古玉白沁作伪方法研究
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摘要
纯碱不能使蛇纹石玉造成任何白化现象,却有一些变黄的迹象。
蛇纹石玉在高温700℃—1000℃发生相变,产生通体白沁。高温实验之后的蛇纹石玉韧性、硬度均降低;光泽变为土状光泽;对其进行傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析,通过对比标准红外图谱,相变产物为镁橄榄石和顽火辉石。
对于现代仿制的土状光泽鸡骨白沁色,高温加热后其成分发生变化,传世古玉及出土古玉其成分还是原来的玉石材质,因此可以根据傅里叶变化红外光谱仪来区分此种仿鸡骨白。对于现代仿制的白色斑沁,先进行红外分析,若红外光谱特征峰显示明显的分裂峰,可确定其经处理;若谱图特征峰无太大变化,还需要结合古玉的器形、年代特征等来考究其真伪。
On the basis of market research and data’s summarization, the author draw a conclusion: jade handed down, unearthed jade and imitation jade mostly are tremolite jade and serpentine jade; Antique jade’s modern imitation methods are generally acid and alkali treating, high temperature treating. Accordingly, this paper establish the experiment program which will treat the tremolite jade and serpentine jade with acid and alkali immersion test and high temperature test.
The acid and alkali corrosion experiment to tremolite jade is only limited to the surface which is not smooth polished, such as the decoration incised lines. To imitate the chicken bone white or white spots soak-induced color, it is necessary that a rough surface to be manufactured, and to the ones with decorations a pre-processing is needed before the acid and alkali treating, preventing the thickness of white spots soak-induced color changed in the process of the treating.
The high temperature test at 900℃—1200℃can promote tremolite jade occurring phase transition, and produce the whole body soak-induced color. After the high-temperature experiments, the tremolite jade’s toughness and hardness both decreased; its gloss also becomes into earthy luster from the previous oil sheen.
Sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid can both produce white soak-induced color in serpentine jade, and the different concentration vary the result of corrosion. when the concentration of the sulfuric acid is between 19%—25% and the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is between 9%—12%, the corrosion to serpentine jade is the strongest; the corrosion of nitric acid is limited to the surface of serpentine jade; alkali can not make any bleaching on serpentine jade, but there is a little yellow signs and maybe it can be used.
The high temperature test at and after 700℃—1000℃can promote serpentine jade occurring phase transition, and it has some fixed phase transition products, which are forsterite and enstatite, but they show differences when seeing them directly, some are white, some are yellow and some are black. According to analyze the original sample, there comes a conclude that if you want to imitate chicken-bone white, you should choose some samples that have a lighter green color, which means the ones have a small number of iron..
To the modern imitation of chicken-bone white, its composition change after been sintered, the composition of jade handed down and unearthed jade are as same as the main body of the original material composition, therefore, according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to distinguish between chicken bone white. To the modern imitation of white sport soak-induced color, because of its main composition did not change too much, it is impossible to differ them from each other according the machine only, there still have to combine the shape of the jade and the era characteristics of the jade together to study.
蛇纹石玉在高温700℃—1000℃发生相变,产生通体白沁。高温实验之后的蛇纹石玉韧性、硬度均降低;光泽变为土状光泽;对其进行傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析,通过对比标准红外图谱,相变产物为镁橄榄石和顽火辉石。
对于现代仿制的土状光泽鸡骨白沁色,高温加热后其成分发生变化,传世古玉及出土古玉其成分还是原来的玉石材质,因此可以根据傅里叶变化红外光谱仪来区分此种仿鸡骨白。对于现代仿制的白色斑沁,先进行红外分析,若红外光谱特征峰显示明显的分裂峰,可确定其经处理;若谱图特征峰无太大变化,还需要结合古玉的器形、年代特征等来考究其真伪。
On the basis of market research and data’s summarization, the author draw a conclusion: jade handed down, unearthed jade and imitation jade mostly are tremolite jade and serpentine jade; Antique jade’s modern imitation methods are generally acid and alkali treating, high temperature treating. Accordingly, this paper establish the experiment program which will treat the tremolite jade and serpentine jade with acid and alkali immersion test and high temperature test.
The acid and alkali corrosion experiment to tremolite jade is only limited to the surface which is not smooth polished, such as the decoration incised lines. To imitate the chicken bone white or white spots soak-induced color, it is necessary that a rough surface to be manufactured, and to the ones with decorations a pre-processing is needed before the acid and alkali treating, preventing the thickness of white spots soak-induced color changed in the process of the treating.
The high temperature test at 900℃—1200℃can promote tremolite jade occurring phase transition, and produce the whole body soak-induced color. After the high-temperature experiments, the tremolite jade’s toughness and hardness both decreased; its gloss also becomes into earthy luster from the previous oil sheen.
Sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid can both produce white soak-induced color in serpentine jade, and the different concentration vary the result of corrosion. when the concentration of the sulfuric acid is between 19%—25% and the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is between 9%—12%, the corrosion to serpentine jade is the strongest; the corrosion of nitric acid is limited to the surface of serpentine jade; alkali can not make any bleaching on serpentine jade, but there is a little yellow signs and maybe it can be used.
The high temperature test at and after 700℃—1000℃can promote serpentine jade occurring phase transition, and it has some fixed phase transition products, which are forsterite and enstatite, but they show differences when seeing them directly, some are white, some are yellow and some are black. According to analyze the original sample, there comes a conclude that if you want to imitate chicken-bone white, you should choose some samples that have a lighter green color, which means the ones have a small number of iron..
To the modern imitation of chicken-bone white, its composition change after been sintered, the composition of jade handed down and unearthed jade are as same as the main body of the original material composition, therefore, according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to distinguish between chicken bone white. To the modern imitation of white sport soak-induced color, because of its main composition did not change too much, it is impossible to differ them from each other according the machine only, there still have to combine the shape of the jade and the era characteristics of the jade together to study.
引文
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[3]许小玲,古玉的沁色、染色及鉴别[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2001,3(2):26-28.
[4]杨伯达主编,中国玉器全集[M].石家庄:河北美术出版社,2005.38、56、66、77.
[5]王蓉,古玉器受沁机理初探[D].北京:中国科学技术大学,2007.
[6]亓利剑,袁心强,曹姝.宝石的红外反射光谱表征及其应用[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2005,7(4):21-25.
[7]郭立鹤,韩景仪,罗红宇.宝石的红外反射光谱及红外光谱鉴定系统[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2006.25(4):349-355.
[8] E.Balan and A.M.Saitta. First-principles calculation of the infrared spectrum of lizardite[J].American Mineralogist,2002,87:1286-1290.
[9]申柯娅.红外光谱在仿古玉石鉴定中的应用[J].光谱实验室,2010,27(4):1393-1397.
[10]张广文.玉器的颜色变化及玉器的染色做旧[J].中原文物,2005,(4):70-89.
[11]项楠,白峰,邱添,林湲，吴百灵.古玉白沁作伪方法的实验研究[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2010,12(2):11-15.
[12]许文宁.古玉鸡骨白沁色的真相[J].收藏界;2006,(09):30-33.
[13]王敬之.识作旧技法辨真假古玉[J].收藏界,2005,(48):80-81.
[14]任江.仿古玉器的制作及识别方法[J].文物世界,2006,(04):62-69.
[15]杨伯达.传世古玉辨伪与鉴考[M].北京:紫禁城出版社,2005,7-16.
[16]张广文,古方.现代仿古玉作伪的特点和方法[J].艺术市场,2005,(3):100-103.
[17]高洁.良诸文化庄桥坟遗址出土玉器受沁风化特征及机理研究:[硕士学位论文].武汉:中国地质大学,2008.
[18]江富建.南阳黄山新时期时代的玉器的玉质研究[J].玉石文化,106-108.
[19]周树礼,张良钜,郑姿姿.中国古代玉器玉质鉴定特征[J].桂林工学院学报,2000,20(4):356-359.
[20]闻广.中国古玉的研究[J].建材地质,1990,(2):1-10.
[21]栾秉璈.史前古玉玉质及玉料来源问题研究[J].南阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2005,4(2):113-116.
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[25]廖任庆,朱勤文.中国各产地软玉的化学成分分析[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2005,7(1):25-30.
[26]高飞,冯敏,王荣,吴卫红,王昌燧.薛家岗遗址出土古玉器的材质特征[J].岩矿测试,2006,25(3):229-232.
[27]刘志勇,干福熹,承焕生,马波,顾冬红.蛇纹石质古玉器的无损分析研究[J].自然科学史研究,2008,27(3):370-377.
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