中国南方航空公司B2C电子机票开发管理研究
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摘要
项目管理是近年来发展起来的管理学科的新领域，是伴随社会建设和管理大型项目的需要产生的。在当今信息社会和知识经济中，人们造财富的途径和方法已由过去以重复进行的生产活动为主，逐步转向了以项目开发和项目实施活动为主的模式。在许多领域中，项目开发与实施已经成了最主要的生产经营方式，如电子商务开发领域。
电子商务开发是高风险的项目，成功率很低，人们致力于改善这种状况，而且可以看到在有助于提高开发效率的开发方法、开发工具这些方面得到了飞快的发展。但随着项目规模的不断扩大，项目开发过程中的进度管理、成本管理、风险管理、质量管理变得越来越重要，人们也认识到技术的改善并不能代替管理的作用。
进度、成本、质量、风险管理是电子商务项目管理的核心管理要素，直接决定了项目的优劣、成败。本文以中国南方航空公司B2C电子机票项目为背景，结合项目管理的相关理论，主要从三个方面阐述了项目管理知识与方法在软件开发项目实践中的应用过程：
首先，对电子机票项目的需求进行了分析，在此基础上从项目管理的角度提出做好项目工程，关键要对项目的进度、成本、风险和质量进行全过程的管理与控制，即四要素管理。
其次，结合实际项目，分章节对进度管理、成本管理、风险管理和质量管理四个方面进行了深入的研究和实践，分别使用关键线路法、挣值分析法、风险量化法、全面质量管理等技术和方法，对电子机票项目管理的重要过程和主要方面实施控制与管理。
最后，在理论研究和实践的基础上，提出完善项目管理的四点建议：
1．明确项目需求、价值和目标。
2．提高计划执行准确率，加强基础数据积累和分析。
3．实现项目人力资源灵活调度。
4．强调项目团队的知识共享。
As a new domain of management subject, Project management come forth to fulfill the requirement accompanying with society construction. In the age of information and knowledge economy, people turn around to gain fortune by means of project exploitation and implement especially in Electronic Commerce domain in stead of undertaking production activity again and again.
The exploitation of electronic commerce belongs to the project which is difficult to make good winning with high risk. Many useful methods、facility are created to ameliorate the efficiency of exploitation. People are convinced of that technique improvement can not take the place of management. It is a serious challenge for enterpriser to carry through efficient management in order to accomplish successful project in the light of pre-concerted cost, schedule and quality. The issues belong to all stages of the lifecycle, which include previous stage, ongoing stage and late stage.
Schedule、cost、quality and risk are the important elements in electronic project management. The thesis focuses on the exploitation of electronic airline ticket in china southern airlines by means of project management.
At first, the author analyzed the requirements. In the thesis, the author analyzed requirements, costs, resources, progresses and risks of the project and clarified the management activities at all stages of the project. All conclusion of above are based on the project management theories, and link with the author's experiences of electronic airline ticket practice.
The author described the methods of management, which concern to the practicability evaluation, demand survey, requirement analysis, system design, system implementation, project schedule and control, team organization and communication, and risk management etc. The author also confirmed the
function of each sub-system and the process of construction in next step. The principle and method of electronic commerce system programming were also definite.
At the end, the author also bring forward four advice to consummate project management such as definite requirement、value and target, strengthen data accumulation and analysis, agile translation, emphasize on the knowledge share in the team.
The exploitations of EC project belong to labor denseness domains which depend upon people's labor in a creative way. As we know it is very difficult to exploit a successful project.
The thesis studies thoroughly how to manage a project successfully via the practice analysis. The results of the study can benefit and will be a good reference to project management of other domestic enterprises.
电子商务开发是高风险的项目，成功率很低，人们致力于改善这种状况，而且可以看到在有助于提高开发效率的开发方法、开发工具这些方面得到了飞快的发展。但随着项目规模的不断扩大，项目开发过程中的进度管理、成本管理、风险管理、质量管理变得越来越重要，人们也认识到技术的改善并不能代替管理的作用。
进度、成本、质量、风险管理是电子商务项目管理的核心管理要素，直接决定了项目的优劣、成败。本文以中国南方航空公司B2C电子机票项目为背景，结合项目管理的相关理论，主要从三个方面阐述了项目管理知识与方法在软件开发项目实践中的应用过程：
首先，对电子机票项目的需求进行了分析，在此基础上从项目管理的角度提出做好项目工程，关键要对项目的进度、成本、风险和质量进行全过程的管理与控制，即四要素管理。
其次，结合实际项目，分章节对进度管理、成本管理、风险管理和质量管理四个方面进行了深入的研究和实践，分别使用关键线路法、挣值分析法、风险量化法、全面质量管理等技术和方法，对电子机票项目管理的重要过程和主要方面实施控制与管理。
最后，在理论研究和实践的基础上，提出完善项目管理的四点建议：
1．明确项目需求、价值和目标。
2．提高计划执行准确率，加强基础数据积累和分析。
3．实现项目人力资源灵活调度。
4．强调项目团队的知识共享。
As a new domain of management subject, Project management come forth to fulfill the requirement accompanying with society construction. In the age of information and knowledge economy, people turn around to gain fortune by means of project exploitation and implement especially in Electronic Commerce domain in stead of undertaking production activity again and again.
The exploitation of electronic commerce belongs to the project which is difficult to make good winning with high risk. Many useful methods、facility are created to ameliorate the efficiency of exploitation. People are convinced of that technique improvement can not take the place of management. It is a serious challenge for enterpriser to carry through efficient management in order to accomplish successful project in the light of pre-concerted cost, schedule and quality. The issues belong to all stages of the lifecycle, which include previous stage, ongoing stage and late stage.
Schedule、cost、quality and risk are the important elements in electronic project management. The thesis focuses on the exploitation of electronic airline ticket in china southern airlines by means of project management.
At first, the author analyzed the requirements. In the thesis, the author analyzed requirements, costs, resources, progresses and risks of the project and clarified the management activities at all stages of the project. All conclusion of above are based on the project management theories, and link with the author's experiences of electronic airline ticket practice.
The author described the methods of management, which concern to the practicability evaluation, demand survey, requirement analysis, system design, system implementation, project schedule and control, team organization and communication, and risk management etc. The author also confirmed the
function of each sub-system and the process of construction in next step. The principle and method of electronic commerce system programming were also definite.
At the end, the author also bring forward four advice to consummate project management such as definite requirement、value and target, strengthen data accumulation and analysis, agile translation, emphasize on the knowledge share in the team.
The exploitations of EC project belong to labor denseness domains which depend upon people's labor in a creative way. As we know it is very difficult to exploit a successful project.
The thesis studies thoroughly how to manage a project successfully via the practice analysis. The results of the study can benefit and will be a good reference to project management of other domestic enterprises.
引文
[1] 张娟、李琪、马继慧．中国民航信息化的成果与不足．航空运输．2005．3
[2] 符铮．我国航空公司网络营销的应用研究．对外经济贸易大学．硕士学位论文．2005
[3] 方学斌．基于Web服务的网上预订机票系统的研究与实现．武汉理工大学硕士学位论文．2006
[4] 贝内特．P．利恩兹等：21世纪的项目管理．电子工业出版社，2003
[5] 黎羽、陈刚：企业项目管理七要素．商业研究．2003．14
[6] 纪燕萍、张婀娜、王亚慧．21世纪项目管理教程．人民邮电出版社．2002：
[7] 刘国靖．现代项目管理教程．中国人民大学出版社．2004
[8] 卢有杰．现代项目管理．首都经济贸易出版社．2004
[9] 林好常．我国项目管理的现状和改革方向．中国投资与建设．1999
[10] 张金欣．中国民营航空的市场定位问题研究．对外经济贸易大学工商管理硕士(MBA)学位论文．2005
[11] 罗德尼．特纳等．项目管理手册．机械工业出版社．2004
[12] 白思俊．现代项目管理(上)(第一版)．北京：机械工业出版社．2002
[13] 王树进．电子商务项目运作．南京．东南大学出版社．2002：
[14] 徐天宇．电子商务系统规划与设计．北京清华大学出版社，2005．6
[15] 尼尔 怀特．管理软件开发项目．通向成功的最佳实践．电子工业出版社．2002
[16] Walker Royce著．周伯生等译．软件项目管理一个统一的框架．机械工业出版社．2003
[17] (美)詹姆斯·P刘易斯著．王增东等译．项目经理案头手册．北京．机械工业出版．2001
[18] 左美云，周彬编著．实用项目管理与图解．北京：清华大学出版社．2002：2-V19．
[19] 伍春来、王振雨．项目管理．经济管理出版社．2004
[20] 孙艳春．陈向群．赵俊峰译．管理软件开发项目．电子工业出版社．2003
[21] 付强，沈川．蒋峰编著．有效的项目管理．中国纺织出版社．2004
[22] 詹姆斯．P．刘易斯(James P．Lewis)著．王增东、任志忠、胡永庆译．项目经理案头手册．机械工业出版社．2001．10
[23] 杰克．吉多詹姆斯P．克莱门斯著张金成等译，成功的项目管理，机械工业出版社．2002
[24] 金英勋(Ying Hoom Kim)．杨磊．王增东著．如何准备PMP考试．机械工业出版社，2001．11
[25] 左小德．项目投资管理学．暨南大学出版社．1997年
[26] 王超．项目决策与管理．中国对外经济贸易出版社．1998
[27] 詹姆斯．刘易斯(James P．Lewis)著，赤向东译．项目计划、进度与控制．清华大学出版社，2003．2
[28] Kathy Schwalbe著．I T项目管理．机械工业出版社．2003．2
[29] Gopalaswamy Ramesh著，陈新、孙晓峰、徐军译．全球化软件项目管理．机械工业出版社．2003．7
[30] 曲涛．传统企业发展电子商务的风险分析与对策研究．大庆石油学院硕士学位论文．2005：
[31] (美)凯西．施瓦尔贝著．王金玉等译．IT项目管理．机械工业出版社．2002
[32] 李艺兰．软件开发项目的风险管理．机械工业出版社2003．03
[33] Olins. M. Management by Design. Management Today. 1985.
[34] (美)A．V．菲根堡姆著，杨文士，廖永平等译．全面质量管理．北京：机械工业出版社．1991
[35] Daniel J．Paulish著．白晓颖．邵忠岿译．软件项目管理实用指南．机械工业出版社．2004
[36] Watts S．Humphrey．韩丹译．小组软件过程．人民邮电出版社．2002
[37] 帕特里夏．恩斯华斯著．王雷、孙宝成译．从技术主管到项目经理．电子工 业出版社．2002．6
[38] Daniel J．Paulish著．白晓颖、邵忠岿译．软件项目管理实用指南一一以体系结构为中心．机械工业出版社．2003．3
[39] Sami Zahran著．陈新．罗劲枫等译．软件过程改进．机械工业出版社．2001
[40] Topalian A. The Management of Design Projects. Lodon: Associated Business Press. 1980
[41] Gorb. P. Design Management at the London Business School, SIAD Design Management Seminar. London. The Design Council. 1983
[42] Gorb. P. Introduction What is Design Management. In. Gorb P.(Ed.)Design Management. London. Architecture Design and Technology Press, 1989
[43] Anton Cozijnsen. Willem Vrakking. Handbook of Innovation Management. London. Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1993
[44] Kenneth R. Cooke. One voice, one force. Identity at the USAF. Design Management Journal. Winter 2002
[45] Mark Danzig. By design. The BlueLight brand story. Design management Journal. Winter 2002: 26
[46] Philip Cooke. Regional Innovation Systems. General Findings and Some New Evidence from Biotechnology Clusters. Journal of Technology Transfer. 2002. 27
[47] Glen L. Urban, John R. Hauser. Design and marketing of new products. London: Prentice. 1980
[48] British Standands 7000. Guide to Managing Product Design. 1989
[49] Thomas Walton. Exploring the fundmental relationship between design and good business. Design Management Journal. Winter 2002. 6
[50] 王祖和主编．项目质量管理．北京：机械工业出版社．2004
[51] (以)亚历山大·劳费尔．(美)爱德华．J 霍夫受著．姜琪译．项目管理成功
[52] 吕勇．电子机票在中国铁路电子商务中的应用研究．铁路计算机应用．2005．12
[2] 符铮．我国航空公司网络营销的应用研究．对外经济贸易大学．硕士学位论文．2005
[3] 方学斌．基于Web服务的网上预订机票系统的研究与实现．武汉理工大学硕士学位论文．2006
[4] 贝内特．P．利恩兹等：21世纪的项目管理．电子工业出版社，2003
[5] 黎羽、陈刚：企业项目管理七要素．商业研究．2003．14
[6] 纪燕萍、张婀娜、王亚慧．21世纪项目管理教程．人民邮电出版社．2002：
[7] 刘国靖．现代项目管理教程．中国人民大学出版社．2004
[8] 卢有杰．现代项目管理．首都经济贸易出版社．2004
[9] 林好常．我国项目管理的现状和改革方向．中国投资与建设．1999
[10] 张金欣．中国民营航空的市场定位问题研究．对外经济贸易大学工商管理硕士(MBA)学位论文．2005
[11] 罗德尼．特纳等．项目管理手册．机械工业出版社．2004
[12] 白思俊．现代项目管理(上)(第一版)．北京：机械工业出版社．2002
[13] 王树进．电子商务项目运作．南京．东南大学出版社．2002：
[14] 徐天宇．电子商务系统规划与设计．北京清华大学出版社，2005．6
[15] 尼尔 怀特．管理软件开发项目．通向成功的最佳实践．电子工业出版社．2002
[16] Walker Royce著．周伯生等译．软件项目管理一个统一的框架．机械工业出版社．2003
[17] (美)詹姆斯·P刘易斯著．王增东等译．项目经理案头手册．北京．机械工业出版．2001
[18] 左美云，周彬编著．实用项目管理与图解．北京：清华大学出版社．2002：2-V19．
[19] 伍春来、王振雨．项目管理．经济管理出版社．2004
[20] 孙艳春．陈向群．赵俊峰译．管理软件开发项目．电子工业出版社．2003
[21] 付强，沈川．蒋峰编著．有效的项目管理．中国纺织出版社．2004
[22] 詹姆斯．P．刘易斯(James P．Lewis)著．王增东、任志忠、胡永庆译．项目经理案头手册．机械工业出版社．2001．10
[23] 杰克．吉多詹姆斯P．克莱门斯著张金成等译，成功的项目管理，机械工业出版社．2002
[24] 金英勋(Ying Hoom Kim)．杨磊．王增东著．如何准备PMP考试．机械工业出版社，2001．11
[25] 左小德．项目投资管理学．暨南大学出版社．1997年
[26] 王超．项目决策与管理．中国对外经济贸易出版社．1998
[27] 詹姆斯．刘易斯(James P．Lewis)著，赤向东译．项目计划、进度与控制．清华大学出版社，2003．2
[28] Kathy Schwalbe著．I T项目管理．机械工业出版社．2003．2
[29] Gopalaswamy Ramesh著，陈新、孙晓峰、徐军译．全球化软件项目管理．机械工业出版社．2003．7
[30] 曲涛．传统企业发展电子商务的风险分析与对策研究．大庆石油学院硕士学位论文．2005：
[31] (美)凯西．施瓦尔贝著．王金玉等译．IT项目管理．机械工业出版社．2002
[32] 李艺兰．软件开发项目的风险管理．机械工业出版社2003．03
[33] Olins. M. Management by Design. Management Today. 1985.
[34] (美)A．V．菲根堡姆著，杨文士，廖永平等译．全面质量管理．北京：机械工业出版社．1991
[35] Daniel J．Paulish著．白晓颖．邵忠岿译．软件项目管理实用指南．机械工业出版社．2004
[36] Watts S．Humphrey．韩丹译．小组软件过程．人民邮电出版社．2002
[37] 帕特里夏．恩斯华斯著．王雷、孙宝成译．从技术主管到项目经理．电子工 业出版社．2002．6
[38] Daniel J．Paulish著．白晓颖、邵忠岿译．软件项目管理实用指南一一以体系结构为中心．机械工业出版社．2003．3
[39] Sami Zahran著．陈新．罗劲枫等译．软件过程改进．机械工业出版社．2001
[40] Topalian A. The Management of Design Projects. Lodon: Associated Business Press. 1980
[41] Gorb. P. Design Management at the London Business School, SIAD Design Management Seminar. London. The Design Council. 1983
[42] Gorb. P. Introduction What is Design Management. In. Gorb P.(Ed.)Design Management. London. Architecture Design and Technology Press, 1989
[43] Anton Cozijnsen. Willem Vrakking. Handbook of Innovation Management. London. Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1993
[44] Kenneth R. Cooke. One voice, one force. Identity at the USAF. Design Management Journal. Winter 2002
[45] Mark Danzig. By design. The BlueLight brand story. Design management Journal. Winter 2002: 26
[46] Philip Cooke. Regional Innovation Systems. General Findings and Some New Evidence from Biotechnology Clusters. Journal of Technology Transfer. 2002. 27
[47] Glen L. Urban, John R. Hauser. Design and marketing of new products. London: Prentice. 1980
[48] British Standands 7000. Guide to Managing Product Design. 1989
[49] Thomas Walton. Exploring the fundmental relationship between design and good business. Design Management Journal. Winter 2002. 6
[50] 王祖和主编．项目质量管理．北京：机械工业出版社．2004
[51] (以)亚历山大·劳费尔．(美)爱德华．J 霍夫受著．姜琪译．项目管理成功
[52] 吕勇．电子机票在中国铁路电子商务中的应用研究．铁路计算机应用．2005．12