摘要
纯碱不能使蛇纹石玉造成任何白化现象,却有一些变黄的迹象。
蛇纹石玉在高温700℃—1000℃发生相变,产生通体白沁。高温实验之后的蛇纹石玉韧性、硬度均降低;光泽变为土状光泽;对其进行傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析,通过对比标准红外图谱,相变产物为镁橄榄石和顽火辉石。
对于现代仿制的土状光泽鸡骨白沁色,高温加热后其成分发生变化,传世古玉及出土古玉其成分还是原来的玉石材质,因此可以根据傅里叶变化红外光谱仪来区分此种仿鸡骨白。对于现代仿制的白色斑沁,先进行红外分析,若红外光谱特征峰显示明显的分裂峰,可确定其经处理;若谱图特征峰无太大变化,还需要结合古玉的器形、年代特征等来考究其真伪。
On the basis of market research and data’s summarization, the author draw a conclusion: jade handed down, unearthed jade and imitation jade mostly are tremolite jade and serpentine jade; Antique jade’s modern imitation methods are generally acid and alkali treating, high temperature treating. Accordingly, this paper establish the experiment program which will treat the tremolite jade and serpentine jade with acid and alkali immersion test and high temperature test.
The acid and alkali corrosion experiment to tremolite jade is only limited to the surface which is not smooth polished, such as the decoration incised lines. To imitate the chicken bone white or white spots soak-induced color, it is necessary that a rough surface to be manufactured, and to the ones with decorations a pre-processing is needed before the acid and alkali treating, preventing the thickness of white spots soak-induced color changed in the process of the treating.
The high temperature test at 900℃—1200℃can promote tremolite jade occurring phase transition, and produce the whole body soak-induced color. After the high-temperature experiments, the tremolite jade’s toughness and hardness both decreased; its gloss also becomes into earthy luster from the previous oil sheen.
Sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid can both produce white soak-induced color in serpentine jade, and the different concentration vary the result of corrosion. when the concentration of the sulfuric acid is between 19%—25% and the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is between 9%—12%, the corrosion to serpentine jade is the strongest; the corrosion of nitric acid is limited to the surface of serpentine jade; alkali can not make any bleaching on serpentine jade, but there is a little yellow signs and maybe it can be used.
The high temperature test at and after 700℃—1000℃can promote serpentine jade occurring phase transition, and it has some fixed phase transition products, which are forsterite and enstatite, but they show differences when seeing them directly, some are white, some are yellow and some are black. According to analyze the original sample, there comes a conclude that if you want to imitate chicken-bone white, you should choose some samples that have a lighter green color, which means the ones have a small number of iron..
To the modern imitation of chicken-bone white, its composition change after been sintered, the composition of jade handed down and unearthed jade are as same as the main body of the original material composition, therefore, according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to distinguish between chicken bone white. To the modern imitation of white sport soak-induced color, because of its main composition did not change too much, it is impossible to differ them from each other according the machine only, there still have to combine the shape of the jade and the era characteristics of the jade together to study.
引文
[1]方泽,中国玉器[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2003.31.
[2]高菩,解读高古玉的沁色[J].鉴藏,2006.8:72-73.
[3]许小玲,古玉的沁色、染色及鉴别[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2001,3(2):26-28.
[4]杨伯达主编,中国玉器全集[M].石家庄:河北美术出版社,2005.38、56、66、77.
[5]王蓉,古玉器受沁机理初探[D].北京:中国科学技术大学,2007.
[6]亓利剑,袁心强,曹姝.宝石的红外反射光谱表征及其应用[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2005,7(4):21-25.
[7]郭立鹤,韩景仪,罗红宇.宝石的红外反射光谱及红外光谱鉴定系统[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2006.25(4):349-355.
[8] E.Balan and A.M.Saitta. First-principles calculation of the infrared spectrum of lizardite[J].American Mineralogist,2002,87:1286-1290.
[9]申柯娅.红外光谱在仿古玉石鉴定中的应用[J].光谱实验室,2010,27(4):1393-1397.
[10]张广文.玉器的颜色变化及玉器的染色做旧[J].中原文物,2005,(4):70-89.
[11]项楠,白峰,邱添,林湲,吴百灵.古玉白沁作伪方法的实验研究[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2010,12(2):11-15.
[12]许文宁.古玉鸡骨白沁色的真相[J].收藏界;2006,(09):30-33.
[13]王敬之.识作旧技法辨真假古玉[J].收藏界,2005,(48):80-81.
[14]任江.仿古玉器的制作及识别方法[J].文物世界,2006,(04):62-69.
[15]杨伯达.传世古玉辨伪与鉴考[M].北京:紫禁城出版社,2005,7-16.
[16]张广文,古方.现代仿古玉作伪的特点和方法[J].艺术市场,2005,(3):100-103.
[17]高洁.良诸文化庄桥坟遗址出土玉器受沁风化特征及机理研究:[硕士学位论文].武汉:中国地质大学,2008.
[18]江富建.南阳黄山新时期时代的玉器的玉质研究[J].玉石文化,106-108.
[19]周树礼,张良钜,郑姿姿.中国古代玉器玉质鉴定特征[J].桂林工学院学报,2000,20(4):356-359.
[20]闻广.中国古玉的研究[J].建材地质,1990,(2):1-10.
[21]栾秉璈.史前古玉玉质及玉料来源问题研究[J].南阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2005,4(2):113-116.
[22]闻广,荆志淳.中国古玉地质考古学研究.中国地质科学院地质研究所文集.1997, (29—30).
[23]朱勤文,杨若晨,韩壮丽,蔡路武,陈善钰.曾侯乙墓出土古玉器碎片玉质成分研究[J].江汉考古,2009,(110):106-111.
[24]蔡文静,张敬国,朱勤文,吴沫.凌家滩出土部分古玉器玉质成分特征[J].东南文化,2002(163):80-83.
[25]廖任庆,朱勤文.中国各产地软玉的化学成分分析[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2005,7(1):25-30.
[26]高飞,冯敏,王荣,吴卫红,王昌燧.薛家岗遗址出土古玉器的材质特征[J].岩矿测试,2006,25(3):229-232.
[27]刘志勇,干福熹,承焕生,马波,顾冬红.蛇纹石质古玉器的无损分析研究[J].自然科学史研究,2008,27(3):370-377.
[28]王立本,刘亚玲.和田玉、玛纳斯碧玉和岫岩老玉(透闪石玉)的X射线粉晶衍射特征[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2002,21(增刊):62-67.
[29]卢保奇.四川石棉软玉猫眼和蛇纹石猫眼的宝石矿物学及其谱学研究:[博士学位论文].上海:上海大学,2005.
[30]马婷婷,廖宗廷,周征宇.岫岩软玉矿床成因研究现状分析[J].上海地质,2007,(4):64-66.
[31]廖任庆,朱勤文.中国各产地软玉的化学成分分析[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2005,7(1):25-30.
[32]刘晶,崔文元.中国三个产地的软玉(透闪石玉)研究[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(2):25-29.
[33]周振华,冯佳睿.新疆软玉、岫岩软玉的岩石矿物学对比研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2010,29(3):331-340.
[34]段体玉,王时麒.岫岩软玉(透闪石玉)的稳定同位素研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2001,21(增刊):115-119.
[35]张蓓莉.系统宝石学[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.365.
[36]陈静生.水环境化学[M] .北京:高等教育出版社.1987.30,33.
[37]郭杰,杨明星.酸浸泡处理软玉仿鸡骨白沁色的实验探索[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2007,9(3):7-10.
[38]王春云,张惠芬.软玉的热谱特征与热转变机制[J].矿物学报,1991,11(3):251-257.
[39]卢保奇,夏义本,亓利剑.软玉猫眼的红外吸收光谱及热相变机制研究[J].硅酸盐学报,2005,33(2):186-190.
[40]彭文世,刘高魁.矿物红外光谱图集[M].北京:科学出版社,1982,351-363。
[41]黄宣镇.中国蛇纹石玉矿床[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,2005,(3):55-57.
[42]薛蕾,王以群,范建良.黄色蛇纹石玉的谱学特征研究[J].激光与红外,2009,39(3):267-270.
[43]蒋薇. X射线荧光光谱法测定蛇纹石成分[J].化学分析计量,2009,18(3):80-81.
[44]李幼琴,江绍英,范文伟.蛇纹石族矿物的红外光谱特征及其研究[J].地质科学,1981,(3):247-253.
[45]林晓明.陕西省汉中地区南郑蛇纹石玉的矿物学_宝石学研究及质量评价:[硕士学位论文].西安:西北大学,2006.
[46] A.-L. Auzende, I. Daniel, B. Reynard, C. Lemaire. High-pressure behaviour of serpentine minerals: a Raman spectroscopic study[J] 2004,(5): 269-277.
[47]万建东.东海县蛇纹石尾矿转化为镁橄榄石的研究[J].非金属矿,1997,3(117):61-63.
[48]杨保俊,于少明,侯莉,单承湘.硫酸浓度对蛇纹石中氧化镁浸出反应速率的影响[J].应用化学,2001,18(3):196-199.
[49]George Alexander, M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer, Parvana Gafarova-Aksoy. Evaluation of reaction variables in the dissolution of serpentine for mineral carbonation[J]. Fuel,(2007) 273–281.
[50]Bernier, L.R. The potential use of serpentinite in the passive treatment of acid mine drainage: batch experiments. Environmental Geology. 2005,47(5): 670-684.
[51]侯莉,单承湘,于少明.酸浸条件对蛇纹石中镁浸出的影响[J].安徽科技,2001,(1):39.
[52] Katunori KOSUGE, Koji SIMADA , Atsumu TSUNAHIMA. Advanced Utilization of Serpentine. Report of NIRE(National Institute for Resources and Environment). No.18 January 1997.
[53]杨艳霞,冯其明,刘琨,王丽.纤蛇纹石的盐酸浸出及其动力学模型研究[J].材料导报,2007,21(3):136-139.
[54]杨艳霞.纤蛇纹石酸浸及其制备氧化硅纳米线的研究:[硕士学位论文].中南大学,2007.
[55]杨艳霞,冯其明,刘琨,王丽.纤蛇纹石在盐酸浸出过程中结构变化的研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2007,36(4):560-564.
[56] Qiwu Zhang, Kazumasa Sugiyama and Fumio Saito. Enhancement of acid extraction of magnesium and silicon from serpentine by mechanochemical treatment[J]. Hydrometallurgy.1997 45(3): 323-331.
[57] N. O. Zulumyan, A. R. Isaakyan, Z. G. Oganesyan. A new promising method for processing of serpentinites[J] 2007,(6): 1020~1022.
[58] A.-L. Auzende, I. Daniel, B. Reynard, C. Lemaire. High-pressure behaviour of serpentine minerals: a Raman spectroscopic study[J] 2004,(5): 269-277.
[59] T. Zaremba, A. Krza?ka?a, J. Piotrowski, et al. Study on the thermal decomposition of chrysotile asbestos[J]. J Therm Anal Calorim (2010) 101:479–485.
[60]杨保俊,于少明,单承湘.蛇纹石综合利用新工艺[J].矿冶工程,2003,23(1):47-49.
[61] (苏)马林(Малин,К.М.),波略柯夫(Лоляков,К.А.).等编,中央化工局设计公司基本化学科译,硫酸工作者手册[M].北京:重工业出版社,1954.69
[62]江绍英主编,蛇纹石矿物学及性能测试[M].北京:地质出版社,1987.64-84
[63]来红州,王时麒,俞宁.辽宁岫岩叶蛇纹石热处理产物的矿物学特征[J].矿物学报,2003,23(2):124-127.
[64]胡宾生,熊飞武.蛇纹石种类和力度对烧结过程的影响[J].烧结球团,2010,35(5):23-26.
[65]陈国玺,刘高魁,王冠鑫.蛇纹石族矿物的差热曲线特征及其热转变的研究[J].矿物学报, 1983,(3):221-227.
[66]彭文世,刘高魁,蛇纹石族矿物及其热转变产物的红外光谱研究[J].矿物学报,1986,6(2):97-102.
[67] T. H. Chena, M. Menub. Heating Effect On Serpentine Jades[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings,2010,1267(1):321.