刺激—响应水凝胶聚合物光子晶体的构筑
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摘要
由具有刺激响应性质的聚合物胶体粒子构筑的三维光子晶体材料，由于其可以对外界环境的变化进行敏感、快速的感知，并且物理性质可以发生明显的变化，所以在过去很长一段时间引起广泛学者浓厚的研究兴趣。通过调节光子晶体晶格周期的空间排布，可以对电磁波的传播路径进行调控同时伴有明亮的结构色的变化，所以该类具有刺激响应性质的光子晶体材料被应用于通信技术、光控开关、显示设备、生物检测和化学传感等诸多领域。
目前，三维密堆积结构的光子禁带可调的光子晶体大多由聚氮异丙基丙烯酰胺（PNIPAM）聚合物微球构筑而成的。这类聚合物微球由于在其临界相转变温度附近会发生一个明显的体积转变过程，因此会使其晶格周期发生空间上的扩大或缩小，从而使光子禁带位置发生变化。但由于其晶格周期变化剧烈，容易使光子晶体的晶格排布发生坍塌，三维周期有序结构容易被破坏，从而导致其在受到外界刺激后的响应变化受到限制。在本论文中，我们通过经典乳液聚合方式设计制备了一种新型的核壳结构的水凝胶聚合物微球—PS-co-PDMAA（聚苯乙烯-聚N，N-二甲基丙烯酰胺），它以硬质疏水的聚苯乙烯为核，软质亲水的PDMAA为壳，由于其优异的尺寸单分散性，制备的水凝胶聚合物微球容易通过重力场或电场沉积等方式组装成为三维有序的光子晶体结构。并且其光子禁带的位置可以根据外界环境的变化做出相应的调节，同时伴有明显的结构色变化。这种材料可以在光开关、显示设备、生物检测以及化学传感等方面具有潜在的应用价值。
在第二章中，我们通过经典乳液聚合方式成功制备了尺寸单分散的以硬质疏水的聚苯乙烯为核，以软质亲水的PDMAA为壳的水凝胶聚合物微球。制备过程中通过改变单体的摩尔比、引发剂的用量、表面活性剂的用量以及聚合反应时间等条件，可以对水凝胶聚合物微球的粒径进行控制。随着功能性单体DMAA与St的摩尔比升高，水凝胶聚合物微球的粒径逐渐降低，并且始终保持优异的尺寸单分散性；随着引发剂用量的增加，水凝胶聚合物微球的粒径在开始阶段显著降低，随后微球粒径降低的趋势逐渐趋于平缓；随着表面活性剂用量的增加，水凝胶聚合物微球的粒径逐渐变小；随着反应时间的延长，在反应初期由于快速的链增长过程，粒径尺寸增长迅速，后逐渐保持平缓，基本不变。因此通过调控乳液聚合各影响因素可以获得所需粒径尺寸的水凝胶聚合物微球。同时，由于水凝胶聚合物微球壳层大量的丙烯酰胺基团的存在使其具有优异的亲水性，容易发生均匀的体积溶胀，其体积溶胀率可达700%，而且响应迅速。另外，由于水凝胶聚合物微球优异的尺寸单分散性，该水凝胶微球可以作为构筑基元用于三维光子晶体的制备，通过选取不同粒径尺寸的构筑基元制备的水凝胶光子晶体可以获得不同波长响应范围的光子禁带性质。
在第三章中，乳液聚合方式制备的水凝胶聚合物微球由于具有较窄的尺寸分布，可以通过离心沉积方式快速制备三维密堆积结构的光子晶体阵列。由于壳层大量丙烯酰胺基团的存在，水凝胶聚合物微球具有优异的亲水性，表现出明显的水响应特性。根据加入水的量发生不同程度的体积溶胀，晶格周期因微球体积溶胀而变大，从而使获得的三维光子晶体的光子禁带位置发生不同程度的红移。针对壳层PDMAA较厚的水凝胶聚合物微球，所构筑的光子晶体的光子禁带可以从可见光区移动至近红外光区，最大移动范围超过500nm，同时禁带移动过程中光子晶体保持规整有序结构，其衍射峰的半峰宽始很窄，在20-40nm之间，可见光区的结构色极为鲜亮，而且响应性具有往复性。进一步，利用SCN~-与DMAA中丙烯酰胺结构单元的强相互作用，使该水凝胶聚合物光子晶体可以对SCN~-进行特异性识别和定量分析。因此该类环境敏感的水凝胶聚合物光子晶体可以作为化学传感及离子检测的理想材料。
在第四章中，利用制备的水凝胶聚合物微球表面所具有的较高的电荷量，通过外加电场方式可以使水凝胶聚合物微球在电极板上进行有序的组装。以电响应性制备三维有序光子晶体结构是一种简便、快速的制备光子晶体的方法。不同的负载电压作用会使得水凝胶聚合物微球具有不同的紧密堆积程度，可以对光子晶体的晶格周期进行控制，实现对光子晶体的构筑及其光子禁带的调节。此外，随着电场作用时间的不同，使水凝胶聚合物微球的紧密堆积程度不同，进而导致晶格周期发生改变，使光子禁带发生可控调节，同时表现出明显的结构色变化。在不同作用位点处施加不同的负载电压，电场诱导沉积组装的水凝胶聚合物光子晶体还具有局部色彩的可控调节能力，可以实现光子晶体材料图案化的显示，并且色彩分界清晰、制备过程迅速。这种性质稳定、操控电压较低、结构色鲜亮的光子晶体材料可以作为显示设备的制备模型，在光控开关、可调反射镜、电子显示设备等光学器件上具有实际的应用价值。
Colloidal photonic crystals have been investigated significantly over the pastdecade, together with the synthesis of polymeric colloidal microspheres and theirself-assembly leading to3-dimentional ordered arrays. The variation of the periodicstructures can tune light propagation, which holds technological implications invarious areas, such as telecommunication, switch, optical fibres, display devices,biological detection, and chemical sensors. Much progress has been made in thefabrication of polymeric colloidal crystal arrays that are responsive to external stimuli,which result in the modification of the lattice spacing of the opal structures.Accordingly, the wavelength of diffraction of these photonic colloidal crystals (PCCs)shifts due to the change of photonic band gap (PBG). For diffraction-basedapplications, it is critical to engineer PCCs to exhibit bright and structure-based color.
Up to now, the close-packed microgel opals with variable structures arecommonly constructed from the self-assembly of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM) microspheres. Most PNIPAM-based PCCs experience an unavoidablevolume change around PNIPAM lower critical solution temperature (LCST).Consequently, their crystal lattices are vulnerable to collapse and become disordered.During responses to external stimuli, it is difficult for the PNIPAM-based PCCs tomaintain their narrow bandwidth diffraction and thus color purity. In the thesis, wehave successfully prepared a novel smart hydrogel composed of polystyrene-co-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)(PS-co-PDMAA) microspheres withinner regions rich in hard and hydrophobic PS and outer regions of soft andhydrophilic PDMAA. With narrow size distribution, the synthesized PS-co-PDMAAhydrogel microspheres self-assembled readily, during centrifugation or under anelectric field, leading to the formation of opal hydrogels. Due to their PBG could beenturned with the changing external stimuli in a broad range, it should bring insightsinto a universal approach to functional polymeric colloidal crystal, such as switch,display devices, biological detection, and chemical sensors.
In the second chapter, we have successfully prepared monodispersed core-shellhydrogel PS-co-PDMAA microspheres with inner regions rich in hard andhydrophobic PS and outer regions of soft and hydrophilic PDMAA. Thesubmicrometer-sized monodispersed PS-co-PDMAA microspheres were prepared byusing emulsion polymerization method. In the preparation of PS-co-PDMAAmicrospheres, with increasing the monomer ratio of DMAA to St, the mean diameterbecame smaller simply. With increasing the initiator dosage, the mean diametersdecreased drastically; however, when the initiator dosage increased further to acritical amount, the mean diameters decreased slowly. With increasing the surfactantdosage, the mean diameters became smaller simply, the monodispersity always good.With increasing the reaction time, the particle sizes became larger simply, meanwhilethe monodispersity still good. The monodispersed PS-co-PDMAA microspheres weregood at to be the units of the colloidal crystals with a tunable bandgap position.
In the third chapter, with narrow size distribution, the synthesizedPS-co-PDMAA hydrogel microspheres self-assembled readily, during centrifugation,leading to the formation of closed-packed opal hydrogels. With a lot of acrylamidegroups on the surface of the microspheres resulting in high surface hydrophilicity, theopal hydrogels responded rapidly to water sensitively with high diffraction colorpurity. The volume of the opal hydrogels increased continuously with the increase ofthe amount of water and decreased with the decrease of the amount of water. Such areversible swell-shrink behaviour induced by the change of the amount of water wasaccompanied by the rapid PBG alteration of the opal hydrogels exhibiting corresponding red-blue shift of their diffraction. The diffraction could shift its peakposition larger than500nm, maintaining very much narrow full width at half maxima(FWHM) in the range of20to40nm. The opal hydrogels are sensitive to the presenceof SCN~-selectively and quantitatively; the interaction between SCN~-ions and theDMAA repeat units suppressed the interaction between the DMAA repeat units andwater molecules. These novel and smart opal hydrogels with sensitive, reversible, andrepeatable responses to external stimuli should be applicable to the construction ofdiffraction-based sensors.
In the last chapter, direct assembly of colloids under an electric field has beenused to create three-dimensional colloidal crystals on electrodes. Actually, large-areaordered colloidal crystals on the surface of an electrode using electrical forces is amore intelligent than any other methods. It’s more cheap and easy. In polymerizedcolloidal crystals (PCCAs), the bandgap position can be controlled by swelling orcompressing the gel matrix with specific molecules or external pressure, respectively.In these systems, the electrokinetic force on the PS-co-PDMAA microspheres inducedby the electric field causes the compression or relaxation of the colloidal lattices, inwhich the constituent PS-co-PDMAA microspheres additionally experience strongelectrostatic repulsive interactions. Therefore, the photonic bandgap of PCCs ismodulated dynamically in response to the electric field. In addition, the colors werealso can be achieved through loading different times. With the loading time increasingthe PBG of PCCs has a blue-shift. When an electric field was applied to this latex, themicrospheres self-assembled due to the electro kinetic force exerted on themicrospheres. As a result, the reflection color of the PCCs was modulated insynchrony with changes in the applied field. Moreover, a DC electric field enables tomaintain the tuned bandgap positions of PCCs for at least a few minutes withoutdeteriorating after remove the DC field. The high stability and reflectivity of the PCCs,combined with the ability to tune their colors over localized areas, enabled us tofabricate a reflective mode display device capable of repeatedly changing the color ofa pattern of characters with fast response and clear boundaries. Our electro-responsivePCCs have potential importance in a wide range of optical applications, including optical switches, tunable mirrors and display devices due to their fast response andlow actuation voltage.
目前，三维密堆积结构的光子禁带可调的光子晶体大多由聚氮异丙基丙烯酰胺（PNIPAM）聚合物微球构筑而成的。这类聚合物微球由于在其临界相转变温度附近会发生一个明显的体积转变过程，因此会使其晶格周期发生空间上的扩大或缩小，从而使光子禁带位置发生变化。但由于其晶格周期变化剧烈，容易使光子晶体的晶格排布发生坍塌，三维周期有序结构容易被破坏，从而导致其在受到外界刺激后的响应变化受到限制。在本论文中，我们通过经典乳液聚合方式设计制备了一种新型的核壳结构的水凝胶聚合物微球—PS-co-PDMAA（聚苯乙烯-聚N，N-二甲基丙烯酰胺），它以硬质疏水的聚苯乙烯为核，软质亲水的PDMAA为壳，由于其优异的尺寸单分散性，制备的水凝胶聚合物微球容易通过重力场或电场沉积等方式组装成为三维有序的光子晶体结构。并且其光子禁带的位置可以根据外界环境的变化做出相应的调节，同时伴有明显的结构色变化。这种材料可以在光开关、显示设备、生物检测以及化学传感等方面具有潜在的应用价值。
在第二章中，我们通过经典乳液聚合方式成功制备了尺寸单分散的以硬质疏水的聚苯乙烯为核，以软质亲水的PDMAA为壳的水凝胶聚合物微球。制备过程中通过改变单体的摩尔比、引发剂的用量、表面活性剂的用量以及聚合反应时间等条件，可以对水凝胶聚合物微球的粒径进行控制。随着功能性单体DMAA与St的摩尔比升高，水凝胶聚合物微球的粒径逐渐降低，并且始终保持优异的尺寸单分散性；随着引发剂用量的增加，水凝胶聚合物微球的粒径在开始阶段显著降低，随后微球粒径降低的趋势逐渐趋于平缓；随着表面活性剂用量的增加，水凝胶聚合物微球的粒径逐渐变小；随着反应时间的延长，在反应初期由于快速的链增长过程，粒径尺寸增长迅速，后逐渐保持平缓，基本不变。因此通过调控乳液聚合各影响因素可以获得所需粒径尺寸的水凝胶聚合物微球。同时，由于水凝胶聚合物微球壳层大量的丙烯酰胺基团的存在使其具有优异的亲水性，容易发生均匀的体积溶胀，其体积溶胀率可达700%，而且响应迅速。另外，由于水凝胶聚合物微球优异的尺寸单分散性，该水凝胶微球可以作为构筑基元用于三维光子晶体的制备，通过选取不同粒径尺寸的构筑基元制备的水凝胶光子晶体可以获得不同波长响应范围的光子禁带性质。
在第三章中，乳液聚合方式制备的水凝胶聚合物微球由于具有较窄的尺寸分布，可以通过离心沉积方式快速制备三维密堆积结构的光子晶体阵列。由于壳层大量丙烯酰胺基团的存在，水凝胶聚合物微球具有优异的亲水性，表现出明显的水响应特性。根据加入水的量发生不同程度的体积溶胀，晶格周期因微球体积溶胀而变大，从而使获得的三维光子晶体的光子禁带位置发生不同程度的红移。针对壳层PDMAA较厚的水凝胶聚合物微球，所构筑的光子晶体的光子禁带可以从可见光区移动至近红外光区，最大移动范围超过500nm，同时禁带移动过程中光子晶体保持规整有序结构，其衍射峰的半峰宽始很窄，在20-40nm之间，可见光区的结构色极为鲜亮，而且响应性具有往复性。进一步，利用SCN~-与DMAA中丙烯酰胺结构单元的强相互作用，使该水凝胶聚合物光子晶体可以对SCN~-进行特异性识别和定量分析。因此该类环境敏感的水凝胶聚合物光子晶体可以作为化学传感及离子检测的理想材料。
在第四章中，利用制备的水凝胶聚合物微球表面所具有的较高的电荷量，通过外加电场方式可以使水凝胶聚合物微球在电极板上进行有序的组装。以电响应性制备三维有序光子晶体结构是一种简便、快速的制备光子晶体的方法。不同的负载电压作用会使得水凝胶聚合物微球具有不同的紧密堆积程度，可以对光子晶体的晶格周期进行控制，实现对光子晶体的构筑及其光子禁带的调节。此外，随着电场作用时间的不同，使水凝胶聚合物微球的紧密堆积程度不同，进而导致晶格周期发生改变，使光子禁带发生可控调节，同时表现出明显的结构色变化。在不同作用位点处施加不同的负载电压，电场诱导沉积组装的水凝胶聚合物光子晶体还具有局部色彩的可控调节能力，可以实现光子晶体材料图案化的显示，并且色彩分界清晰、制备过程迅速。这种性质稳定、操控电压较低、结构色鲜亮的光子晶体材料可以作为显示设备的制备模型，在光控开关、可调反射镜、电子显示设备等光学器件上具有实际的应用价值。
Colloidal photonic crystals have been investigated significantly over the pastdecade, together with the synthesis of polymeric colloidal microspheres and theirself-assembly leading to3-dimentional ordered arrays. The variation of the periodicstructures can tune light propagation, which holds technological implications invarious areas, such as telecommunication, switch, optical fibres, display devices,biological detection, and chemical sensors. Much progress has been made in thefabrication of polymeric colloidal crystal arrays that are responsive to external stimuli,which result in the modification of the lattice spacing of the opal structures.Accordingly, the wavelength of diffraction of these photonic colloidal crystals (PCCs)shifts due to the change of photonic band gap (PBG). For diffraction-basedapplications, it is critical to engineer PCCs to exhibit bright and structure-based color.
Up to now, the close-packed microgel opals with variable structures arecommonly constructed from the self-assembly of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM) microspheres. Most PNIPAM-based PCCs experience an unavoidablevolume change around PNIPAM lower critical solution temperature (LCST).Consequently, their crystal lattices are vulnerable to collapse and become disordered.During responses to external stimuli, it is difficult for the PNIPAM-based PCCs tomaintain their narrow bandwidth diffraction and thus color purity. In the thesis, wehave successfully prepared a novel smart hydrogel composed of polystyrene-co-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)(PS-co-PDMAA) microspheres withinner regions rich in hard and hydrophobic PS and outer regions of soft andhydrophilic PDMAA. With narrow size distribution, the synthesized PS-co-PDMAAhydrogel microspheres self-assembled readily, during centrifugation or under anelectric field, leading to the formation of opal hydrogels. Due to their PBG could beenturned with the changing external stimuli in a broad range, it should bring insightsinto a universal approach to functional polymeric colloidal crystal, such as switch,display devices, biological detection, and chemical sensors.
In the second chapter, we have successfully prepared monodispersed core-shellhydrogel PS-co-PDMAA microspheres with inner regions rich in hard andhydrophobic PS and outer regions of soft and hydrophilic PDMAA. Thesubmicrometer-sized monodispersed PS-co-PDMAA microspheres were prepared byusing emulsion polymerization method. In the preparation of PS-co-PDMAAmicrospheres, with increasing the monomer ratio of DMAA to St, the mean diameterbecame smaller simply. With increasing the initiator dosage, the mean diametersdecreased drastically; however, when the initiator dosage increased further to acritical amount, the mean diameters decreased slowly. With increasing the surfactantdosage, the mean diameters became smaller simply, the monodispersity always good.With increasing the reaction time, the particle sizes became larger simply, meanwhilethe monodispersity still good. The monodispersed PS-co-PDMAA microspheres weregood at to be the units of the colloidal crystals with a tunable bandgap position.
In the third chapter, with narrow size distribution, the synthesizedPS-co-PDMAA hydrogel microspheres self-assembled readily, during centrifugation,leading to the formation of closed-packed opal hydrogels. With a lot of acrylamidegroups on the surface of the microspheres resulting in high surface hydrophilicity, theopal hydrogels responded rapidly to water sensitively with high diffraction colorpurity. The volume of the opal hydrogels increased continuously with the increase ofthe amount of water and decreased with the decrease of the amount of water. Such areversible swell-shrink behaviour induced by the change of the amount of water wasaccompanied by the rapid PBG alteration of the opal hydrogels exhibiting corresponding red-blue shift of their diffraction. The diffraction could shift its peakposition larger than500nm, maintaining very much narrow full width at half maxima(FWHM) in the range of20to40nm. The opal hydrogels are sensitive to the presenceof SCN~-selectively and quantitatively; the interaction between SCN~-ions and theDMAA repeat units suppressed the interaction between the DMAA repeat units andwater molecules. These novel and smart opal hydrogels with sensitive, reversible, andrepeatable responses to external stimuli should be applicable to the construction ofdiffraction-based sensors.
In the last chapter, direct assembly of colloids under an electric field has beenused to create three-dimensional colloidal crystals on electrodes. Actually, large-areaordered colloidal crystals on the surface of an electrode using electrical forces is amore intelligent than any other methods. It’s more cheap and easy. In polymerizedcolloidal crystals (PCCAs), the bandgap position can be controlled by swelling orcompressing the gel matrix with specific molecules or external pressure, respectively.In these systems, the electrokinetic force on the PS-co-PDMAA microspheres inducedby the electric field causes the compression or relaxation of the colloidal lattices, inwhich the constituent PS-co-PDMAA microspheres additionally experience strongelectrostatic repulsive interactions. Therefore, the photonic bandgap of PCCs ismodulated dynamically in response to the electric field. In addition, the colors werealso can be achieved through loading different times. With the loading time increasingthe PBG of PCCs has a blue-shift. When an electric field was applied to this latex, themicrospheres self-assembled due to the electro kinetic force exerted on themicrospheres. As a result, the reflection color of the PCCs was modulated insynchrony with changes in the applied field. Moreover, a DC electric field enables tomaintain the tuned bandgap positions of PCCs for at least a few minutes withoutdeteriorating after remove the DC field. The high stability and reflectivity of the PCCs,combined with the ability to tune their colors over localized areas, enabled us tofabricate a reflective mode display device capable of repeatedly changing the color ofa pattern of characters with fast response and clear boundaries. Our electro-responsivePCCs have potential importance in a wide range of optical applications, including optical switches, tunable mirrors and display devices due to their fast response andlow actuation voltage.
引文
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