交通事故鉴定关键技术的研究
摘要
随着我国汽车业的飞速发展,汽车保有量迅速增加,交通事故发生率也大幅上升,给人民的生命财产带来重大损失。因此,分析研究交通事故的发生过程,掌握交通事故的发生规律,以便采取科学、有效的措施来预防和减少交通事故。同时,通过对事故的分析、鉴定,明确事故各方的责任,解决当时各方的争议与纠纷,是构建和谐社会必然要求。
本文首先介绍了事故分析鉴定的基础理论知识,包括牛顿三大定理、动量守恒定理、能量守恒定理等基本力学定理及相关的概念、术语,为事故分析奠定理论基础。
其次,阐明了交通事故痕迹在事故分析鉴定中的重要性,分析了交通事故中各种痕迹的成因、特点、检验方法,并插入图片说明,使分析更加形象、直观。
最后,讨论了汽车—汽车事故、汽车—摩托车、汽车—行人的特点,车速的分析计算方法,并分别用典型案例验证了方法的有效性。
As automotive industry has been developed very quickly, the amount of vehicles increased rapidly,which brings us the revolutionary change of our life. It gives people more chance to choose the transportation, and makes the traffic more easily and conveniently. But the development of automotive also gives us the disaster besides the high efficiency and rapidness that brings to us namely traffic accident. The traffic accident has resulted in the social harm because it endangers people’s life and property all over the world.
The automotive industry grows very quickly recently even though with a late starting. But the roadway improvement cannot catch the speed of automotive increasing. The traffic accident in China is more serious than others because of the bad base of transportation and management, there will be the most people died in the traffic accident. It is necessary to master the rules of accident, judge the duty of the accident, deal with the accident, and take the effective safety precautions to control and prevent the traffic accident, reduce the loss of life and property, and construct the harmonious society
Accident analysis can be defined as to explain the reason of the traffic accident, make clear the whole process, judge the responsibility of both parts, summary the experience and lessons from the accident, and setup the precautions to reduce the accident, with collected information, material and data. The accident appraisal is developed with the increase of disputation and dissension of the accident, and sanity of the laws. It can provide the scientific evidences to identify the duty of the both parties in the accident, and to revert the fact of the accident.
The main research work involved in this paper is as following:
1. To expatiate the ponderance of the traffic accident, to explain the definition of the traffic accident, analyze the status of the transportation safety in our country, to show the current research all over the world, and to emphasize the necessity and purpose of the traffic accident appraisal.
2. The basic theories used in accident appraisal are discussed. The necessary knowledge used in the traffic accident analysis could not be limited to traditional science system. It must be integrated from different subjects. Because the knowledge system for the accident analysis is not complete well, the common knowledge used recently for accident analysis is including collision mechanics, vehicle movement characteristics, vehicle construct, and human body engineering. The basic contents of collision mechanics introduced in this paper. It includes Newton Laws, energy conversation law, momentum conversation law, effective collision speed, restitution coefficient, friction coefficient, sliding rate, plastic deformation, and the three phases of the collision.
3. Accident trace is the important evidence in accident scene. The accident trace on site is the mark on the ground which produced by human, vehicle and goods and mark on the surface of vehicle, human and goods. This paper describes the function of the accident trace to analyze the accident, introduce the variety of the trace which includes vehicle body trace and road trace (tyre trace, disperse trace), analyze the cause, characteristics and the examination method. An accident case is used to demonstrate the importance of the trace for the accident appraisal.
4. Reconstruction method of 1D and 2D collision in vehicle accident are discussed in this paper. It demonstrates the usage of the energy conversation law and momentum conversation law to calculate the vehicle speed during the accident. It introduces the 1D collision and right-angle-side collision, and the mathematics model of 2D collision. It analyzes the calculation of vehicle speed during obverse impact, rear-end collision and side crash. It analyze the relationship between effective collision speed and plastic deformation and the usage to calculate the vehicle speed. The above method is used to analyze an accident case and verify the feasibility.
5. Motorcycle has been the common transportation tool now. The traffic accident caused by motorcycle in China with high percentage compared with other countries. It has following characteristics: high accident rate because of the large quantity of motorcycle; high death rate because of bad stability and lack of protect facility of motorcycle. The characteristics and type of collision between motorcycle and automobile is analyzed in this paper. The speed calculation method is analyzed for three collisions between motorcycle and vehicle, these include motorcycle front to vehicle side, vehicle front to motorcycle side, and motorcycle and vehicle obverse collision. An accident case about vehicle front to motorcycle side is used to verify the calculation method.
6. Pedestrian road traffic accidents is referred to the collision between pedestrian and vehicle. This accident is mainly caused by high vehicle speed, bad safety consciousness of pedestrian. It is stressed on the pedestrian accident characteristics in this paper. The effect of pedestrian height and vehicle outline on the movement after collision is analyzed. The movement after collision is divided into several phases and the effect factors is demonstrated. Several vehicle speed calculation methods are introduced in the paper. These methods include brake trace ,theoretical equation and experiential equation. The feasibility is verified by using pedestrian road traffic accidents.
本文首先介绍了事故分析鉴定的基础理论知识,包括牛顿三大定理、动量守恒定理、能量守恒定理等基本力学定理及相关的概念、术语,为事故分析奠定理论基础。
其次,阐明了交通事故痕迹在事故分析鉴定中的重要性,分析了交通事故中各种痕迹的成因、特点、检验方法,并插入图片说明,使分析更加形象、直观。
最后,讨论了汽车—汽车事故、汽车—摩托车、汽车—行人的特点,车速的分析计算方法,并分别用典型案例验证了方法的有效性。
As automotive industry has been developed very quickly, the amount of vehicles increased rapidly,which brings us the revolutionary change of our life. It gives people more chance to choose the transportation, and makes the traffic more easily and conveniently. But the development of automotive also gives us the disaster besides the high efficiency and rapidness that brings to us namely traffic accident. The traffic accident has resulted in the social harm because it endangers people’s life and property all over the world.
The automotive industry grows very quickly recently even though with a late starting. But the roadway improvement cannot catch the speed of automotive increasing. The traffic accident in China is more serious than others because of the bad base of transportation and management, there will be the most people died in the traffic accident. It is necessary to master the rules of accident, judge the duty of the accident, deal with the accident, and take the effective safety precautions to control and prevent the traffic accident, reduce the loss of life and property, and construct the harmonious society
Accident analysis can be defined as to explain the reason of the traffic accident, make clear the whole process, judge the responsibility of both parts, summary the experience and lessons from the accident, and setup the precautions to reduce the accident, with collected information, material and data. The accident appraisal is developed with the increase of disputation and dissension of the accident, and sanity of the laws. It can provide the scientific evidences to identify the duty of the both parties in the accident, and to revert the fact of the accident.
The main research work involved in this paper is as following:
1. To expatiate the ponderance of the traffic accident, to explain the definition of the traffic accident, analyze the status of the transportation safety in our country, to show the current research all over the world, and to emphasize the necessity and purpose of the traffic accident appraisal.
2. The basic theories used in accident appraisal are discussed. The necessary knowledge used in the traffic accident analysis could not be limited to traditional science system. It must be integrated from different subjects. Because the knowledge system for the accident analysis is not complete well, the common knowledge used recently for accident analysis is including collision mechanics, vehicle movement characteristics, vehicle construct, and human body engineering. The basic contents of collision mechanics introduced in this paper. It includes Newton Laws, energy conversation law, momentum conversation law, effective collision speed, restitution coefficient, friction coefficient, sliding rate, plastic deformation, and the three phases of the collision.
3. Accident trace is the important evidence in accident scene. The accident trace on site is the mark on the ground which produced by human, vehicle and goods and mark on the surface of vehicle, human and goods. This paper describes the function of the accident trace to analyze the accident, introduce the variety of the trace which includes vehicle body trace and road trace (tyre trace, disperse trace), analyze the cause, characteristics and the examination method. An accident case is used to demonstrate the importance of the trace for the accident appraisal.
4. Reconstruction method of 1D and 2D collision in vehicle accident are discussed in this paper. It demonstrates the usage of the energy conversation law and momentum conversation law to calculate the vehicle speed during the accident. It introduces the 1D collision and right-angle-side collision, and the mathematics model of 2D collision. It analyzes the calculation of vehicle speed during obverse impact, rear-end collision and side crash. It analyze the relationship between effective collision speed and plastic deformation and the usage to calculate the vehicle speed. The above method is used to analyze an accident case and verify the feasibility.
5. Motorcycle has been the common transportation tool now. The traffic accident caused by motorcycle in China with high percentage compared with other countries. It has following characteristics: high accident rate because of the large quantity of motorcycle; high death rate because of bad stability and lack of protect facility of motorcycle. The characteristics and type of collision between motorcycle and automobile is analyzed in this paper. The speed calculation method is analyzed for three collisions between motorcycle and vehicle, these include motorcycle front to vehicle side, vehicle front to motorcycle side, and motorcycle and vehicle obverse collision. An accident case about vehicle front to motorcycle side is used to verify the calculation method.
6. Pedestrian road traffic accidents is referred to the collision between pedestrian and vehicle. This accident is mainly caused by high vehicle speed, bad safety consciousness of pedestrian. It is stressed on the pedestrian accident characteristics in this paper. The effect of pedestrian height and vehicle outline on the movement after collision is analyzed. The movement after collision is divided into several phases and the effect factors is demonstrated. Several vehicle speed calculation methods are introduced in the paper. These methods include brake trace ,theoretical equation and experiential equation. The feasibility is verified by using pedestrian road traffic accidents.
引文
[1] 黄世森,张金焕等.汽车碰撞与安全[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.1
[2] 陈永德等.道路交通事故的分析及预防[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1999
[3] 中华人民共和国主席令第八号发布.中华人民共和国道路交通安全法[s].2003.10
[4] 黄明.21 世纪初道路交通安全形势分析与对策思考(J).江苏公安专科学校学报,2001(1): 101 一 109
[5] 李世平.道路交通安全评价[R].湛江港口经济文章管理中心,2002
[6] 魏宏业,张仲义,吕永波.促进我国道路交通安全建设策略的探讨[J].中国安全科学学报,2003, 13 (6) : 68-71
[7] 王暄.汽车碰撞试验技术浅谈[J].汽车运输,1993 (4, 5)
[8] 赵航,蒋涛.开展汽车实车碰撞试验的探讨[J].世界汽车,1995(5)
[9] 魏朗,郭应时,余强.车辆实车碰撞试验的模拟再现[J].西安公路交通大学学报,2000. 20(1)
[10] 【日】江守一郎,李安定等译.模型试验的理论和应用[M].北京科学出版社,1981
[11] 朱西产.应用计算机模拟技术研究汽车碰撞安全性[J].世界汽车,1997 (3)
[12] 姜萍.汽车间冲突事故过程的分析与仿真[J].吉林工业大学,1988
[13] 葛闻雷.汽车交通事故计算机模拟及试验研究[J].西安公路交通大学,1998
[14] 李卓森.汽车碰撞研究的儿个基本问题[J].汽车技术,1989 (6)
[15] 黄世森.汽车被动安全性试验研究[J].汽车工程,1992. 12 (8)
[16] 李江,倪行达等一维碰撞事故力学分类及模型[J].公路交通科技,1999. 2
[17] 魏朗,陈荫山.车辆碰撞过程的试验分析研究[J].汽车工程,2000. 4
[18] 付锐,陈荫二等.汽车追尾碰撞的模拟试验研究[J].中国公路学报,1996. 9
[19] 宗了安,曹立波.计算机模拟技术在汽车碰撞试验中的应用[J].汽车研究与开发,1993 (1)
[20] 钟志华.汽车耐撞性分析的有限元方法[J].汽车工程,1992. 16 (1)
[21] 刘学军,李一兵等.汽车碰撞事故研究[D].中国汽车工程年会论文集,1995. 6
[22] 沈文君.汽车碰撞事故模拟和分析方法的研究[J].清华大学学报,1994
[23] 魏朗.车辆碰撞事故解析计算中主要影响因素的误差界定[J].中国公路学报,2000 .13(1)
[24] 国务院发布.中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例[S].2004.3
[25] 严宝杰.交通调查与分析[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1997
[26] 公安部交通管理局编.中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计资料汇编.2000
[27] 佐藤武.碰撞时乘员的运动[J].汽车技术, 1965,19(8)
[28] 袁泉,李一兵.车辆交通事故再现能量方法的不确定度评定[J].中国公路学报2002,15(1):110-112
[29] 李兵.交通事故及其对策[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1991
[30] 李晓丽.汽车碰撞理论与正撞变形模拟方法的研究[D].东北大学硕士学位论文,2003
[31] 林洋著,黄永和译.实用汽车事故鉴定学[M].人民交通出版社,2001
[32] 阳兆祥.交通事故力学鉴定教程[M].广西科学技术出版社,2002.10
[33] 公安部交通管理局主编:道路交通事故处理教程,安徽教育出版社,1989:142
[34] 汽车工学便览 第 1 分册[M] 1974
[35] 高波克治.汽车安全技术[J],1971.2
[36] Charles Y.Wamer,et al:Friction Application in Accident Reconstruction.SAE Paper,No.830612,PT-34
[37] Terry D.Day &Jay R.Smith:Friction factor for motorcycle sliding on warious surfaces.SAE,No.840250,PP.1～7,1984
[38] 林洋.交通科学研究资料[R],第 30 集,P.131,1989.6
[39] 矫成武.交通事故现场图绘制系统及其与事故再现一体化研究「D].长春:吉林大学硕士学位论文,2004
[40] 李江,傅晓光,李作敏 著.现代道路交通管理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000
[41] 常锐,魏晶.痕迹检验技术在交通肇事逃逸案件中的应用[J].广东公安科技,2004,73(1):76-77
[42] Terry D. Day and Randall L. Hargens. Feather Validation of EDSMAC using the traffic accident
[43] [日]江守一郎,刘希柏译.汽车事故工程[M].人民交通出版社.1987
[44] [日]江守一郎,李安定等译.模型试验的理论和应用[M].北京科学出版社,1981
[45] 孙宏图,刘学术等.汽车碰撞变形计算机模拟研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2002.42(6)
[46] 李卓森.汽车正面碰撞方程式及其应用[J].汽车技术,1989. 8
[47] 许洪国,何彪.道路交通事故分析与再现[M].北京:警官教育出版社.2000.9
[48] 许洪国等.交通事故与处理[M].人民交通出版社,2003. 1
[49] 陶沙,于长吉.汽车安全行驶与事故分析[M].大连理工出版社,1997
[50] 马社强.汽车碰撞二维运动模型的研究[D].吉林工业大学硕士研究生学位论文,1999
[51] 许洪国,施树明,潘洪达.利用动量原理求汽车碰撞速度的方法[J].中国公路学报, 1997. 10(1)
[52] 陈文华.中华人民共和国道路交通管理条例解说和运用[M].北京:人民交通出 版社,1988
[53] 林洋,上山胜等.机动车事故鉴定方法[M].群众出版社,1988 :88-93
[54] 许洪国.汽车事故工程[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.6
[55] 对行人安全对策委员会:对行人安全行车的研究[R].日本汽车研究所,1972
[2] 陈永德等.道路交通事故的分析及预防[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1999
[3] 中华人民共和国主席令第八号发布.中华人民共和国道路交通安全法[s].2003.10
[4] 黄明.21 世纪初道路交通安全形势分析与对策思考(J).江苏公安专科学校学报,2001(1): 101 一 109
[5] 李世平.道路交通安全评价[R].湛江港口经济文章管理中心,2002
[6] 魏宏业,张仲义,吕永波.促进我国道路交通安全建设策略的探讨[J].中国安全科学学报,2003, 13 (6) : 68-71
[7] 王暄.汽车碰撞试验技术浅谈[J].汽车运输,1993 (4, 5)
[8] 赵航,蒋涛.开展汽车实车碰撞试验的探讨[J].世界汽车,1995(5)
[9] 魏朗,郭应时,余强.车辆实车碰撞试验的模拟再现[J].西安公路交通大学学报,2000. 20(1)
[10] 【日】江守一郎,李安定等译.模型试验的理论和应用[M].北京科学出版社,1981
[11] 朱西产.应用计算机模拟技术研究汽车碰撞安全性[J].世界汽车,1997 (3)
[12] 姜萍.汽车间冲突事故过程的分析与仿真[J].吉林工业大学,1988
[13] 葛闻雷.汽车交通事故计算机模拟及试验研究[J].西安公路交通大学,1998
[14] 李卓森.汽车碰撞研究的儿个基本问题[J].汽车技术,1989 (6)
[15] 黄世森.汽车被动安全性试验研究[J].汽车工程,1992. 12 (8)
[16] 李江,倪行达等一维碰撞事故力学分类及模型[J].公路交通科技,1999. 2
[17] 魏朗,陈荫山.车辆碰撞过程的试验分析研究[J].汽车工程,2000. 4
[18] 付锐,陈荫二等.汽车追尾碰撞的模拟试验研究[J].中国公路学报,1996. 9
[19] 宗了安,曹立波.计算机模拟技术在汽车碰撞试验中的应用[J].汽车研究与开发,1993 (1)
[20] 钟志华.汽车耐撞性分析的有限元方法[J].汽车工程,1992. 16 (1)
[21] 刘学军,李一兵等.汽车碰撞事故研究[D].中国汽车工程年会论文集,1995. 6
[22] 沈文君.汽车碰撞事故模拟和分析方法的研究[J].清华大学学报,1994
[23] 魏朗.车辆碰撞事故解析计算中主要影响因素的误差界定[J].中国公路学报,2000 .13(1)
[24] 国务院发布.中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例[S].2004.3
[25] 严宝杰.交通调查与分析[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1997
[26] 公安部交通管理局编.中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计资料汇编.2000
[27] 佐藤武.碰撞时乘员的运动[J].汽车技术, 1965,19(8)
[28] 袁泉,李一兵.车辆交通事故再现能量方法的不确定度评定[J].中国公路学报2002,15(1):110-112
[29] 李兵.交通事故及其对策[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1991
[30] 李晓丽.汽车碰撞理论与正撞变形模拟方法的研究[D].东北大学硕士学位论文,2003
[31] 林洋著,黄永和译.实用汽车事故鉴定学[M].人民交通出版社,2001
[32] 阳兆祥.交通事故力学鉴定教程[M].广西科学技术出版社,2002.10
[33] 公安部交通管理局主编:道路交通事故处理教程,安徽教育出版社,1989:142
[34] 汽车工学便览 第 1 分册[M] 1974
[35] 高波克治.汽车安全技术[J],1971.2
[36] Charles Y.Wamer,et al:Friction Application in Accident Reconstruction.SAE Paper,No.830612,PT-34
[37] Terry D.Day &Jay R.Smith:Friction factor for motorcycle sliding on warious surfaces.SAE,No.840250,PP.1～7,1984
[38] 林洋.交通科学研究资料[R],第 30 集,P.131,1989.6
[39] 矫成武.交通事故现场图绘制系统及其与事故再现一体化研究「D].长春:吉林大学硕士学位论文,2004
[40] 李江,傅晓光,李作敏 著.现代道路交通管理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000
[41] 常锐,魏晶.痕迹检验技术在交通肇事逃逸案件中的应用[J].广东公安科技,2004,73(1):76-77
[42] Terry D. Day and Randall L. Hargens. Feather Validation of EDSMAC using the traffic accident
[43] [日]江守一郎,刘希柏译.汽车事故工程[M].人民交通出版社.1987
[44] [日]江守一郎,李安定等译.模型试验的理论和应用[M].北京科学出版社,1981
[45] 孙宏图,刘学术等.汽车碰撞变形计算机模拟研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2002.42(6)
[46] 李卓森.汽车正面碰撞方程式及其应用[J].汽车技术,1989. 8
[47] 许洪国,何彪.道路交通事故分析与再现[M].北京:警官教育出版社.2000.9
[48] 许洪国等.交通事故与处理[M].人民交通出版社,2003. 1
[49] 陶沙,于长吉.汽车安全行驶与事故分析[M].大连理工出版社,1997
[50] 马社强.汽车碰撞二维运动模型的研究[D].吉林工业大学硕士研究生学位论文,1999
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