三层次架构应用的实践研究
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摘要
三层次架构通过应用划分，把应用程序分布到各个客户和服务器中，使得系统
的效率和扩展性在整体上得以最大化。Internet的广泛应用，促使企业的应用程序从
传统的客户/服务器两层次架构，向基於WWW技术的三层次架构演进。近年来面向
对象技术和分布式计算技术的高速发展，以及人们对软件复用的强烈需求，带来了
基於构件的软件开发技术。构件技术解决了开发基於WWW的应用的固有问题，并
为三层次架构应用提供理想的开发和部署平台。使用构件技术构建三层次架构应用
是软件开发的发展方向。
本文分别讨论了使用基於WWW技术和构件技术来实现三层次架构，并特别针
对使用CORBA构件模型来构建三层次架构，分析CORBA对象作为远程方法调用
的参数的语义，并制作了工具实现完整传递CORBA对象的状态和行为。
Three-tier architecture distributes an application across a number of clients and servers through application partitioning in order.to maximize the performance and scalability of the system a whole. The widespread adoption of Internet has pushed enterprise applications tb evolve from the traditional two-tier client/server architecture to the three-tier architecture using WWW technologies. In recent years, the rapid development of object-oriented technologies and distributed computing technologies, and the high demand of software reuse, have led to the Component Based Software Development. Component technologies have solved the problems native to building three-tier architecture applications using WWW technologies, and provide ideal development and deployment platform for three-tier architecture applications. Building three-tier architecture applications using component technologies is' the right direction for the development of software development methodology.
This paper discusses the construction of three-tier architecture applications using WWW technologies and component technologies respectively, and specifically for building three-tier architecture applications using CORBA component model, analyze the semantics of passing CORBA objects as the parameter of remote method invocations. A tool has been created to implement passing CORBA objects completely, including their state and behavior.
的效率和扩展性在整体上得以最大化。Internet的广泛应用，促使企业的应用程序从
传统的客户/服务器两层次架构，向基於WWW技术的三层次架构演进。近年来面向
对象技术和分布式计算技术的高速发展，以及人们对软件复用的强烈需求，带来了
基於构件的软件开发技术。构件技术解决了开发基於WWW的应用的固有问题，并
为三层次架构应用提供理想的开发和部署平台。使用构件技术构建三层次架构应用
是软件开发的发展方向。
本文分别讨论了使用基於WWW技术和构件技术来实现三层次架构，并特别针
对使用CORBA构件模型来构建三层次架构，分析CORBA对象作为远程方法调用
的参数的语义，并制作了工具实现完整传递CORBA对象的状态和行为。
Three-tier architecture distributes an application across a number of clients and servers through application partitioning in order.to maximize the performance and scalability of the system a whole. The widespread adoption of Internet has pushed enterprise applications tb evolve from the traditional two-tier client/server architecture to the three-tier architecture using WWW technologies. In recent years, the rapid development of object-oriented technologies and distributed computing technologies, and the high demand of software reuse, have led to the Component Based Software Development. Component technologies have solved the problems native to building three-tier architecture applications using WWW technologies, and provide ideal development and deployment platform for three-tier architecture applications. Building three-tier architecture applications using component technologies is' the right direction for the development of software development methodology.
This paper discusses the construction of three-tier architecture applications using WWW technologies and component technologies respectively, and specifically for building three-tier architecture applications using CORBA component model, analyze the semantics of passing CORBA objects as the parameter of remote method invocations. A tool has been created to implement passing CORBA objects completely, including their state and behavior.
引文
[1]Oracle Corporation, Network Computing Architecture~(TM), A Business White Paper, 1998
[2]Oracle Corporation, Developing Multitier Applications using PL/SQL~(TM), http://www.oracle.com/database/documents/o8/dev mulitier apps plsql twp.html, 1997
[3]Darleen Sadoski, Client/Server Software Architectures—An Overview, Software Technology Review, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, http://www.sei.cmu.edu/str/descriptions/clientserver.html, 1997
[4]Amund Aarsten, Davide Brugali, Giuseppe Menga, Patterns for Three-Tier Client/Server Applications, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, http://www.cs.wustl.edu/～schmidt/PLoP 96/amund2.ps.gz
[5]萨师煊，王珊，《数据库系统概论》(第二版)，高等教育出版社，1994年，195-201页
[6]Oracle Corporation, Oracle Application Server 4.0 White Paper: Transactions in OAS, http://technet.oracle.com/products/oas/pdf/oas40 transwp.pdf, 1998
[7]S. D. Reilly, J. L. Pfaltz, J. C. French, Increasing the Computational Potential of the World Wide Web, University of Virginia, http://cs-tr, cs.cornell.edu:80/Dienst/UI/1.0/Display/ncstrl.uva cs/CS-96-02, 1996
[8]Netscape Communications Corporation, Persistent Client State-HTTP Cookies, http://www.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie spec.html, 1999
[9]Dr. Subrahmanyam A.V.B., Nuts and Bolts of Transaction Processing, http://www.Subrahmanyam.com/articles/transactions/NutsAndBoltsOfTP.html, 1999
[10]Dynamic Information Systems, LLC, Oracle Web Application Server Handbook, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1998, p.28-50
[11]鹿云丽，《企业信息系统行业级构件技术的研究》，华南理工大学硕士学位论文，1999年，10-15页，21-27页
[12]Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft COM Technologies, http ://www.microsoft.com/com/
[13]Sun Microsystems, JavaBeans~(TM), http://java.sun.com/products/javabeans/
[14]Sun Microsystems, Enterprise JavaBeans~(TM) Technology,
http://java.sun.com/products/ejb/
[15] Object Management Group, CORBA FA Q, http://www.omg.org/gettingstarted/corbafaq.htm
[16] Object Management Group, The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and Specification, http://www.orng.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/01-02-01, 2001
[17] Borland Software Corporation, Distributed Object Computing In The Internet Age, http://community.borland.com/article/0,1410,26026,00． html, 2000
[18] Robert (Mali, Dan Harkey, Client/Server Programming with Java and CORBA Second Edition, Wiley Computer Publishing, 1998, p.251-252, 488-492
[19] Inprise Corporation, Defining CORBA interfaces with Java, http://wvAv.borland.com/techpubs/books/vbj/vbj33/programmer/chapl3． html, 1998
[20] Sun Microsystems, Object Serialization, http://java.sun.com/j2se/1． 3/docs/guide/serialization/index.html, 1999
[21] Sun Microsystems, Dynamic code downloading using RMJ, http://java.sun.corn/j2se/1． 3/docs/guide/rmi/codebase.html, 1999
[22] Object Management Group, Objects By Value, http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?orbos/98-01-18． pdf, 1998
[23] International Business Machines Corporation, RMI-IIOP, http://www.ibm.com/java/jdk/rmi-iiop/
[24] Ron 1． Resnick, Bringing Distributed Objects to the World Wide Web, http://www.interlog.com/-resnick/javacorb.html, 1996
[25] Steve Vinoski, New Features for CORBA 3． 0, Communicatons of the ACM, Vol. 41, No. 10, October 1998
[26] Ben Eng, ORB Core Feature Matrix, http://www.jetpen.com/-ben/corba/orbmatrix.html, 2000
[27] World Wide Web Consortium, Extensible Markup Language (XML), http://www.w3． org/XML/
[28] Ronald Bourret, XML and Databases, http://www.rpbourret.com/xml/XMLAndDatabases.htm, 2000
[29] Ramnivas Laddad, XML APIs for databases, Java World, http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2000/jw-01-dbxml.html, 2000
[30] Sun Microsystems, XML and the Document Object Model, http://java.sun.com/xml/jaxp-docs-1． 1 /docs/tutorial/dorn/index.html
[31] Eric Armstrong, Tom Santos, Steve Wilson, Understanding the TreeModel, Sun
Microsystems, http://java.sun.com/products/jrc/tsc/articles/jtree/index.html, 2001
[32] Brad Appleton, Patterns and Software: Essential Concepts and Terminology, http://www.enteract.com/-bradapp/docs/patterns-intro.html, 2000
[33] Darren Govoni, Java Application Frameworks, John Wiley & Sons. Inc, 1999, p.124-161
[34] Sinan Si Alhir, UML in a Nutshell, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc, 1998
[35] Inprise Corporation, Dynamic Invocation Interface, http://www.borland.com/techpubs/books/vbj/vbj33/programmer/chap07． html,1998
[36] Sun Microsystems, Dynamic Skeleton Interface, http://java.sun.com/j2sc/1 .3/docs/guide/idl/jidlDSI.html, 1998
[37] Sun Microsystems, Dynamic Proxy Classes, http://java.sun.com/j2sc/l.3/docs/guide/re1lection/proxy.html, 1999
[38] Sun Microsystems, Java 2 Platform SE vl.3: Class ClassLoader, http://java.sun.eom/j2se/l.3/docs/api/java/lang/ClassLoader.html, 2000
[39] Jack Harich, Java Tip 39: The trick to using a basic Java 1． 1 network and file class loader, http://vvww.javaworld.com/javaworld/javatips/jw-javatip39． html, 1997
[40] Ted Neward, Understanding Class.for Name(), http://www.javageeks.com/Papers/ClassForNanie/DynLoad.pdf, 2000
[2]Oracle Corporation, Developing Multitier Applications using PL/SQL~(TM), http://www.oracle.com/database/documents/o8/dev mulitier apps plsql twp.html, 1997
[3]Darleen Sadoski, Client/Server Software Architectures—An Overview, Software Technology Review, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, http://www.sei.cmu.edu/str/descriptions/clientserver.html, 1997
[4]Amund Aarsten, Davide Brugali, Giuseppe Menga, Patterns for Three-Tier Client/Server Applications, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, http://www.cs.wustl.edu/～schmidt/PLoP 96/amund2.ps.gz
[5]萨师煊，王珊，《数据库系统概论》(第二版)，高等教育出版社，1994年，195-201页
[6]Oracle Corporation, Oracle Application Server 4.0 White Paper: Transactions in OAS, http://technet.oracle.com/products/oas/pdf/oas40 transwp.pdf, 1998
[7]S. D. Reilly, J. L. Pfaltz, J. C. French, Increasing the Computational Potential of the World Wide Web, University of Virginia, http://cs-tr, cs.cornell.edu:80/Dienst/UI/1.0/Display/ncstrl.uva cs/CS-96-02, 1996
[8]Netscape Communications Corporation, Persistent Client State-HTTP Cookies, http://www.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie spec.html, 1999
[9]Dr. Subrahmanyam A.V.B., Nuts and Bolts of Transaction Processing, http://www.Subrahmanyam.com/articles/transactions/NutsAndBoltsOfTP.html, 1999
[10]Dynamic Information Systems, LLC, Oracle Web Application Server Handbook, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1998, p.28-50
[11]鹿云丽，《企业信息系统行业级构件技术的研究》，华南理工大学硕士学位论文，1999年，10-15页，21-27页
[12]Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft COM Technologies, http ://www.microsoft.com/com/
[13]Sun Microsystems, JavaBeans~(TM), http://java.sun.com/products/javabeans/
[14]Sun Microsystems, Enterprise JavaBeans~(TM) Technology,
http://java.sun.com/products/ejb/
[15] Object Management Group, CORBA FA Q, http://www.omg.org/gettingstarted/corbafaq.htm
[16] Object Management Group, The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and Specification, http://www.orng.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/01-02-01, 2001
[17] Borland Software Corporation, Distributed Object Computing In The Internet Age, http://community.borland.com/article/0,1410,26026,00． html, 2000
[18] Robert (Mali, Dan Harkey, Client/Server Programming with Java and CORBA Second Edition, Wiley Computer Publishing, 1998, p.251-252, 488-492
[19] Inprise Corporation, Defining CORBA interfaces with Java, http://wvAv.borland.com/techpubs/books/vbj/vbj33/programmer/chapl3． html, 1998
[20] Sun Microsystems, Object Serialization, http://java.sun.com/j2se/1． 3/docs/guide/serialization/index.html, 1999
[21] Sun Microsystems, Dynamic code downloading using RMJ, http://java.sun.corn/j2se/1． 3/docs/guide/rmi/codebase.html, 1999
[22] Object Management Group, Objects By Value, http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?orbos/98-01-18． pdf, 1998
[23] International Business Machines Corporation, RMI-IIOP, http://www.ibm.com/java/jdk/rmi-iiop/
[24] Ron 1． Resnick, Bringing Distributed Objects to the World Wide Web, http://www.interlog.com/-resnick/javacorb.html, 1996
[25] Steve Vinoski, New Features for CORBA 3． 0, Communicatons of the ACM, Vol. 41, No. 10, October 1998
[26] Ben Eng, ORB Core Feature Matrix, http://www.jetpen.com/-ben/corba/orbmatrix.html, 2000
[27] World Wide Web Consortium, Extensible Markup Language (XML), http://www.w3． org/XML/
[28] Ronald Bourret, XML and Databases, http://www.rpbourret.com/xml/XMLAndDatabases.htm, 2000
[29] Ramnivas Laddad, XML APIs for databases, Java World, http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2000/jw-01-dbxml.html, 2000
[30] Sun Microsystems, XML and the Document Object Model, http://java.sun.com/xml/jaxp-docs-1． 1 /docs/tutorial/dorn/index.html
[31] Eric Armstrong, Tom Santos, Steve Wilson, Understanding the TreeModel, Sun
Microsystems, http://java.sun.com/products/jrc/tsc/articles/jtree/index.html, 2001
[32] Brad Appleton, Patterns and Software: Essential Concepts and Terminology, http://www.enteract.com/-bradapp/docs/patterns-intro.html, 2000
[33] Darren Govoni, Java Application Frameworks, John Wiley & Sons. Inc, 1999, p.124-161
[34] Sinan Si Alhir, UML in a Nutshell, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc, 1998
[35] Inprise Corporation, Dynamic Invocation Interface, http://www.borland.com/techpubs/books/vbj/vbj33/programmer/chap07． html,1998
[36] Sun Microsystems, Dynamic Skeleton Interface, http://java.sun.com/j2sc/1 .3/docs/guide/idl/jidlDSI.html, 1998
[37] Sun Microsystems, Dynamic Proxy Classes, http://java.sun.com/j2sc/l.3/docs/guide/re1lection/proxy.html, 1999
[38] Sun Microsystems, Java 2 Platform SE vl.3: Class ClassLoader, http://java.sun.eom/j2se/l.3/docs/api/java/lang/ClassLoader.html, 2000
[39] Jack Harich, Java Tip 39: The trick to using a basic Java 1． 1 network and file class loader, http://vvww.javaworld.com/javaworld/javatips/jw-javatip39． html, 1997
[40] Ted Neward, Understanding Class.for Name(), http://www.javageeks.com/Papers/ClassForNanie/DynLoad.pdf, 2000