then PS, at the same time not only reduce the number of test plants, but also save resources. 2. To the three generations of backcrossing, the degree of recovery of the major genes of the recurrent parent make no big difference .3 .Marker farther from the target gene, the lower the possibility of the target gene, at a distance of more than 387cm, the use of MAS as much as possible to choose the target gene when not to use backcross method..4. The actual yield and quality (value) in line with the progress of genetic changes.
With breeding simulation , we can easily realize the selection of methods and optimized selection strategies, and directly supervised field experiment,the simulation results have begun to enter the stage of field planting. Due to the complexity of breeding, selection strategies designed can’t cover all the possible programes. Through these simulation , seedbreeding with the selection process will be more targeted, predictability and clear. The simulation results of field experiments will be used for further amendments to the genetic model simulation.
To the successful application of marker-assisted selection and breeding simulation, first of all quantitative trait loci must be positioned precisely, understanding the impact of trait loci distributed in the chromosome , with marker-assisted selection can be an additional genetic progress; If you want to achieve the marker-assisted selection of the traits with complex genetic system, you need to know some information on genetic epistasis. However, it is difficult to estimate epistatic effects, it also requires further study. The current understanding of important breeding traits is still far from complete, it is not possible to provide complete and accurate data and information for simulation methods. Breeding simulation program used to simulate the breeding process, because the complexity of field trials will determine the non-uniqueness and uncertainty of genetic model , in this case, a large number of possible genetic model can be used for to determine a more reasonable results. With practice - theory - the practice of the process cycle, the definition of genetic model organisms will be more in line with the law itself. Between a large number of biological data and information and breeders needs to set up a bridge ,so that the large number of genetic research findings can be used by the breeder and service forbreeding services.
试验方法:分析小麦的基因组和不同群体下的小麦中与产量品质相关的QTL以及与品质和产量相关的主效基因的连锁紧密的marker。根据现有的小麦品系的基因信息和和其在群体中的基因频率编写.qug文件,并根据现有的基因信息对.pop文件进行编辑,最后编辑包含有不同育种策略和不同选择方式的.qmp文件,在运行1000次后得到不同育种策略的所需种植株数、得到的杂交组合数、遗传进度均值及其调整值、性状的真实值,然后对得到的数据进行整理分析,找出现有小麦品系的理想育种策略,并与现实的育种进程相结合,以便获得更理想的育种效果。
创新点:将小麦的与品质性状的主效基因紧密连锁的marker和QTL结合一起,对小麦不同品系在不同的育种策略下进行模拟预测对比,以便寻找到较好的育种策略,能更好的指导实践。
结果:在进行单交试验中:如果只进行表型选择时,前5个世代进行bulk和后2个世代进行pedigree的育种策略和前4个世代进行bulk和后3个世代进行pedigree的育种策略,各有优劣;如果既有表型选择又有分子标记辅助选择,则前5个世代进行bulk和后两代进行pedigree的育种策略在先进行表型选择后进行分子标记选择的情况下最好。
选择好的单交策略进入回交试验:在回交3次后轮回亲本的基因恢复程度不再有大的变化,在marker距离目的基因越远的时候,回交代数越多,MAS选择到目的基因的可能性越小,在距离超过3.87cm时,利用MAS选择目标基因时尽量不要使用回交方法。
Most important agronomic and economic traits such as yield, quality, resistance, are quantitative traits in crops. Quantitative traits not only its genetic complexity, but also the performance of low heritability, regulated and controlled by a number of QTL and each QTL is minor. Performance of these quantitative traits has led to minor QTL can not be detected, if you want to improve on these traits you must have a number of minor QTL operated at the same time. the complexity of quantitative trait take tremendous difficulties to the genetic research and application.
How to improve future generations of hybrid combinations have excellent frequency and which kinds of choice is an important issue to the process of seedbreeding. A breeding project configuration of conventional breeding ,always make hundreds or even thousands of hybrid combinations every year, only 1-2% of the combinations can be selected with the objectives of seedbreeding, a large number of combinations in different generations of the selection process has been eliminated , it’s waste of resources. Hence traditional breeding has inefficiency and poor predictability. The same problem also exists in the marker-assisted selection, the marker-assisted selection in the breeding process through the choice of several different strategies to achieve the target plant, which is the most appropriate strategy? How is genetic progress ? To obtain the goal of the reorganization of genotype need how many species? These problems can be solved by breeding simulation,to some extent .
Therefore, this experiment will combine the traditional breeding methods, MAS with simulated molecular breeding. The simulated sofeware QuLine can be used for breeding strategies comparison, using genetic information known to the parent matching, designing breeding programs and genetic research ,and so on. to solve some practical problems, to reduce the cost of breeding time, money and access to greater economic and social benefits.
1.In the single cross, which is more effective among the traditional breeding methods and the methods introduced from abroad. First molecular marker-assisted selection or first phenotypic selection is more conducive to improving the breeding efficiency, energy conservation, providing more and more hybrid combinations?
2. What is the number of backcross generations of recurrent parent when the restoration will not be any major changes?
3. When the distance between the marker and the target gene change, the results of marker-assisted selection in the single cross and the backcross generations?
4. Genetic changes in the actual production or quality?
This study will focus on these issues, with the breeding simulation software QuLine, simulated between single cross (singlecross, SC), between families of non-recurrent parent and the recurrent parent of the backcross (Backcross, BC), as well as several different groups of the actual value of simulated breeding strategy.
Simulation results show that: 1. only take phenotypic selection ,P2 and P3,our traditional breeding methods,are the good choice of imported hybrid can not match the advantages of access to higher genetic progress, with more more hybrid combinations and better able to conserve resources. If we take MAS and PS two selection methods, and first PS to key traits of, then take MAS to the gene imported , we can obtain better results, the progress of genetic of the key characters and the gene imported both higher than the breeding strategies of first MAS then PS, at the same time not only reduce the number of test plants, but also save resources. 2. To the three generations of backcrossing, the degree of recovery of the major genes of the recurrent parent make no big difference .3 .Marker farther from the target gene, the lower the possibility of the target gene, at a distance of more than 387cm, the use of MAS as much as possible to choose the target gene when not to use backcross method..4. The actual yield and quality (value) in line with the progress of genetic changes.
With breeding simulation , we can easily realize the selection of methods and optimized selection strategies, and directly supervised field experiment,the simulation results have begun to enter the stage of field planting. Due to the complexity of breeding, selection strategies designed can’t cover all the possible programes. Through these simulation , seedbreeding with the selection process will be more targeted, predictability and clear. The simulation results of field experiments will be used for further amendments to the genetic model simulation.
To the successful application of marker-assisted selection and breeding simulation, first of all quantitative trait loci must be positioned precisely, understanding the impact of trait loci distributed in the chromosome , with marker-assisted selection can be an additional genetic progress; If you want to achieve the marker-assisted selection of the traits with complex genetic system, you need to know some information on genetic epistasis. However, it is difficult to estimate epistatic effects, it also requires further study. The current understanding of important breeding traits is still far from complete, it is not possible to provide complete and accurate data and information for simulation methods. Breeding simulation program used to simulate the breeding process, because the complexity of field trials will determine the non-uniqueness and uncertainty of genetic model , in this case, a large number of possible genetic model can be used for to determine a more reasonable results. With practice - theory - the practice of the process cycle, the definition of genetic model organisms will be more in line with the law itself. Between a large number of biological data and information and breeders needs to set up a bridge ,so that the large number of genetic research findings can be used by the breeder and service forbreeding services.
引文
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[4]王西成。河南省小麦品种利用的发展趋势。河南省小麦育种科技专家论坛文集, 2005年第10期91-94。
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[2]邓怀,余懋群。小麦分子标记及其在遗传育种研究中的应用。科技前沿与学术评论,2005年24卷2期37-43。
[3]李志辉,靳巧玲,宋晓霞。对近期河南省小麦育种特点的分析。中国种业。2008年第9期34-36。
[4]王西成。河南省小麦品种利用的发展趋势。河南省小麦育种科技专家论坛文集, 2005年第10期91-94。
[5]吴兆苏。小麦育种学。北京:农业出版社,1991,80-92。
[6]庄巧生等。计算机农业应用。北京:中国农业出版社,1991,91-102。
[7]牛吉山。生物技术在小麦育种中的应用。安阳工学院学报2008, 35-36。
[8] Matthias Frisch , Albrecht E. Melchinger. Genetics 170: 2005, 909–917.
[9] Liang C Z, Gu M H, Pan X B et al. RFLP tagging of a new semi-dwarfing gene in rice. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 88: 898-900.
[10] Knapp SJ . Marker-assisted selection as a strategy for increasing the probability of selecting superior genotypes. Crop Sci., 1998, 38: 1164-1174.
[11] Young ND. A cautiously optimistic vision for marker assisted breeding. Mol. Breed. 1999,5: 505-510.
[12] Andersen J R, Lübberstedt T. Functional markers in plants. TRENDS in Plant Science, 8(11): 544-560.
[13] Bernatzky, R. and Tanksley, S. 1986. Toward a saturated linkage map in tomato based on isozymes and random cDNA sequences. Genetics, 2003,112: 887-898.
[14] Li, H., G. Y. Ye and J. Wang, A modified algorithm for the improvement of composite interval mapping. Genetics, 2007,175: 361-374.
[15]翟虎渠,王建康。应用数量遗传。北京:中国农业科学技术出版社2007。
[16] Lande R & Thompson R . Efficiency of marker-assisted selection in the improvement of quantitative traits. Genetics, 1990, 124:743-756.
[17] Knapp SJ . Marker-assisted selection as a strategy for increasing the probability of selectingsuperior genotypes. Crop Sci., 1998, 38: 1164-1174.
[18] Yousef GG & Juvik JA . Comparison of phenotypic and marker-assisted selection for quantitative traits in sweet corn. Crop Sci., 2001, 41:645-655.
[19] Wittaker JC, Curnow RN, Haley CS, et al. Using marker-maps in marker-assisted selection. Genet. Res., 66:255-265.
[20] Eathington SR, Dudley JW & Rufener GK . Usefulness of marker-QTL associations in early generation selection. Crop Sci, 1997, 37:1686-1693.
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