新城疫病毒F基因与鸡IL-2重组DNA疫苗的研究
|
摘要
本文在成功构建鸡新城疫F基因疫苗，并观察了免疫SPF雏鸡后诱导的免疫应答
及免疫保护作用基础上，首次系统研究了鸡IL-2在鸡新城疫F基因疫苗免疫中的作用，
证实了国内首次克隆成功的鸡IL-2基因的免疫增强作用，及作为免疫佐剂应用于禽类
基因免疫的可行性；在此基础上，为进一步提高F基因疫苗免疫效率，又成功地构建
了鸡新城疫病毒F基因与鸡IL-2重组DNA疫苗，研究了其接种SPF雏鸡后免疫鸡只
T、B淋巴细胞增殖反应和抗体变化规律，以及强毒攻击后的免疫保护作用。研究结果
如下：
1．新城疫病毒F基因疫苗研究
用新城疫病毒D26株F基因的cDNA与含人巨细胞病毒CMV启动子的真核表达
载体pcDNA3重组，构建了新城疫F基因疫苗（pcDNA-F）。直接免疫接种SPF鸡后
免疫鸡产生了针对新城疫病毒的抗体，免疫接种后前2周，免疫鸡的抗体产生并不明
显，第3周后出现稍为明显的抗体反应。攻毒后，免疫鸡的抗体回忆反应十分迅速和
强烈，出现一个较陡而又较高的峰值。而非免疫鸡在攻毒后，抗体反应相当弱。免疫组
有部分试验鸡（30％）耐过强毒攻击。说明重组质粒的F基因已在体内得到表达，并诱
导了机体的免疫应答反应和免疫保护作用。证明以F基因做为新城疫基因免疫的免疫原
基因是可行的。
2．鸡IL-2在新城疫病毒F基因疫苗免疫中的作用研究
用含鸡IL-2基因真核质粒与新城疫F基因疫苗联合免疫SPF雏鸡。抗体监测结果
显示添加鸡IL-2质粒试验鸡的抗体滴度高于单独接种F基因疫苗试验鸡的抗体滴度；
其中两种质粒混合接种组（pcDNA-F+IL2）抗体滴度又明显高于这两种质粒的分别接
种组（pcDNA-F/IL-2）抗体滴度。
MTT法检测免疫鸡T、B淋巴细胞增殖反应：免疫后不同周龄，各免疫组试验鸡
胸腺T淋巴细胞对ConA、法氏囊B淋巴细胞对PMA均有明显的反应性。接种鸡IL-2
质粒试验鸡胸腺T淋巴细胞对ConA的反应性、法氏囊B淋巴细胞对PMA的反应性又
显著高于单独接种F基因疫苗组，差异极显著（P＜0.01）。说明接种鸡IL-2表达质粒后，
F基因疫苗诱导的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答均得到了加强。在添加IL-2质粒的两组中，
混和接种IL-2质粒组的T、B淋巴细胞增殖反应又明显高于分别接种组，差异极显著
（P＜0.01）。表明鸡IL-2质粒免疫增强作用的发挥有赖于同抗原基因的共同接种。
攻毒保护试验显示：混合接种组（pcDNA-F+IL2）中有50％的试验鸡耐过；分别
接种组（pcDNA-F/IL-2）有40％试验鸡耐过。
添加IL-2质粒组试验鸡体液免疫、细胞免疫的增强及免疫保护率（50％）的提高，
说明IL-2真核质粒在鸡体内得到表达，并且具有免疫增强作用。一方面刺激T淋巴细
东北农业大学 中文摘要 博士学位论文
胞的增殖、分化，增强细胞免疫应答；另一方面作用B细胞，促进其活化分泌Ig，加
速抗体生成，进而加强体液免疫。
3．新城疫病毒F基因与鸡thZ重组DNA疫苗的研究
利用国内首次克隆得到的鸡IL2与新城疫弱毒D26株的F基因，经载体改建，将
二者以非融合表达形式共同克隆于真核表达质粒pCDNA3上，经酶切分析、PCR鉴定
证实成功构建了共表达鸡 IL－2与新城疫 F蛋白的重组质粒（pCDNA－F－ILZ）。采用胸肌
多点注射方法接种 14日龄 SPF雏鸡，免疫后每周采集试验鸡胸腺、法氏囊、血液，无
菌分离T、B淋巴细胞和血清，以 MTT法和 ELISA分别检测免疫鸡 T。B淋巴细胞增
殖反应和抗体变化规律。结果显示：与单独接种F基因疫苗试验组相比，接种重组质
粒试验组鸡只的体液免疫和细胞免疫均明显增强；且免疫效果优于两种质粒的混合注
射。免疫后以新城疫标准强毒F。。巳攻击，接种重组质粒试验鸡有70％存活；混合接种
F基因和几－2质粒试验鸡有 5（）％存活；单独接种 F基因疫苗试验鸡只有 3（）％存活。试
验结果表明共表达IL．2可极大提高新城疫DNA疫亩的效力。
新城疫F基因与鸡IL。二重组质粒的成功构建在国内外尚未见报道，不仅首次证实
了鸡IL－2在新城疫基因免疫中的免疫增强作用，而且为鸡IL2这一新型佐剂在禽类基
因免疫中的应用提供了试验依据。同时山为探讨禽类重组基因疫苗的构建奠定了基础。
4．新城疫基因疫苗、鸡IL．2质粒免疫SPF雏鸡免疫器官的组织学变化
新城疫基因疫苗免疫后．试验鸡胸腺皮质增厚，其中淋巴细胞数目增客。法氏囊
淋巴滤泡明显增大，淋巳细胞数目增多。脾脏白髓区增大，淋巴小结数量增多，体积增
大，其中淋巴细胞数量增多。以上主要免疫器官在免疫后的组织学变化再次证实了基因
疫苗免疫可以诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫的结论。
另外，将几．2免疫鸡与空白对照鸡、F基固疫苗免疫鸡进行了形态学和组织学的
比较，接种IL．2质粒试验鸡剖检末见病理变化：整个免疫过程中，接种几－2质粒试验
鸡的
Newcastle disease(ND)is a severe respiratory, neurological, or enteric disease and is characterized with a high frequency of death among infected chickens. The study investigated the protection of chickens against the ND by a recombinant DNA vaccine. A plasmid vector encoding NDV F protein, which is required for virus cell fusion and is important for vaccine induced immunity, was used as a model to study how DNA may be modulated by the simultaneous expression of chicken IL-2.
Firstly, cDNA encoding NDV F protein of avirulent NDV D26 strain was cloned into pcDNA3 which contains CMV promoter. Two-week-old SPF chickens were intramuscularlly vaccinated with the eukaryotic plasmid. Antibody response showed that the specific antibody to NDV could be detected after vaccination, the titer of antibody was very high when chickens survived from challenge. 30% vaccinated chickens survived.
Vaccination of SPF chickens with F protein expression plasmid and chicken IL-2 expression plasmid was set in two ways, one is coinjection, the other is separate injection. Antibody and Th B cell responses showed that the humoral and cellular immunity of F and IL-2 plasmid vaccinated chickens significantly enhanced compared with those vaccinated with F protein expression plasmid alone. Six weeks later, All chickens were challenged with a lethal dose of NDV F48E9 strain, 40% chickens vaccinated by separate injection of two plasmids survived, 50% chickens vaccinated by coinjection survived. The enhanced immunity by adding IL-2 plasmid showed that IL-2 was expressed, and it really has adjuvant effect, the effect of IL-2 expressing plasmid was dependent on coinjection with the plasmid expressing antigen.
To ensure that IL-2 was delivered at the sites of immune interaction, we constructed a coexpression plasmid. The NDV D26 strain F gene with CMV promoter and BGH polyA signal sequence was amplified by PCR from eukaryotic plasmid pcDNA-F, which contains the full-length NDV F gene, and cloned into reconstructed eukaryotic plasmid pcDNA-1L2, which contains chicken IL-2 gene. Restriction endonuclease cleavage and PCR amplification showed that a bicistronic plasmid encoding NDV F gene and chicken JL-2 separately was successfully constructed. Two-week-old SPF chickens were intramuscularly inoculated with the recombinant plasmid. Antibody and
lymphocyte proliferative responses showed that the humoral and cellular immunity of chickens vaccinated with the recombinant plasmid greatly increased compared with those inoculated only plasmid expressing NDV F protein. After challenge with a lethal dose of NDV F48E9 strain, 70% chickens vaccinated recombinant plasmid survived, only 30% chickens vaccinated with plasmid expressing F protein survived. These results proved the adjuvant effect of chicken IL-2, and showed that the efficacy of a DNA vaccine can be greatly improved by simultaneous expression of IL-2.
The tissue sections of thymus bursa of Fabricius and spleen of experimental chickens showed that the cortex of thymus of chickens immunized with DNA vaccine broadened, the white pulp of spleen of chickens immunized with DNA vaccine enlarged, the number of lymphocytes in these immune organs of immunized chickens increased significantly compared with control chickens. In the meantime, there were no gross and histologic lesion found in immune organs of chickens vaccinated with chicken IL-2 plasmid. These results demonstrated that inoculating IL-2 plasmid is not only effective, but also safe.
Doctoral Student: Jiang Yonghou
Advisors: Prof. Liu Zhonggui Prof. Tong Guangzhi
Major: Basic Veterinary
及免疫保护作用基础上，首次系统研究了鸡IL-2在鸡新城疫F基因疫苗免疫中的作用，
证实了国内首次克隆成功的鸡IL-2基因的免疫增强作用，及作为免疫佐剂应用于禽类
基因免疫的可行性；在此基础上，为进一步提高F基因疫苗免疫效率，又成功地构建
了鸡新城疫病毒F基因与鸡IL-2重组DNA疫苗，研究了其接种SPF雏鸡后免疫鸡只
T、B淋巴细胞增殖反应和抗体变化规律，以及强毒攻击后的免疫保护作用。研究结果
如下：
1．新城疫病毒F基因疫苗研究
用新城疫病毒D26株F基因的cDNA与含人巨细胞病毒CMV启动子的真核表达
载体pcDNA3重组，构建了新城疫F基因疫苗（pcDNA-F）。直接免疫接种SPF鸡后
免疫鸡产生了针对新城疫病毒的抗体，免疫接种后前2周，免疫鸡的抗体产生并不明
显，第3周后出现稍为明显的抗体反应。攻毒后，免疫鸡的抗体回忆反应十分迅速和
强烈，出现一个较陡而又较高的峰值。而非免疫鸡在攻毒后，抗体反应相当弱。免疫组
有部分试验鸡（30％）耐过强毒攻击。说明重组质粒的F基因已在体内得到表达，并诱
导了机体的免疫应答反应和免疫保护作用。证明以F基因做为新城疫基因免疫的免疫原
基因是可行的。
2．鸡IL-2在新城疫病毒F基因疫苗免疫中的作用研究
用含鸡IL-2基因真核质粒与新城疫F基因疫苗联合免疫SPF雏鸡。抗体监测结果
显示添加鸡IL-2质粒试验鸡的抗体滴度高于单独接种F基因疫苗试验鸡的抗体滴度；
其中两种质粒混合接种组（pcDNA-F+IL2）抗体滴度又明显高于这两种质粒的分别接
种组（pcDNA-F/IL-2）抗体滴度。
MTT法检测免疫鸡T、B淋巴细胞增殖反应：免疫后不同周龄，各免疫组试验鸡
胸腺T淋巴细胞对ConA、法氏囊B淋巴细胞对PMA均有明显的反应性。接种鸡IL-2
质粒试验鸡胸腺T淋巴细胞对ConA的反应性、法氏囊B淋巴细胞对PMA的反应性又
显著高于单独接种F基因疫苗组，差异极显著（P＜0.01）。说明接种鸡IL-2表达质粒后，
F基因疫苗诱导的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答均得到了加强。在添加IL-2质粒的两组中，
混和接种IL-2质粒组的T、B淋巴细胞增殖反应又明显高于分别接种组，差异极显著
（P＜0.01）。表明鸡IL-2质粒免疫增强作用的发挥有赖于同抗原基因的共同接种。
攻毒保护试验显示：混合接种组（pcDNA-F+IL2）中有50％的试验鸡耐过；分别
接种组（pcDNA-F/IL-2）有40％试验鸡耐过。
添加IL-2质粒组试验鸡体液免疫、细胞免疫的增强及免疫保护率（50％）的提高，
说明IL-2真核质粒在鸡体内得到表达，并且具有免疫增强作用。一方面刺激T淋巴细
东北农业大学 中文摘要 博士学位论文
胞的增殖、分化，增强细胞免疫应答；另一方面作用B细胞，促进其活化分泌Ig，加
速抗体生成，进而加强体液免疫。
3．新城疫病毒F基因与鸡thZ重组DNA疫苗的研究
利用国内首次克隆得到的鸡IL2与新城疫弱毒D26株的F基因，经载体改建，将
二者以非融合表达形式共同克隆于真核表达质粒pCDNA3上，经酶切分析、PCR鉴定
证实成功构建了共表达鸡 IL－2与新城疫 F蛋白的重组质粒（pCDNA－F－ILZ）。采用胸肌
多点注射方法接种 14日龄 SPF雏鸡，免疫后每周采集试验鸡胸腺、法氏囊、血液，无
菌分离T、B淋巴细胞和血清，以 MTT法和 ELISA分别检测免疫鸡 T。B淋巴细胞增
殖反应和抗体变化规律。结果显示：与单独接种F基因疫苗试验组相比，接种重组质
粒试验组鸡只的体液免疫和细胞免疫均明显增强；且免疫效果优于两种质粒的混合注
射。免疫后以新城疫标准强毒F。。巳攻击，接种重组质粒试验鸡有70％存活；混合接种
F基因和几－2质粒试验鸡有 5（）％存活；单独接种 F基因疫苗试验鸡只有 3（）％存活。试
验结果表明共表达IL．2可极大提高新城疫DNA疫亩的效力。
新城疫F基因与鸡IL。二重组质粒的成功构建在国内外尚未见报道，不仅首次证实
了鸡IL－2在新城疫基因免疫中的免疫增强作用，而且为鸡IL2这一新型佐剂在禽类基
因免疫中的应用提供了试验依据。同时山为探讨禽类重组基因疫苗的构建奠定了基础。
4．新城疫基因疫苗、鸡IL．2质粒免疫SPF雏鸡免疫器官的组织学变化
新城疫基因疫苗免疫后．试验鸡胸腺皮质增厚，其中淋巴细胞数目增客。法氏囊
淋巴滤泡明显增大，淋巳细胞数目增多。脾脏白髓区增大，淋巴小结数量增多，体积增
大，其中淋巴细胞数量增多。以上主要免疫器官在免疫后的组织学变化再次证实了基因
疫苗免疫可以诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫的结论。
另外，将几．2免疫鸡与空白对照鸡、F基固疫苗免疫鸡进行了形态学和组织学的
比较，接种IL．2质粒试验鸡剖检末见病理变化：整个免疫过程中，接种几－2质粒试验
鸡的
Newcastle disease(ND)is a severe respiratory, neurological, or enteric disease and is characterized with a high frequency of death among infected chickens. The study investigated the protection of chickens against the ND by a recombinant DNA vaccine. A plasmid vector encoding NDV F protein, which is required for virus cell fusion and is important for vaccine induced immunity, was used as a model to study how DNA may be modulated by the simultaneous expression of chicken IL-2.
Firstly, cDNA encoding NDV F protein of avirulent NDV D26 strain was cloned into pcDNA3 which contains CMV promoter. Two-week-old SPF chickens were intramuscularlly vaccinated with the eukaryotic plasmid. Antibody response showed that the specific antibody to NDV could be detected after vaccination, the titer of antibody was very high when chickens survived from challenge. 30% vaccinated chickens survived.
Vaccination of SPF chickens with F protein expression plasmid and chicken IL-2 expression plasmid was set in two ways, one is coinjection, the other is separate injection. Antibody and Th B cell responses showed that the humoral and cellular immunity of F and IL-2 plasmid vaccinated chickens significantly enhanced compared with those vaccinated with F protein expression plasmid alone. Six weeks later, All chickens were challenged with a lethal dose of NDV F48E9 strain, 40% chickens vaccinated by separate injection of two plasmids survived, 50% chickens vaccinated by coinjection survived. The enhanced immunity by adding IL-2 plasmid showed that IL-2 was expressed, and it really has adjuvant effect, the effect of IL-2 expressing plasmid was dependent on coinjection with the plasmid expressing antigen.
To ensure that IL-2 was delivered at the sites of immune interaction, we constructed a coexpression plasmid. The NDV D26 strain F gene with CMV promoter and BGH polyA signal sequence was amplified by PCR from eukaryotic plasmid pcDNA-F, which contains the full-length NDV F gene, and cloned into reconstructed eukaryotic plasmid pcDNA-1L2, which contains chicken IL-2 gene. Restriction endonuclease cleavage and PCR amplification showed that a bicistronic plasmid encoding NDV F gene and chicken JL-2 separately was successfully constructed. Two-week-old SPF chickens were intramuscularly inoculated with the recombinant plasmid. Antibody and
lymphocyte proliferative responses showed that the humoral and cellular immunity of chickens vaccinated with the recombinant plasmid greatly increased compared with those inoculated only plasmid expressing NDV F protein. After challenge with a lethal dose of NDV F48E9 strain, 70% chickens vaccinated recombinant plasmid survived, only 30% chickens vaccinated with plasmid expressing F protein survived. These results proved the adjuvant effect of chicken IL-2, and showed that the efficacy of a DNA vaccine can be greatly improved by simultaneous expression of IL-2.
The tissue sections of thymus bursa of Fabricius and spleen of experimental chickens showed that the cortex of thymus of chickens immunized with DNA vaccine broadened, the white pulp of spleen of chickens immunized with DNA vaccine enlarged, the number of lymphocytes in these immune organs of immunized chickens increased significantly compared with control chickens. In the meantime, there were no gross and histologic lesion found in immune organs of chickens vaccinated with chicken IL-2 plasmid. These results demonstrated that inoculating IL-2 plasmid is not only effective, but also safe.
Doctoral Student: Jiang Yonghou
Advisors: Prof. Liu Zhonggui Prof. Tong Guangzhi
Major: Basic Veterinary
引文
1.Alexander D J, Manvell R T, Collins M S et al, 1989, Characterization of paramyxoviruses isolated from penguins in Antarctica and sub-Antarctica during 1976-1979, Arch Virol, 109: 135-143.
2.Alexander D J, Russell P H, Parsons G et al, 1985, Antigenic and biological characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 isolates from pigeons-An international collaborative study. Avian Pathol, 14: 365-376.
3.Alexander D J, 1990, Avian paramyxoviridae-recent developments. Veterinary Microbiology, 23:103-114.
4.Alexander D J, 1995, Newcastle disease in countries of the European Union[Guest editoral]. Avian Path., 24: 3-10.
5.Alexander D J, Campbell G, Manvell R J et al, 1992, Characterization of an antigenically unusual virus responsible for two outbreaks of Newcastle disease in the Republic of Ireland in 1990. Vet. Rec., 130: 65-68.
6.Alexander D J, Manvell R J, Collins M S et al, 1989, Characterization of paramyxoviruses isolated from penguims in Antarctica and sub-Antarctica during 1976-1979. Arch. Virol., 109:135-143.
7.Alexander D J, Manvell R J, Frost K M et al, 1997, ND outbreak in pheasants in Great Britain in May 1996.Vet. Rec., 140(1): 20-22.
8.Alexander D J, Manvell R J, Kemp P A et al, 1987, Use of monoclonal antibodies in the characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1(Newcastle disease virus) isolates submitted to an international reference laboratory. Avian Path., 16: 553-565.
9.Alexander D J, Manvell R J, Lowings J P et al, 1997, Antigenic diversity and similarities detected in avian paramyxovirus type 1(Newcastle disease virus) isolates using monoclonal antibodies. Avian Path., 26:399-418.
10.Alexander D J, Parsons G, 1984, Avian paramyxovirus type 1 infections of racing pigeons:2 Pathologenicity experiments in pigeons and chickens. Vet. Rec., 114: 466-469.
11.Alexander D J, Wilson G W C, Russell P H et al, 1985, Newcastle disease outbreaks in fowl in Great Britain during 1984. Vet. Rec., 117: 429-434.
12.Anderson R, Gao X M, Papakomuntinopoulou A et al, 1997, Immunization of mice with DNA encoding fragment C of tetanus toxin, Vaccine, 15:827-829
13.Angela O, Ortrud W, 1998, Newcastle disease virus: detection and characterization by PCR of recent German isolates differing in pathogenicity. Avian Path., 27: 237-243.
14.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Special Issue on DNA vaccine(1995) Ann N Y Acad Sci Volume 772
15.Arunachalam B. et al. 1989, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 23:373-383
16.Bala S, Barrett T J, 1995, Amplification methods for epidemiology investigations of infectious diseases, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 23: 129-139.
17.Ballagi-Pordany A, Wehmann E, Herczeg J et al, 1996, Identification and grouping of Newcastle disease virus strains by restriction site analysis of a region from the F gene. Arch.Virol., 141: 243-261.
18.Ballou R, 1996, Vaccine and Immunization news, 2:6-7
19.Bannerjee M, Reed W M, Fitzgerald S D et al, 1994, Neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in cormorants in Michigan: pathology and virus characterization. Avian Dis., 38: 873-878.
20.Barnett S W, Rajasekar S, Legg H et al. Vaccination with HIV-lgp120 DNA induces immumthat are boosted by a recombinant gp120 protein subunit. Vaccine, 1997, 152869～873
21.Barry M A et al, 1995, Nature, 377:632-635
22.Baty D U, Southern J A, Randall R E, 1997, Sequence comparison between the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes of simian, canine haemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes of simian, canine and human isolates of simian virus 5. J. Gen. Virol., 72: 3103-3107.
23.Benveniste E.N. et al. 1986, Nature, 321:610-613
24.Bounous D et al. 1995, Avian Dis, 19:135-139
25.Boursnell M E, Green P F, Samson A C R et al, 1990,: A recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus(NDV) protects chickens against challenge by NDV. Virol., 178: 297-300.
26.Canlon D B, Corino G L, Shiell B J et al, 1999, Pathotyping isolates of Newcastle disease virus using antipeptide antibodies to pathotype-specific regions of their fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins. Arch. Virol., 144:55-72.
27.Capron et al, 1994, Safty and efficacy of new generation vaccines, Vaccine, 12: 667-669
28.Cerretti D P et al. 1986, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83:3223-3227
29.Chambers P, Millar N S, Bingham R W et al, 1986, Molecular cloning of complementary DNA to Newcastle disease virus, and nucleotide sequence analysis of the junction between the genes encoding the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and the large protein. J. Gen.Virol., 67: 475-486.
30.Chambers P, Millar N S, Emmerson P T, 1986, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the fusion glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 67: 2685-2694.
31.Chambers P, Millar N S, platt S G et al, 1986, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus. Nucleic Acids Res., 14(22): 4051-9061.
32.Chambers P, Nesbit M, Yusoff K et al, 1988, Location of a neutralizing epitope for the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 69:2115-2122.
33.Charles G O et al. 1992, J Immunol, 129:1865-1868
34.Chauenstein K et al. 1987, Dev Comp Immunol, 11:69-77
35.CherlS C, FyElan E F, Robinson H L et al, Protective immunity induced by rotavirus DNA vaccines, Vaccine, 1997, 15:899-902
36.Chomczynski P and Sacchi N, 1987, Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Analytical Biochemistry. 162:156-159.
37.Chow Y H, Huang W L, Chi W K, et al, 1997, Improvement of hepatitis B virus DNA vaccine by plasmids coexpressing hepatitis B surface antigen and Interleukine 2, J of Virology, 1:169-178
38.Clark J M, 1988, Navel Non-templated nucleotide addition reactions catalyzed by procaryotic and eucaryotic DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res., 16: 9677.
39.Clark U M et al. 1988, Nucletic Acids Res, 16(20):9677-9686
40.Cloud et al. 1992, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 34:353-366
4l.Collins M S, Alexander D J, Brokman S et al, 1989, Evaluation of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against an isolate of the variant avian paramyxovirus type 1 responsible for the current panzootic in pigeons. Arch. Viroi., 104: 53-61.
42.Collins M S, Bashiruddin J B and Alexander D J, 1993, Deduced amino acid sequences at the fusion protein cleavage site of Newcastle disease virus showing variation in antigenicity and pathogenicity. Arch. Virol., 128: 363-370.
43.Collins M S, Sally F, Strong I et al, 1998, Antigenic and Phylogenetic studies on a viariant Newcastle disease virus using anti-fusion protein monoclonal antibodies and partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene. Avian Path., 27: 90-96.
44.Collins M S, Strong I, Alexander D J, 1994, Evaluation of the molecular basis of pathogenicity of the variant Newcastle disease viruses termed 'pigeon PMV-1 viruses'.Arch. Virol., 134:403-411.
45.Collins M S, Strong I, Alexander D J, 1996, Pathogenicity and Phylogenetic evaluation of the variant Newcastle disease viruses termed 'pigeon PMV-1 viruses' based on the nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene, Arch. Virol., 141: 635-647.
46.Conroy R M et al, 1994, Immune response to carcinoembryonic antigen polynucleotide vaccine, Cancer Res, 54:1164-1168
47.Czifra G, Nilsson M, Alexander D J et al, 1996, Detection of PMV-1 specific antibodies with a monoclonal antibody blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Path., 25: 691-703.
48.Danko I et al, 1994, Vaccine, 12:1499
49.David Bauer, Heikio Muler, Jens Reich et al, 1993, Identification of differentially expressed mRNA species byan improved display techniques(DDRT-PCR), Nucleic Acid Res, 21:4272
50.Davis H L, Michel M L, Whalen R G, 1993, DNA-based immunization for hepatitis B induces continuous secretion of antigen and high level of circulating antibody, Hum.Mol. Genet, 2:1847
51.Davis H L, Millian C L B, Marlcini M et al, 1997, DNA-based immunization against hepatitis B surfEgen(HBsAg)in normal and HBsAg-transgenic mice, Vaccine, 152849-852
52.Davis HL et al, 1993, Hum Gene Ther, 4:733
53.Donnelly J J, Friedman A, Ulmer J B et al. 1997, Further protection against antigenetic drift of influenza ferret model by DNA vaccination, Vaccine, 152865～868
54.Ebata S N, Cot M J, Yang-Kang C, 1991, The fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins of human parainfluenza virus 3 are both required for fusion. Virol., 183: 437-441.
55.Edbaur C, Weinberg R, Taylor J et al, 1990, Protection of chic kens with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene.Virol., 179:901-904.
56.Erdei J, Erdei J, Bachir K et al, 1987, Newcastle disease vaccine (La Sota) strain specific monoclonal antibody. Arch. Virol., 96: 265-269.
57.Ertl HC et al, 1996, Viral Immunology, 9:1-9
58.Espion T, Henau SD, Letellier C et al, 1987, Expression at the cell surface of native fusion protein of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Italien from cloned cDNA. Arch. Virol., 95: 79-95.
59.Estin V, Cherbonnel M, Morin et al, 1989, Characterization of French avian paramyxovirus type 1(PMV-1) isolates with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the Ploufragan strain of Newcastle disease virus. Arch. Virol., 105:189-198.
60.Eyal Raz, Akira Watanabe, Stephen M et al, 1993, Systemic immunological effects of cytokines genes injected into skeletal muscle, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90(5): 4523-4527
61.FynanF F, Webster R G, 1993, DNA vaccine: Protective immunization by parenternal, mucosal and gene-guninoculation, Proc Natl Sci USA, 90:11478～11482
62.Garten W, Berk W, Nagai Y et al, 1980, Mutational chasnges of the protease susceptibility of Newcastle disease virus:Effects on pathogenicity. J. Gen. Virol., 50: 135-147.
63.Garten W, Kohama T, Klenk H-D, 1980, Proteolytic activation of the hemagglutininneuraminidase of Newcastle disease virus involves loss of a glycopeptide. J. Gen. Virol.,51(1): 207-211.
64.Glickman R L, Syddall R J, Iorio R M et al, 1988, Quantitative basic residue requirements in the cleavage-activation site of the fusion glycoprotein as a determinant of virulence for Newcastle disease virus. Joumal of Virol., 62: 354-356.
65.Goldhaft T M, 1980, Historical note on the origin of the La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis., 24: 297-301.
66.Goodall U C et al. 1990, Nucl Acids Res, 18:5883-5889
67.Goodll J C et al. 1991, Biophys Acta, 1089:257-288
68.Gorman J J, Corino G L, Selleck P W, 1990, Comparison of the positions and efficiency of cleavage activation of fusion precursors of virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus: insights into the specificities of the activating proteases.Virol., 177: 339-351.
69.Gorman J J, Hodder A N, Selleck P W et al, Antipeptide antibodies for analysis of pathotype-specific variations in cleavage activation of the membrane glycoprotein precursors of Newcastle disease virus isolates in cultured cells. J. Virol. Meth., 1992, 37: 55-70.
70.Gorten W, Kohama T and Klenk H D, 1980, Proteolytic activation of the hemagglutininneuraminidase of Newcastle disease virus involves loss of a glycopeptide. J. Gen. Virol, 51: 207-211.
71.Goto B, Ohnishi Y, Inocencio N M et al: Mammalian subtilisim-related proteinases in cleavage activation of the paramyxovirus fusion glycoprotein superiority of furin/PACE to PC2 or PC1/PC3. J. Virol., 1992, 66: 6391-6397.
72.Gotoh B, Sakaguchi T, Nichikawa K et al: Structural features unique to each of the three antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virol., 1988, 163: 174-182.
73.Gramanski R A, Maris D C, Elan D et al. 1997, Malaria DNA vaccines in Aotus monkey. Vaccine, 15:913-915
74.Gupta R K et al. 1995, Vaccine, 13(14):1263-1276
75.Hajime Kawamura, Steven A, Rosenberg, et al, Immunization with antigen and interleukine-2 in vivo overcome Ir gene low responsiveness, J of Exp Med, 162: 381-386
76.Harriet L Robinson, 1997, Nucleic acid vaccines an overview, Vaccine, 15:785-787
77.Hassett DE et al, 1996, Trends Microbio, 4(8): 307-312
78.Hassett DE et al, 1996, Trends Microbiol, 4(8): 307-312
79.Hiebert S W, Paterson R G, Lamb R A: Hemagglutinin-Nucleotide protein of the paramyxovirus simian Virus 5: Nucleotide sequence of the mRNA predicts an N-terminal membrane anchor. J. Virol., 1985, 54(1): 1-6.
80.Hinkula J, Lundholm P, Wahren B. Nucleic acid vaccination with HIV regulatory gene: a combination of HIV-1 genes in separate plasmids induces strong immune responses, Vaccine, 1997, 15:874-878
81.Hitchner S B: Poultry Vaccine Laboratories in the United States: A historical perspective. Avian Dis., 1996, 40: 255-265.
82.Hodder A N, Liu Z-Y, Selleck P W et al: Characterization of field isolates of Newcastle disease virus using antipeptide antibodies. Avian Dis., 1994, 38:103-118.
83.Hodder A N, Selleck P W, White J R et al: Analysis of pathotype-specific structural features and cleavage-activation of Newcastle disease virus membrane glycoproteins using antipetide antibodies. J. Gen. Virol., 1993, 74: 1081-1091.
84.Hoffman S L, Doolan D L, Sedegah M et al, 1997, Strategy for the development of pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparm DNA vaccine for human use, Vaccine, 15: 842-845
85.Hoshi S, Mikami T, Nagata K: Monoclonal antibodies against a paramyxovirus isolated from Japanese sparrow-hawks(Accipter virugatus gularis). Arch. Virol., 1983, 76: 145-151.
86.Hua Lin, Michael S, Parmacek hid Morle et al, 1990, Expression of Recombinant Genes in Myocardium InVivo After Direct Injectio nof DNA.Circulation, 8212217-2221
87.Inchauspe G, Major M E, NaKano I et al, 1997, DNA vaccination for the induction of immune respgainst hepatitis C virus proteins, Vaccine, 15:853-856
88.Iorio M, Syddall R J, Glickman R L et al, 1989, Identification of amino acid residues important to the neuraminidase activity of the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus.Virol., 173:196-204.
89.Iorio R M and Glickman R L, 1992, Fusion mutants of Newcastle disease virus selected with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. J. Virol., 66(11): 6626-6633.
90.Iorio R M,Borgman J B, Glickamn R L et al, 1986, Genetic variation within a neutralizing domain on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 67:1393-1403.
91.Iorio R M, Bratt M, 1984, Neutralization of Newcastle disease virus by monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein: requirement for antibodies to four sites for complete neutralization. J. Virol., 51:445-451.
92.Irvine K R et al, 1996, J Immunol, 156:238-245
93.Ishida M, Nerome K, Matsumoto M et al, 1985, Characterization of reference strains of Newcastle disease virus(NDV) and NDV-like isolates by monoclonal antibodies to HN subunits. Arch. Virol., 84:109-121.
94.Jarecki-Black J C, Bennett J D, Palmieri S, 1992, A novel oligonucleotide probe for the detection of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis., 36: 134-138.
95.Jarecki-Blaek J C, King D J, 1993, An oligonucleotide probe that distingushes isolates of low virulence from the more pathogeins strains of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Disease, 37:724-730.
96.Jestin V, Jestin A, 1991, Detection of Newcastle disease virus RNA in infected allantoic fluids by in vitro enzymatic amplification(PCR). Arch. Virol., 118:151-161.
97.Jon Cohen, 1993, Naked DNA points way to vaccines, Science, 259, 1691
98.Jorgensen E D, Collins P L, Lomedico P T, 1987, Cloning and nucleotide sequence of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase mRNA: identification of a putative sialic acid binding site. Virol., 156: 12-24.
99.Jorgensen P H, Herczeg J, lomniczi B et al, 1998, Isolation and characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1(Newcastle disease) viruses from a flock of ostriches(Struthio camelus) and emus(Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Europe with in consistent serology. Avian Path., 27:352-358.
100.Kaiser P et al. 1999, Immunogenetics, 49(!):26-35
101.Kaleta E F, Alexander D J, Russell P H, 1985, The first isolation of the PMV-1 virus responsible for the current panzootic in pigeons. Avian Path., 14: 553-557.
102.Karin W, Mathias B, Anton M et al, 1994, More than one component of the Newcastle disease virus particle is capable of interperon induction, Veterinary Microbiology, 39: 299-311.
103.Kaspers B et al. 1992, J Biol Chem, 263:3905-3911
104.Kato T et al. 1992, Immunol, 142:79-93
105.Kim J J, Ayyavoo V, Bagarazzi M L et al, 1997, Development of a multicomponent candidate vaccine for HIV-1, Vaccine, 152879～893
106.Kim JJ et al, 1997, J Immunol, 158:816-826
107.King D J, 1996, Avian paramyxovirus type 1 from pigeons: isolate characterization and pathogenicity after chicken or embryo passage of selected isolates. Avian Dis., 40: 707-714.
108.King D J, Seal B S, 1997, Biological and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates from surveillance of live bird markets in the northeastern United States. Avian Dis., 41: 683-689.
109.Klasing K G et al. 1991, Poultry ci, 70:1176-1186
110.Klasing K G et al. 1994, Poultry ci, 73:1035-1043
111.Knudtson K L et al. 1989, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 22:333-343
112.Kohama T, Garten W, Klenk H D, 1981, Changes in conformation and charge paralleling proteolytic activation of Newcastle disease virus glycoprotein. Virol., 111(2): 364-376.
113.Kremer G et al. 1984, J Immunol Methods, 73:273-281
114.Kumar V and Serearz Z, 1996, Genetic vaccination: The advantage of going naked, Nature Med, 2(8): 857-859
115.Lana D P, Snyder D B, King D J et al, 1988,: Characterization of a battery of monoclonal antibodies for differentiation of Newcastle disease virus and pigeon paramyxovirus-1 strains. Avian Dis., 32:273-281.
116.Le Long, Portetelle D, Ghysdael J et al: Monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus:relationship between glycosylation and reactivity. J. Virol., 1986, 57:1198-1202.
117.Lee A H, You Suk Swh, Young Chul Sung, 1999, DNA innoculations with with HIV- 1 recombinant genomes that express cytokine genes enhance HIV-1 specific immune responses, Vaccine, 17:473-479
118.Lenardo M.J. et al. 1991, Nature, 353:858-861
119.Lewis P J, Cox G J M et al, 1997, Polyrudeotide vaccines in animals:enhancing and modulating responses, Vaccine, 15:861-864
120.Liu M A, Hilleman A R, Kurth R., 1995, Preface by the editors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sci-ences, 772
121.Liu M A, MeClements W, Ulmer J B et al. 1997, Immunization of non-human primates with DNA Vaccine, 15:909-912
122.Lomniczi B, 1973, Studies on interferon production and interferon sensitivity of different strains of Newcastle disease. J. Gen. Virol., 21:305-313.
123.Lomniczi B, 1975, Thermostability of Newcastle disease virus strains of different virulence. Arch. Virol., 47:249-255.
124.Lomniczi B, Wehmann E, Herczeg J et al, 1998, Newcastle disease outbreaks in recent years in Westem Europe were caused by an old (Ⅵ) and a novel genotype(Ⅶ). Arch. Virol.,143: 49-64.
125.Long L R, Brasseur C, Wemers G et al, 1988, Fusion(F) protein gene of Newcastle disease virus: sequence and hydrophobicity. Comparative analysis between virulent and avirulent strains. Virus Genes, 1: 333-350.
126.Lowenthal J W et al. 1994, Cell Biol, 72:115-122
127.Lozes E, Huygen K, Content J et al., 1997, Immunogenicity and efficacy of a tuberculosis DNA vaccineing the components of the secreted antigen 85complex. Vaccine, 15:830-833
128.M Kovasovics-Bankowski, K L Rock. A, 1995, Phagosometo Cytosol Pathway for Exogenous Antiges presented on MHC class I Molecules, Science, 267:243-246
129.Maecker H T, Umetsu DT, Dekruff R H et al, 1997, DNA vaccination with cytokine fusion constructs biases the immune response to ovalbumin, Vaccine, 15:1687
130.Major M E et al, 1995, J Virology, 69:5798-5805
131.Majury A L et al. 1991, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 29:57-68
132.Manickan-E, Kanangat-S, Rouse-RJD et al, 1997, Enhancement of Immune-Response to NakedDNA Vaccine by Immunization with Transfected Dendritic Cells,Journal of Leukocyte Biology(Vol61), Iss2, p125～132
133.Marin M C, Villegas P, Bennett J D et al, 1996, Virus characterization and sequence of the fusion protein gene cleavage site of recent Newcastle disease virus field isolates from the southeastern United States and Puerto Rico. Avian Dis., 40: 382-390.
134.McClements W L, Armstrong M E 二 Keys R D et al. The prophylactic effect of immunization with DNA encoding herpes simplex virus glycoproteins on HSV-induced disease in guinea pigs, Vaccine, 15:857-860
135.McGines L W, Morrison T G, 1986, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein and comparisons of paramyxovirus fusion protein sequence., Virus Research, 5(14): 343-356.
136.McGinnes L W,Morrison T G, 1986, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding of Newcastle disease virus fusion protein and comparisons of paramyxovirus fusion protein sequences. Virus Research, 5:343-356.
137.McGinnes L W,Morrison T G, 1994, Modulation of the activities of HN protein of Newcastle disease virus by nonconserved cysteine residues. Virus Res., 34:305-316.
138.McGinnes L W, Wilde A, Morrison T G, 1987, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein and comparisons of paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein sequence. Virus Res.,7:187-202.
139.Meulemans G L, Gonze M, Carlier M C et al, 1986, Protective effects of HN and F glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies on experimental Newcastle disease. Avian Pathol., 15:761-768.
140.Meulemans G, Gonze M, Carlier M C et al, 1986, Antigenic and biological characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 isolates from pigeons. Arch. Virol., 87: 151-161.
141.Meulemans G, Gonze M, Carlier M C et al, 1987, Evaluation of the use of monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutination and fusion glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus for virus identification and strain differentiation purposes. Arch. Virol., 92: 55-62.
142.Millar N S, Chambers P, Emmerson P T, 1986, Nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 67: 1917-1927.
143.Millar N S, Chambers P, Emmerson P T, 1988, Nucleotide sequence of the fusion and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein genes of Newcastle disease virus, strain ulster: molecular basis for variations in pathogenicity between strains. J. Gen. Virol., 69: 613-620.
144.Millar N S, Chambers P, Emnerson P T et al, 1986, Nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin-neuranminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 67: 11917-11927.
145.Miller H. 1987, Methods in Enzymology, 145-170
146.Morgan, D.A. 1976, Ruscettn, F.W. Science, 24:1007-1008
147.Morrison T G and Simpson D, 1980, Synthesis, Stability, and Cleavage of Newcastle Disease Virus Glycoproteins in the Absense of Glycosylation. J. Virol., 36(1): 171-180.
148.Morrison T G, 1988, Structure, function, and intracellular processing of paramyxovirus membrane proteins. Virus Research, 1:113-116.
149.Morrison T, McQuain C, McGinnes L W, 1991, Complementation between avirulent Newcastle disease virus and a fusion protein gene expressed from a retrovkirus vector: Requirements for membrane fusion. J. Virol., 65(2):813-822.
150.Mosmann T et al. 1983, J Immunol Methods, 65:55-63
151.Myers T J et al. 1992, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 34:97-114
152.Nagai Y, Klenk H D and Rott R, 1976, Proteolytic cleavage of the viral glycoproteins and its significance for the virulence of Newcastle disease virus. Virol., 72:494-508.
153.Nagai Y, Klenk H-D, Rott R, 1977, Activation of precursors to both glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus by proteolytic cleavage. Virol., 77: 125-134.
154.Nagai Y, Yoshida T, Hamaguchi M et al, 1980, The pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus isolated from migrating and domestic ducks and the susceptibility of the viral glycoproteins to proteolytic cleavage. Microbiology lmmuno, 24:173-177.
155.Nagy E, Derbyshire J B, Dobos P et al, 1990, Cloning and expression of NDV hemagglutinin-neuraminidase cDNA in a Baculovirus expression vector system. Virol., 176: 426-438.
156.Neyt C, Geliebter J, Slaoui M et al, 1989, Mutations located on both F1 and F2 subunits of Newcastle disease virus fusion protein confer resistance to neutralisation with monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Virol., 63: 952-954.
157.Nishikawa K, Isomura S, Suzuki S et al, 1983, Monoclonal antibodies to the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. Biological characterization and use for strain comparisons. Virol., 130:318-330.
158.Nunberg J H, Doyle M V, York S M, et al, 1989, Interleukine 2 acts as adjuvant to increase the potency of inactivated rabies virus vaccine, Proc Natl Acad SCI. USA, 86(6): 4240-4243
159.Okada E, Sasaki S, Ishii N et al, 1997, Intranasal Immunization of a DNA vaccine with IL-12-Colony-Stimulating-Factor and GM-CSF expressing plasmids in liposome induces strong mucosal and cell-mediated immune-response against HIV-1 antigens,Journal of Immunology, 159(7): 111-117
160.Oncel T, Alexander D J, Manvell R J et al, 1997, Characterization of NDV isolated from chickens and pigeons in the South Marmara region of Turkey. Avian Path., 26(1) :129-137.
161.Palmieri S and Michael L P, 1988, An Alternative method of oligonucleotide finger printing for resolring Newcastle disease virus specific RNA fragments. Avian Dis. 33:345-350.
162.Palmieri S, Mitchell W, 1991, Comparison of three velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus by RNA oligonucleotide fingerprinting. Avian Dis., 35:384-388.
163.Pardoll D M et al, 1995, Immunity, 3:165-169
164.Paul W Z et al. 1994, Cell, 76(2):241-251
165.Pearson J E, Senne D A, Alexander D J et al, 1989, Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus(Avian Paramyxovirus-1) Isolated from Pigeons. Avian Dis., 31(1): 105-111.
166.Pearson J E, Senne D A, Alexander D J et al, 1986, Characterization of Newcastle disease virus(Avian Paramyxovirus-1)isolated from pigeons. Avian Dis., 31(1): 105-111.
167.Pertmer TM et al, 1996, J Virol, 70:6119-6125
168.Pisetsky DS, 1993, DNA vaccination: aclute to memory? Hum. Immunol, 38:241-242
169.Pisetsky DS, 1996, J Immunol, 157(1): 421-423
170.Prince A M, Whalerl R, Brotrnan B et al. 1997, Successful nucleic acid based immunization of newborn chimpanzees against hepatitis B virus, Vaccine, 15:916-919
171.Pritzer E, Kuroda K, Garten W et al, 1990, A host-range mutant of Newcastle disease virus with an altered cleavage site for proteolytic activation of the F protein. Virus Research,15: 237-242.
172.Promega Corporation. Promega protocols and applications guide, 2nd ed, 1992:125-130
173.Qian Z C, Wang D J, Jin C G, 1992, A comparative study on the active immunophylactic effect of various L615 tumor cell vaccines(TCV)and the possible mechanisms of immune protection. Biotherapy, 6:504
174.Rakhmilevich AL et al, 1996, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93(13): 6291-6296
175.Ray N B, Ewalt L C, Lodmell D L. 1997, Nanogram quantities of plasmid DNA encoding the rabiescoprotein protect mice against lethal rabies virus infection. Vaccine,15:892-895
176.Redelman D et al. 1983, J Immunol Methods, 56:359-370
177.Rene Devos et al. 1983, Nucleic Acids Research, 4307-4322
178.Robb. R.I. et al. 1981, J Exp Med, 154:1455-1474
179.Roberrson J S et al, 1994, Vaccine, 12(16): 1526-1528
180.Robertsm J S et al, 1994, Safty considerations for nucleic acid vaccines, Vaccine, 2:59-62
181.Robinson H L, Hunt L A, Webster R G, 1993, Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a haemagghitinin-expressing plasmid DNA, Vaccine, 11:957
182.Robison H L, Hunt L A, Webster R G, 1993, Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immu-nimuon with a haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA, Vaccine, 11:9
183.Ruscelli F W et al. 1977, J Immunol, 19:131-138
184.Russell P H, 1984, Newcastle disease virus: the effect of monoclonal antibody in the overlay on virus penetration and immunoselection of variant. J. Gen. Virol., 65:795-798.
185.Russell P H, Alexander D J, 1983, Antigenic variation of Newcastle disease virus strains detected by monoclonal antibodies. Arch. Virol., 75:243-253.
186.Russell P H, Griffiths P C, Cannon M J, 1983, A microwell immunoperoxidase test for screening hybridoms and for diagnosing Newcastle disease and Sendai virus. J. Immunological Meth., 61:165-170.
187.Russell P H, Griffiths P C, Goswami K K A et al, 1983, The characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 64:2069-2072.
188.Sakaguchi M, Nakanura H, Sonooda K, 1996, Protection of chickens from Newcastle disease by vaccination with a linear plasmid DNA expressing the F protein of Newcastle disease virus, Viccine, 14:747-752
189.Sakaguchi T, Toyoda T, Gotoh B et al, 1989, Newcastle disease virus evolution 1. Multipe lineages defined by sequence variability of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene. Virol.,169:260-272.
190.Samberg V, Hadash D V, Perelman B et al, 1989, Newcastle disease in ostriches (Structhio camelus): field case and experimental infection. Avian Path., 18:221-226.
191.Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning-A laboratory Manual, 1989
192.Samson A C R, Russell P H, Hallam S E,1985,Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 66:357-361.
193.Samson A.C.R. and Fox C.F, 1973, A precursor protein for Newcastle disease vires. J. Virol.12:579-587.
194.Sato H, Oh-Hira M, Ishida N et al, 1987, Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of P, M and F genes of Newcastle disease virus avirulent strain D 26. Virus Res., 1:415-426.
195.Sato Y et al, 1996, Science, 273:352-354
196.Schaper U M, Fuller F J, Ward M D W et al, 1988, Nucleotide sequence of the envelope protein genes of a highly virulent, neurotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Virol.,165:291-295.
197.Scheid A, Pvenell W: Identification of Biological activities of paramyxovirus glycoprotein activation of cell fusion hemalysis and infectivity by proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor protein of Sendal virus. Virol., 1974, 578: 475-490.
198.Sehnetzler M et al. 1983, Eur J Immunol, 13:560-566
199.Seal B S, King D J, Bennett J D: Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates by reverse transcriptase PCR coupled to direct nucleotides sequencing and development of sequence database for pathotype prediction and molecular epidemiology analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1995, 33:2624-2630.
200.Seal B S, King D J, Bennett J D: Characterization of Newcastle disease virus vaccine by biological properties and sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin-nearaminidase protein gene. Vaccine, 1996, 14:761-766.
201.Seal B S: Analysis of matix protein gene nucleotide sequence diversity among Newcastle disease virus isolates demonstrates that recent disease outbreaks are caused by vires of psittacine origin. Virus Genes, 1996, 11:327-224.
202.Seal B S: Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates by reverse transcription PCR coupled to direct nucleotide sequencing and development of sequence database for pathotype prediction and molecular epidemiological analysis. J. Clin. Micobiol., 1995, 33(10):2624-2630.
203.Sedegah M et al, 1994, Protection against malaria by immunization with plasmid DNA encoding circumsporoite protein, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91:9866-9870
204.Shiver J W, Davies M E, Yasutorni Y et al. 1997, Anti-HIV env immunities elicited by nucleic acidVaccine, 15:884-887
205.Sizemore D R et al, 1995, Attenuated Shigella as a DNA delivery vehicle for DNAmediated immunization, Science, 270:299-320
206.Srinivasappa G B, Snyder D B, Marquardt W W et al: Isolation of a monoclonal antibody with speificity for commonly employed vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis.,1986, 30:562-567.
207.Stacey KJ et al, 1996, J Immunol, 157:2116-2122
208.Steven B et al. 1989, FAEBJ, 3:2379-2388
209.Stram Y, Shchori D, Chiniteh Y et al: Moltecular characterization of an unassigned israeli Newcastle disease virus isolate. Avian Dis., 1998, 42:746-751.
210.Sundick R S et al. 1997, J Immunol, 158:720-725
211.Tabeshita T et al. 1992, J Immunol, 148:2154-2158
212.Tabeshita T et al. 1992, Science, 257(17):379-382
213.Tagaya T N et al. 1996, Immunity, 4:329
214.Tang D C, De Uit M, Johnson S A, 1992, Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immuneresponse, Nature, 356:152
215.Taniguchi. T et al. 1993, Cell, 73:5-8
216.Taylor J, Christensen L, Getting R et al: Efficacy of a recombinant fowlpox-based Newcastle disease virus vaccine candidate against velogenic and respiratory challenge.Avian Disease, 1996, 40:173-180.
217.Taylor J, Edbauer C: Newcastle disease virus fu sion protein expressed in a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection in chickens. J. Gen. Virol., 1990, 64:1441-1450.
218.Tellez G I et al. 1993, Avian Dis, 37:1002-1020
219.Thompson J D et al. 1994, Nucl Acids Res, 22:4673
220.Tokota T et al. 1985, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 82:68-72
221.Tokushige K et al, 1996, Expression and immune response to hepatitis C virus core DNA-based vaccine constructs, Hepatology, 24:14-20
222.Tomar. A. et al. 1993, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 38:469-475
223.Toyoda T, Gotoh B, Sakaguchi T et al: Identification of amino acids relevant to three antigenic determinants on the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus that are involved in fusion inhibition and neutralization. Journal of Virol., 1988, 62:4427-4430.
224.Toyoda T, Hamaguchi M, Nagai Y: Detection of polycistronic transcript in Newcastle disease virus infected cells and indentification of their sequence content. Archives of General Virol., 1987, 95:97-110.
225.Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Hirota H et al: Newcastle disease virus evolution Ⅱ. Lack of gene recombination in generating virulent and avirulent strains. Virol., 1989, 169:273-282.
226.Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Imai K et al: Structural comparison the cleavage-activation site of the fusion glycoprotein between virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus.Virol., 1987, 158:242-247.
227.Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Lmai K: Structural comparison of the cleavage-activation site of the fusion glycoprotein between virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus. Virol., 1987, 158:242-247.
228.Tripatyy S K et al, 1996, Long term expression of erythropoietin in the systemic circulation of mice after intramuscular injection of a plasmid DNA vector, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93:10876-10880
229.Trueblood E S, Brown W C, Palmer G H et al, 1998, B-lymphocyte proliferation during bovine leukemia virus induced persistent lymphocytosis is enhanced by Tlymphocyte derived IL-2, J Virology, 4:3169-3177
230.Tsuji T et al, Immunology, 90:1-6
231.Ulmer J B, Donnelly J J, Parker S E et al, 1993, Heterologous protection against influenza by infection of DNA encoding a viral protein, Science, 259:174
232.Ulmer J B, Donnelly J J, Parker S E, 1993, Heterologous protection against influenza by infection of DNA en-coding a viral protein, Sicence, 259:1745-1748
233.Ulrike M S, Frederick J F, Marsha D W W et al: Nucleotide sequence of the envelope protein genes of a highly virulent, neurotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Virol., 1988,165:291-295.
234.Umino Y, Kohama T, Sato T A et al: Monoclonal antibodies to three structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus: biological characterization with particular reference to the conformational change of envelope glycoproteins associated with proteolytic cleavage. J. Gen. Virol., 1990, 71:1189-1197.
235.Vitadello M et al, 1994, Gene transfer in regenerating muscle, Hum Gene Ther, 5: 11-18
236.Wainberg M A et al. 1983, J Immunol, 130:2372-2378
237.Waine G J, Yang W. Scott J C et al, 1997, DNA-based vaccination using Schistmorna japonicumblood-fluke)genes. Vaccine, 15:846-848
238.Waiseman A et al, 1996. Suppressive vaccination with DNA encoding a vairable region gene of the T-cell receptor prevents autoimmune encephaloomyelitis and activates the immunity, Nature Med, 2:899-905
239.Walker J W, Herson B R, Mixton M A: Exotic Newcastle disease eradication program in the United States. Avian Disease, 1973:17:486-503.
240.Wang B, Boyer J, Srikantar V et al, 1993, DNA inoculation induces neutralizing immune responses againsthuman immunodeficiency virus type in mice and nonprimates, DNA Cell Biol, 12:79
241.Wang C, Peeples M E: Intracellular Maturation of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein is affected by strain differences in the predicted amphipathic α-helix adjacent to the fusion domain. Virol., 1995, 208:827-831.
242.Watson J et al. 1979, J.Exp. Med, 150:849-861
243.Weinberg A, Merigen T C, 1988, Recombinant interleukine-2 as an adjuvant for vaccine-induced protection. Immunization of guinea pigs with herpes simplex virus subunit vaccines, J Immunol, 140:294-299
244.Weinblatt A C et al. 1982, Cell Immunol, 68:332-342
245.Wemers C D, DeHenau S, Neyt C et al: The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) gene of Newcastle disease virus strain Italien (ndv Italien): comparison with HNs of other strains and expression by a vaccinia recombinant. Arch. Virol., 1987, 97:101-113.
246.Whalen R G et al, 1995, Clinical Immunol and Immunopath, 75:1-12
247.Wolff J A, Malone R W, Williams P et al, 1990, Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science, 247:1465-1468
248.Xiang Z Q, Spitalink S, M Tran et al, 1994, Vaccination with a plasmid vector carrying the rabies virus glycoprotein gene induces protective immunity against rabies virus, Virology, 199:132-140
249.XIN K Q, Hamajima, Sasaki S, et al, 1998, Intranasal administration of human immunodeficency virus type-1(HIV-1) DNA vaccine with interleukine-2 expression plasmid enhances cell-mediated immunity agaist HIV-1, Immunology, 94:438-444
250.Yang C-Y, Chang P-C, Hwang J-M et al: Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus isolates from recent outbreaks in Taiwan. Avian Disease, 1997,41:365-373.
251.Yang K, Mustafa F, Valmrnakis A et al. 1997, Early studies on DNA-based immunizations for measle virus, Vaccine, 15:888-891
252.Yosoff K. Tan W S, Lau C H et al: Sequence of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of the Newcastle disease virus oral vaccine strian V4(UPM). Avian Path.. 1996, 25:837-844.
253.Yusoff K, Nesbit M, McCartney H et al: Location of Neutralizing epitopes on the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus strian Beaudette C. J. Gen. Virol., 1989, 70:3105-3109.
254．白莲花，钱振超，1994，新城疫鸡瘟激活的巨噬细胞抗肿瘤转移作用的研究．上海免疫学杂志，14：334
255．白莲花，于春，鲍秋莉等，1998，新城疫鸡瘟病毒诱导人粘附性单个核细胞产生一氧化氮与细胞毒性．上海免疫学杂志，18(3)：160-161．
256．刘胜旺，1998，中国农业科学院博士学位论文
257．曹殿军，王莉林，1994，新城疫糖蛋白研究进展．中国免疫学会94全国兽医免疫学术讨论会论文汇编，131-133．
258．曹殿军，苑纯秀，郭鑫等：新城疫病毒F48E9株及东北地区分离株F基因遗传变异分析．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第五次代表大会暨第九次学术研讨会论文集，1998，1-3．
259．陈春花，闫玉河，卢景良等，1997，鸽新城疫病毒分离株FO裂解位点的基因克隆及序列分析．中国畜禽传染病，4：5-8．
260．陈奖励，王欢，宋英珲，1999，鸡IL-2的克隆及测序鉴定，中国兽医杂志，已接受。
261．陈奖励，1998，中国农业科学院博士后研究工作报告
262．陈洪岩，刘胜旺，陈奖励等，1998，新城疫病毒删基因免疫引起的雏鸡细胞免疫及体液免疫动态变化研究．《畜禽重大疫病生物技术防制研究》．白新盛，卢景良主编，中国农业科学技术出版社，p48-51．
263．陈嘉棣，杨惠萍，杨颐等，1993，鸽新城疫油乳化灭活疫苗研制．畜牧兽医学报，24(6)：542-549．
264．陈丽君，蔡学忠，刘秀梵，1996，新城疫病毒分子生物学研究进展．中国兽医杂志，5(22)：57—59．
265．陈丽君，吴艳涛，张如宽等，1997，新城疫病毒F48E9株cDNA文库的构建．中国兽医学报，17(2)：120—122．
266．单虎，王述柏，郭鑫等，1998，鸡胚组织中新城疫病毒滴度与毒力关系的研究．中国兽医杂志，24(10)：9-10．
267．单虎，王述柏，郭鑫等，1998，新城疫病毒在鸡胚同组织增殖的研究．中国畜禽传染病，20(3)：144-146．
268．丁铲，于圣青，1993，表达新城疫病毒致病性的分子基础．病毒学报，9(4)：397-400．
269．丁铲，于圣青，1991，新城疫病毒的分子生物学研究．中国兽医杂志，17(6)：52-53．
270．范根成，朱万光，杜元钊等，1998，鸽群和鸡群暴发典型新城疫的诊断报告．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第五次会员代表大会暨第九次学术研讨会论文集，广西南宁，p168．
271．范根成，朱万光，王永玲等，1999，新城疫病毒强毒株的分离与鉴定．中国兽医学报，3(2)：114-117．
272．房海，陈翠珍，王廷富等，1992，鹌鹑新城疫及其病原特性的研究．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第六次学术讨论会论文集，广州，303-304．
273．房海，陈翠珍，1989，鹌鹑新城疫的调查．河北禽病防治学术研讨会论文集，p70-74．
274．郭鑫，1999，中国农业科学院博士学位论文
275．郭鑫，曹殿军，闵平等，1998，新城疫病毒鹌鹑分离株F基因的克隆及鉴定．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第五次会员代表大会暨第九次学术研讨会论文集，146．
276．郭鑫，曹殿军，苑纯秀等，1998，鸽新城疫病毒分离株融合蛋白基因的克隆及鉴定．中国免疫学会第三届学术大会论文汇编，592．
277．贺东生，宋长绪，刘福安等，1997，用核酸探针检测新城疫病毒的研究．中国畜禽传染病，4：3-4．
278．候云德，1990，分子病毒学．北京，学苑出版社，310-311．
279．胡子信，乌尼，张瑞祥，1991，内蒙古地区鸡新城疫病毒分离株的研究．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第六次学术讨论会论文集，广州，56-63．
280．花群义，张晓丁，顾晓黎等，1997，鸵鸟新城疫病毒的分离与鉴定．中国兽医科技，27(10)：25-26．
281．黄祯祥，洪涛，刘崇柏，1990，医学病毒学基础及实验技术．北京，科学出版社，p155．
282．霍龙飞，王莉林，卢景良，1995，新城疫基因工程疫苗研究进展．生物技术，5(5)：1-5．
283．金伯泉主编，1995，细胞和分子免疫学，8
284．金红等，1995，中国兽医学报，15：245-248
285．卡尔尼克．B W(美)主编，高福，刘文军主译，1991，禽病学，第9版，北京，北京农业大学出版社，428-444．
286．林维庆，1992，新城疫的现状与对策．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第六次学术讨论会论文集，广州，76-83．
287．刘伟忠，姜焱，吴艳涛等，1999，新城疫病毒特异性糖蛋白基因探针的制备及应用．畜牧兽医学报，30(1)：44-49．
288．李庆章，1991，鸡马立克氏病及其疫苗免疫的分子免疫学变化，东北农业大学博士学位论文
289．刘忠贵等，1995，中国畜禽传染病，1：19-23
290．柳纪省，1990，免疫鸡群非典型新城疫概述．中国兽医科技，5：18-20．
291．卢圣栋，1993，现代分子生物学实验技术．高等教育出版社，
292．骆春阳，刘立人，1982，免疫雏鸡群新城疫流行特点与特征性病理变化的研究．江苏农学院学报，3(1)：48-50．
293．毛剑秋等，1993，国外医学预防、诊断、治疗用生物制品分册，16(3)：110-113
294．萨姆布鲁克 J，弗里奇EF，曼尼阿蒂斯T著，金冬雁，黎孟枫等译，1995，分子克隆实验指南，北京，科学出版社，
295．宋长绪，杜伟贤，贺东生等，1998，新城疫病毒融合蛋白裂解位点基因光敏生物素探针的制备及初步应用．中国兽医学报，18(3)：228-229．
296．宋长绪，刘福安，杜伟贤等，1996，新城疫病毒融合蛋白裂解位点基因的分子克隆及在原核细胞中的表达．中国兽医学报，16(6)：527-533．
297．宋长绪，刘福安，1997，新城疫病毒毒力强弱的分子生物学基础．中国兽医杂志，23(4)：7-8．
298．孙晴，王自然，郑洪云，1997，孔雀患新城疫的诊断．养禽与禽病防治，4：24．
299．王克恭，李平安，刘凤翔等，1986，免疫鸡群中非典型鸡新城疫的暴发．中国兽医杂志，12(10)：28-30．
300．王树双，孙淑华，吴时友等：新城疫病毒分子生物学水平上的致病性分析—用抗病毒囊膜蛋白特异结构多肽抗体进行强、弱毒株鉴别研究．中国兽医微生物学与病毒学学术研讨会论文集，1994，116．
301．王兴龙，金宁一，丁壮等，1999，新城疫病毒(长春株)F 蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析．中国兽医学报，19(2)：109-113．
302．韦平，1992，鹌鹑暴发新城疫的报告．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第六次学术讨论会论文集，广州，315．
303．吴艳涛，刘秀梵，刘伟忠等，1997，应用RT-PCR扩增新城疫病毒融合蛋白基因．农业生物技术学报，5(1)：51-54．
304．肖肖，郑增忍，王树双，1997，新城疫病毒分子毒力水平研究进展．中国生物工程学会第二次代表大会暨学术讨论会论文集，503-608．
305．徐彦波等，1994，中国畜禽传染病，5：38-40
306．徐彦波，1993，东北农业大学博士学位论文
307．严元宠，1993，鸡新城疫免疫．感染与发病机理研究进展．中国兽医杂志，19(12)：39-40．
308．殷震，刘景华，1997，动物病毒学，第2版．北京，科学出版社，736-767．
309．永井美之等著，王锡坤译，1983，新城疫病毒(NDV)病原性的分子结构的发现．日本病毒学杂志，33(1)：13-23．
310．袁东辉，王秉红，武若飞等，1998，信鸽新城疫的诊断．中国畜禽传染病，20(增刊)：209．
311．张德礼，1995，新城疫病毒功能性表位多肽及其基因研究进展．中国畜禽传染病，5：60-63．
312．张则斌，罗函禄，李银等，1998，鸵鸟NDV的分离和初步鉴定．中国畜禽传染病，20(增刊)：228-229．
313．赵化民，1992，新城疫病毒分子结构与致病关系研究进展．中国兽医科技，9(22)：17-18．
2.Alexander D J, Russell P H, Parsons G et al, 1985, Antigenic and biological characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 isolates from pigeons-An international collaborative study. Avian Pathol, 14: 365-376.
3.Alexander D J, 1990, Avian paramyxoviridae-recent developments. Veterinary Microbiology, 23:103-114.
4.Alexander D J, 1995, Newcastle disease in countries of the European Union[Guest editoral]. Avian Path., 24: 3-10.
5.Alexander D J, Campbell G, Manvell R J et al, 1992, Characterization of an antigenically unusual virus responsible for two outbreaks of Newcastle disease in the Republic of Ireland in 1990. Vet. Rec., 130: 65-68.
6.Alexander D J, Manvell R J, Collins M S et al, 1989, Characterization of paramyxoviruses isolated from penguims in Antarctica and sub-Antarctica during 1976-1979. Arch. Virol., 109:135-143.
7.Alexander D J, Manvell R J, Frost K M et al, 1997, ND outbreak in pheasants in Great Britain in May 1996.Vet. Rec., 140(1): 20-22.
8.Alexander D J, Manvell R J, Kemp P A et al, 1987, Use of monoclonal antibodies in the characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1(Newcastle disease virus) isolates submitted to an international reference laboratory. Avian Path., 16: 553-565.
9.Alexander D J, Manvell R J, Lowings J P et al, 1997, Antigenic diversity and similarities detected in avian paramyxovirus type 1(Newcastle disease virus) isolates using monoclonal antibodies. Avian Path., 26:399-418.
10.Alexander D J, Parsons G, 1984, Avian paramyxovirus type 1 infections of racing pigeons:2 Pathologenicity experiments in pigeons and chickens. Vet. Rec., 114: 466-469.
11.Alexander D J, Wilson G W C, Russell P H et al, 1985, Newcastle disease outbreaks in fowl in Great Britain during 1984. Vet. Rec., 117: 429-434.
12.Anderson R, Gao X M, Papakomuntinopoulou A et al, 1997, Immunization of mice with DNA encoding fragment C of tetanus toxin, Vaccine, 15:827-829
13.Angela O, Ortrud W, 1998, Newcastle disease virus: detection and characterization by PCR of recent German isolates differing in pathogenicity. Avian Path., 27: 237-243.
14.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Special Issue on DNA vaccine(1995) Ann N Y Acad Sci Volume 772
15.Arunachalam B. et al. 1989, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 23:373-383
16.Bala S, Barrett T J, 1995, Amplification methods for epidemiology investigations of infectious diseases, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 23: 129-139.
17.Ballagi-Pordany A, Wehmann E, Herczeg J et al, 1996, Identification and grouping of Newcastle disease virus strains by restriction site analysis of a region from the F gene. Arch.Virol., 141: 243-261.
18.Ballou R, 1996, Vaccine and Immunization news, 2:6-7
19.Bannerjee M, Reed W M, Fitzgerald S D et al, 1994, Neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in cormorants in Michigan: pathology and virus characterization. Avian Dis., 38: 873-878.
20.Barnett S W, Rajasekar S, Legg H et al. Vaccination with HIV-lgp120 DNA induces immumthat are boosted by a recombinant gp120 protein subunit. Vaccine, 1997, 152869～873
21.Barry M A et al, 1995, Nature, 377:632-635
22.Baty D U, Southern J A, Randall R E, 1997, Sequence comparison between the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes of simian, canine haemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes of simian, canine and human isolates of simian virus 5. J. Gen. Virol., 72: 3103-3107.
23.Benveniste E.N. et al. 1986, Nature, 321:610-613
24.Bounous D et al. 1995, Avian Dis, 19:135-139
25.Boursnell M E, Green P F, Samson A C R et al, 1990,: A recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus(NDV) protects chickens against challenge by NDV. Virol., 178: 297-300.
26.Canlon D B, Corino G L, Shiell B J et al, 1999, Pathotyping isolates of Newcastle disease virus using antipeptide antibodies to pathotype-specific regions of their fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins. Arch. Virol., 144:55-72.
27.Capron et al, 1994, Safty and efficacy of new generation vaccines, Vaccine, 12: 667-669
28.Cerretti D P et al. 1986, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83:3223-3227
29.Chambers P, Millar N S, Bingham R W et al, 1986, Molecular cloning of complementary DNA to Newcastle disease virus, and nucleotide sequence analysis of the junction between the genes encoding the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and the large protein. J. Gen.Virol., 67: 475-486.
30.Chambers P, Millar N S, Emmerson P T, 1986, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the fusion glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 67: 2685-2694.
31.Chambers P, Millar N S, platt S G et al, 1986, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus. Nucleic Acids Res., 14(22): 4051-9061.
32.Chambers P, Nesbit M, Yusoff K et al, 1988, Location of a neutralizing epitope for the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 69:2115-2122.
33.Charles G O et al. 1992, J Immunol, 129:1865-1868
34.Chauenstein K et al. 1987, Dev Comp Immunol, 11:69-77
35.CherlS C, FyElan E F, Robinson H L et al, Protective immunity induced by rotavirus DNA vaccines, Vaccine, 1997, 15:899-902
36.Chomczynski P and Sacchi N, 1987, Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Analytical Biochemistry. 162:156-159.
37.Chow Y H, Huang W L, Chi W K, et al, 1997, Improvement of hepatitis B virus DNA vaccine by plasmids coexpressing hepatitis B surface antigen and Interleukine 2, J of Virology, 1:169-178
38.Clark J M, 1988, Navel Non-templated nucleotide addition reactions catalyzed by procaryotic and eucaryotic DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res., 16: 9677.
39.Clark U M et al. 1988, Nucletic Acids Res, 16(20):9677-9686
40.Cloud et al. 1992, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 34:353-366
4l.Collins M S, Alexander D J, Brokman S et al, 1989, Evaluation of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against an isolate of the variant avian paramyxovirus type 1 responsible for the current panzootic in pigeons. Arch. Viroi., 104: 53-61.
42.Collins M S, Bashiruddin J B and Alexander D J, 1993, Deduced amino acid sequences at the fusion protein cleavage site of Newcastle disease virus showing variation in antigenicity and pathogenicity. Arch. Virol., 128: 363-370.
43.Collins M S, Sally F, Strong I et al, 1998, Antigenic and Phylogenetic studies on a viariant Newcastle disease virus using anti-fusion protein monoclonal antibodies and partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene. Avian Path., 27: 90-96.
44.Collins M S, Strong I, Alexander D J, 1994, Evaluation of the molecular basis of pathogenicity of the variant Newcastle disease viruses termed 'pigeon PMV-1 viruses'.Arch. Virol., 134:403-411.
45.Collins M S, Strong I, Alexander D J, 1996, Pathogenicity and Phylogenetic evaluation of the variant Newcastle disease viruses termed 'pigeon PMV-1 viruses' based on the nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene, Arch. Virol., 141: 635-647.
46.Conroy R M et al, 1994, Immune response to carcinoembryonic antigen polynucleotide vaccine, Cancer Res, 54:1164-1168
47.Czifra G, Nilsson M, Alexander D J et al, 1996, Detection of PMV-1 specific antibodies with a monoclonal antibody blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Path., 25: 691-703.
48.Danko I et al, 1994, Vaccine, 12:1499
49.David Bauer, Heikio Muler, Jens Reich et al, 1993, Identification of differentially expressed mRNA species byan improved display techniques(DDRT-PCR), Nucleic Acid Res, 21:4272
50.Davis H L, Michel M L, Whalen R G, 1993, DNA-based immunization for hepatitis B induces continuous secretion of antigen and high level of circulating antibody, Hum.Mol. Genet, 2:1847
51.Davis H L, Millian C L B, Marlcini M et al, 1997, DNA-based immunization against hepatitis B surfEgen(HBsAg)in normal and HBsAg-transgenic mice, Vaccine, 152849-852
52.Davis HL et al, 1993, Hum Gene Ther, 4:733
53.Donnelly J J, Friedman A, Ulmer J B et al. 1997, Further protection against antigenetic drift of influenza ferret model by DNA vaccination, Vaccine, 152865～868
54.Ebata S N, Cot M J, Yang-Kang C, 1991, The fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins of human parainfluenza virus 3 are both required for fusion. Virol., 183: 437-441.
55.Edbaur C, Weinberg R, Taylor J et al, 1990, Protection of chic kens with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene.Virol., 179:901-904.
56.Erdei J, Erdei J, Bachir K et al, 1987, Newcastle disease vaccine (La Sota) strain specific monoclonal antibody. Arch. Virol., 96: 265-269.
57.Ertl HC et al, 1996, Viral Immunology, 9:1-9
58.Espion T, Henau SD, Letellier C et al, 1987, Expression at the cell surface of native fusion protein of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Italien from cloned cDNA. Arch. Virol., 95: 79-95.
59.Estin V, Cherbonnel M, Morin et al, 1989, Characterization of French avian paramyxovirus type 1(PMV-1) isolates with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the Ploufragan strain of Newcastle disease virus. Arch. Virol., 105:189-198.
60.Eyal Raz, Akira Watanabe, Stephen M et al, 1993, Systemic immunological effects of cytokines genes injected into skeletal muscle, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90(5): 4523-4527
61.FynanF F, Webster R G, 1993, DNA vaccine: Protective immunization by parenternal, mucosal and gene-guninoculation, Proc Natl Sci USA, 90:11478～11482
62.Garten W, Berk W, Nagai Y et al, 1980, Mutational chasnges of the protease susceptibility of Newcastle disease virus:Effects on pathogenicity. J. Gen. Virol., 50: 135-147.
63.Garten W, Kohama T, Klenk H-D, 1980, Proteolytic activation of the hemagglutininneuraminidase of Newcastle disease virus involves loss of a glycopeptide. J. Gen. Virol.,51(1): 207-211.
64.Glickman R L, Syddall R J, Iorio R M et al, 1988, Quantitative basic residue requirements in the cleavage-activation site of the fusion glycoprotein as a determinant of virulence for Newcastle disease virus. Joumal of Virol., 62: 354-356.
65.Goldhaft T M, 1980, Historical note on the origin of the La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis., 24: 297-301.
66.Goodall U C et al. 1990, Nucl Acids Res, 18:5883-5889
67.Goodll J C et al. 1991, Biophys Acta, 1089:257-288
68.Gorman J J, Corino G L, Selleck P W, 1990, Comparison of the positions and efficiency of cleavage activation of fusion precursors of virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus: insights into the specificities of the activating proteases.Virol., 177: 339-351.
69.Gorman J J, Hodder A N, Selleck P W et al, Antipeptide antibodies for analysis of pathotype-specific variations in cleavage activation of the membrane glycoprotein precursors of Newcastle disease virus isolates in cultured cells. J. Virol. Meth., 1992, 37: 55-70.
70.Gorten W, Kohama T and Klenk H D, 1980, Proteolytic activation of the hemagglutininneuraminidase of Newcastle disease virus involves loss of a glycopeptide. J. Gen. Virol, 51: 207-211.
71.Goto B, Ohnishi Y, Inocencio N M et al: Mammalian subtilisim-related proteinases in cleavage activation of the paramyxovirus fusion glycoprotein superiority of furin/PACE to PC2 or PC1/PC3. J. Virol., 1992, 66: 6391-6397.
72.Gotoh B, Sakaguchi T, Nichikawa K et al: Structural features unique to each of the three antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virol., 1988, 163: 174-182.
73.Gramanski R A, Maris D C, Elan D et al. 1997, Malaria DNA vaccines in Aotus monkey. Vaccine, 15:913-915
74.Gupta R K et al. 1995, Vaccine, 13(14):1263-1276
75.Hajime Kawamura, Steven A, Rosenberg, et al, Immunization with antigen and interleukine-2 in vivo overcome Ir gene low responsiveness, J of Exp Med, 162: 381-386
76.Harriet L Robinson, 1997, Nucleic acid vaccines an overview, Vaccine, 15:785-787
77.Hassett DE et al, 1996, Trends Microbio, 4(8): 307-312
78.Hassett DE et al, 1996, Trends Microbiol, 4(8): 307-312
79.Hiebert S W, Paterson R G, Lamb R A: Hemagglutinin-Nucleotide protein of the paramyxovirus simian Virus 5: Nucleotide sequence of the mRNA predicts an N-terminal membrane anchor. J. Virol., 1985, 54(1): 1-6.
80.Hinkula J, Lundholm P, Wahren B. Nucleic acid vaccination with HIV regulatory gene: a combination of HIV-1 genes in separate plasmids induces strong immune responses, Vaccine, 1997, 15:874-878
81.Hitchner S B: Poultry Vaccine Laboratories in the United States: A historical perspective. Avian Dis., 1996, 40: 255-265.
82.Hodder A N, Liu Z-Y, Selleck P W et al: Characterization of field isolates of Newcastle disease virus using antipeptide antibodies. Avian Dis., 1994, 38:103-118.
83.Hodder A N, Selleck P W, White J R et al: Analysis of pathotype-specific structural features and cleavage-activation of Newcastle disease virus membrane glycoproteins using antipetide antibodies. J. Gen. Virol., 1993, 74: 1081-1091.
84.Hoffman S L, Doolan D L, Sedegah M et al, 1997, Strategy for the development of pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparm DNA vaccine for human use, Vaccine, 15: 842-845
85.Hoshi S, Mikami T, Nagata K: Monoclonal antibodies against a paramyxovirus isolated from Japanese sparrow-hawks(Accipter virugatus gularis). Arch. Virol., 1983, 76: 145-151.
86.Hua Lin, Michael S, Parmacek hid Morle et al, 1990, Expression of Recombinant Genes in Myocardium InVivo After Direct Injectio nof DNA.Circulation, 8212217-2221
87.Inchauspe G, Major M E, NaKano I et al, 1997, DNA vaccination for the induction of immune respgainst hepatitis C virus proteins, Vaccine, 15:853-856
88.Iorio M, Syddall R J, Glickman R L et al, 1989, Identification of amino acid residues important to the neuraminidase activity of the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus.Virol., 173:196-204.
89.Iorio R M and Glickman R L, 1992, Fusion mutants of Newcastle disease virus selected with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. J. Virol., 66(11): 6626-6633.
90.Iorio R M,Borgman J B, Glickamn R L et al, 1986, Genetic variation within a neutralizing domain on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 67:1393-1403.
91.Iorio R M, Bratt M, 1984, Neutralization of Newcastle disease virus by monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein: requirement for antibodies to four sites for complete neutralization. J. Virol., 51:445-451.
92.Irvine K R et al, 1996, J Immunol, 156:238-245
93.Ishida M, Nerome K, Matsumoto M et al, 1985, Characterization of reference strains of Newcastle disease virus(NDV) and NDV-like isolates by monoclonal antibodies to HN subunits. Arch. Virol., 84:109-121.
94.Jarecki-Black J C, Bennett J D, Palmieri S, 1992, A novel oligonucleotide probe for the detection of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis., 36: 134-138.
95.Jarecki-Blaek J C, King D J, 1993, An oligonucleotide probe that distingushes isolates of low virulence from the more pathogeins strains of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Disease, 37:724-730.
96.Jestin V, Jestin A, 1991, Detection of Newcastle disease virus RNA in infected allantoic fluids by in vitro enzymatic amplification(PCR). Arch. Virol., 118:151-161.
97.Jon Cohen, 1993, Naked DNA points way to vaccines, Science, 259, 1691
98.Jorgensen E D, Collins P L, Lomedico P T, 1987, Cloning and nucleotide sequence of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase mRNA: identification of a putative sialic acid binding site. Virol., 156: 12-24.
99.Jorgensen P H, Herczeg J, lomniczi B et al, 1998, Isolation and characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1(Newcastle disease) viruses from a flock of ostriches(Struthio camelus) and emus(Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Europe with in consistent serology. Avian Path., 27:352-358.
100.Kaiser P et al. 1999, Immunogenetics, 49(!):26-35
101.Kaleta E F, Alexander D J, Russell P H, 1985, The first isolation of the PMV-1 virus responsible for the current panzootic in pigeons. Avian Path., 14: 553-557.
102.Karin W, Mathias B, Anton M et al, 1994, More than one component of the Newcastle disease virus particle is capable of interperon induction, Veterinary Microbiology, 39: 299-311.
103.Kaspers B et al. 1992, J Biol Chem, 263:3905-3911
104.Kato T et al. 1992, Immunol, 142:79-93
105.Kim J J, Ayyavoo V, Bagarazzi M L et al, 1997, Development of a multicomponent candidate vaccine for HIV-1, Vaccine, 152879～893
106.Kim JJ et al, 1997, J Immunol, 158:816-826
107.King D J, 1996, Avian paramyxovirus type 1 from pigeons: isolate characterization and pathogenicity after chicken or embryo passage of selected isolates. Avian Dis., 40: 707-714.
108.King D J, Seal B S, 1997, Biological and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates from surveillance of live bird markets in the northeastern United States. Avian Dis., 41: 683-689.
109.Klasing K G et al. 1991, Poultry ci, 70:1176-1186
110.Klasing K G et al. 1994, Poultry ci, 73:1035-1043
111.Knudtson K L et al. 1989, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 22:333-343
112.Kohama T, Garten W, Klenk H D, 1981, Changes in conformation and charge paralleling proteolytic activation of Newcastle disease virus glycoprotein. Virol., 111(2): 364-376.
113.Kremer G et al. 1984, J Immunol Methods, 73:273-281
114.Kumar V and Serearz Z, 1996, Genetic vaccination: The advantage of going naked, Nature Med, 2(8): 857-859
115.Lana D P, Snyder D B, King D J et al, 1988,: Characterization of a battery of monoclonal antibodies for differentiation of Newcastle disease virus and pigeon paramyxovirus-1 strains. Avian Dis., 32:273-281.
116.Le Long, Portetelle D, Ghysdael J et al: Monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus:relationship between glycosylation and reactivity. J. Virol., 1986, 57:1198-1202.
117.Lee A H, You Suk Swh, Young Chul Sung, 1999, DNA innoculations with with HIV- 1 recombinant genomes that express cytokine genes enhance HIV-1 specific immune responses, Vaccine, 17:473-479
118.Lenardo M.J. et al. 1991, Nature, 353:858-861
119.Lewis P J, Cox G J M et al, 1997, Polyrudeotide vaccines in animals:enhancing and modulating responses, Vaccine, 15:861-864
120.Liu M A, Hilleman A R, Kurth R., 1995, Preface by the editors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sci-ences, 772
121.Liu M A, MeClements W, Ulmer J B et al. 1997, Immunization of non-human primates with DNA Vaccine, 15:909-912
122.Lomniczi B, 1973, Studies on interferon production and interferon sensitivity of different strains of Newcastle disease. J. Gen. Virol., 21:305-313.
123.Lomniczi B, 1975, Thermostability of Newcastle disease virus strains of different virulence. Arch. Virol., 47:249-255.
124.Lomniczi B, Wehmann E, Herczeg J et al, 1998, Newcastle disease outbreaks in recent years in Westem Europe were caused by an old (Ⅵ) and a novel genotype(Ⅶ). Arch. Virol.,143: 49-64.
125.Long L R, Brasseur C, Wemers G et al, 1988, Fusion(F) protein gene of Newcastle disease virus: sequence and hydrophobicity. Comparative analysis between virulent and avirulent strains. Virus Genes, 1: 333-350.
126.Lowenthal J W et al. 1994, Cell Biol, 72:115-122
127.Lozes E, Huygen K, Content J et al., 1997, Immunogenicity and efficacy of a tuberculosis DNA vaccineing the components of the secreted antigen 85complex. Vaccine, 15:830-833
128.M Kovasovics-Bankowski, K L Rock. A, 1995, Phagosometo Cytosol Pathway for Exogenous Antiges presented on MHC class I Molecules, Science, 267:243-246
129.Maecker H T, Umetsu DT, Dekruff R H et al, 1997, DNA vaccination with cytokine fusion constructs biases the immune response to ovalbumin, Vaccine, 15:1687
130.Major M E et al, 1995, J Virology, 69:5798-5805
131.Majury A L et al. 1991, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 29:57-68
132.Manickan-E, Kanangat-S, Rouse-RJD et al, 1997, Enhancement of Immune-Response to NakedDNA Vaccine by Immunization with Transfected Dendritic Cells,Journal of Leukocyte Biology(Vol61), Iss2, p125～132
133.Marin M C, Villegas P, Bennett J D et al, 1996, Virus characterization and sequence of the fusion protein gene cleavage site of recent Newcastle disease virus field isolates from the southeastern United States and Puerto Rico. Avian Dis., 40: 382-390.
134.McClements W L, Armstrong M E 二 Keys R D et al. The prophylactic effect of immunization with DNA encoding herpes simplex virus glycoproteins on HSV-induced disease in guinea pigs, Vaccine, 15:857-860
135.McGines L W, Morrison T G, 1986, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein and comparisons of paramyxovirus fusion protein sequence., Virus Research, 5(14): 343-356.
136.McGinnes L W,Morrison T G, 1986, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding of Newcastle disease virus fusion protein and comparisons of paramyxovirus fusion protein sequences. Virus Research, 5:343-356.
137.McGinnes L W,Morrison T G, 1994, Modulation of the activities of HN protein of Newcastle disease virus by nonconserved cysteine residues. Virus Res., 34:305-316.
138.McGinnes L W, Wilde A, Morrison T G, 1987, Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein and comparisons of paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein sequence. Virus Res.,7:187-202.
139.Meulemans G L, Gonze M, Carlier M C et al, 1986, Protective effects of HN and F glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies on experimental Newcastle disease. Avian Pathol., 15:761-768.
140.Meulemans G, Gonze M, Carlier M C et al, 1986, Antigenic and biological characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 isolates from pigeons. Arch. Virol., 87: 151-161.
141.Meulemans G, Gonze M, Carlier M C et al, 1987, Evaluation of the use of monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutination and fusion glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus for virus identification and strain differentiation purposes. Arch. Virol., 92: 55-62.
142.Millar N S, Chambers P, Emmerson P T, 1986, Nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 67: 1917-1927.
143.Millar N S, Chambers P, Emmerson P T, 1988, Nucleotide sequence of the fusion and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein genes of Newcastle disease virus, strain ulster: molecular basis for variations in pathogenicity between strains. J. Gen. Virol., 69: 613-620.
144.Millar N S, Chambers P, Emnerson P T et al, 1986, Nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin-neuranminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 67: 11917-11927.
145.Miller H. 1987, Methods in Enzymology, 145-170
146.Morgan, D.A. 1976, Ruscettn, F.W. Science, 24:1007-1008
147.Morrison T G and Simpson D, 1980, Synthesis, Stability, and Cleavage of Newcastle Disease Virus Glycoproteins in the Absense of Glycosylation. J. Virol., 36(1): 171-180.
148.Morrison T G, 1988, Structure, function, and intracellular processing of paramyxovirus membrane proteins. Virus Research, 1:113-116.
149.Morrison T, McQuain C, McGinnes L W, 1991, Complementation between avirulent Newcastle disease virus and a fusion protein gene expressed from a retrovkirus vector: Requirements for membrane fusion. J. Virol., 65(2):813-822.
150.Mosmann T et al. 1983, J Immunol Methods, 65:55-63
151.Myers T J et al. 1992, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 34:97-114
152.Nagai Y, Klenk H D and Rott R, 1976, Proteolytic cleavage of the viral glycoproteins and its significance for the virulence of Newcastle disease virus. Virol., 72:494-508.
153.Nagai Y, Klenk H-D, Rott R, 1977, Activation of precursors to both glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus by proteolytic cleavage. Virol., 77: 125-134.
154.Nagai Y, Yoshida T, Hamaguchi M et al, 1980, The pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus isolated from migrating and domestic ducks and the susceptibility of the viral glycoproteins to proteolytic cleavage. Microbiology lmmuno, 24:173-177.
155.Nagy E, Derbyshire J B, Dobos P et al, 1990, Cloning and expression of NDV hemagglutinin-neuraminidase cDNA in a Baculovirus expression vector system. Virol., 176: 426-438.
156.Neyt C, Geliebter J, Slaoui M et al, 1989, Mutations located on both F1 and F2 subunits of Newcastle disease virus fusion protein confer resistance to neutralisation with monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Virol., 63: 952-954.
157.Nishikawa K, Isomura S, Suzuki S et al, 1983, Monoclonal antibodies to the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. Biological characterization and use for strain comparisons. Virol., 130:318-330.
158.Nunberg J H, Doyle M V, York S M, et al, 1989, Interleukine 2 acts as adjuvant to increase the potency of inactivated rabies virus vaccine, Proc Natl Acad SCI. USA, 86(6): 4240-4243
159.Okada E, Sasaki S, Ishii N et al, 1997, Intranasal Immunization of a DNA vaccine with IL-12-Colony-Stimulating-Factor and GM-CSF expressing plasmids in liposome induces strong mucosal and cell-mediated immune-response against HIV-1 antigens,Journal of Immunology, 159(7): 111-117
160.Oncel T, Alexander D J, Manvell R J et al, 1997, Characterization of NDV isolated from chickens and pigeons in the South Marmara region of Turkey. Avian Path., 26(1) :129-137.
161.Palmieri S and Michael L P, 1988, An Alternative method of oligonucleotide finger printing for resolring Newcastle disease virus specific RNA fragments. Avian Dis. 33:345-350.
162.Palmieri S, Mitchell W, 1991, Comparison of three velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus by RNA oligonucleotide fingerprinting. Avian Dis., 35:384-388.
163.Pardoll D M et al, 1995, Immunity, 3:165-169
164.Paul W Z et al. 1994, Cell, 76(2):241-251
165.Pearson J E, Senne D A, Alexander D J et al, 1989, Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus(Avian Paramyxovirus-1) Isolated from Pigeons. Avian Dis., 31(1): 105-111.
166.Pearson J E, Senne D A, Alexander D J et al, 1986, Characterization of Newcastle disease virus(Avian Paramyxovirus-1)isolated from pigeons. Avian Dis., 31(1): 105-111.
167.Pertmer TM et al, 1996, J Virol, 70:6119-6125
168.Pisetsky DS, 1993, DNA vaccination: aclute to memory? Hum. Immunol, 38:241-242
169.Pisetsky DS, 1996, J Immunol, 157(1): 421-423
170.Prince A M, Whalerl R, Brotrnan B et al. 1997, Successful nucleic acid based immunization of newborn chimpanzees against hepatitis B virus, Vaccine, 15:916-919
171.Pritzer E, Kuroda K, Garten W et al, 1990, A host-range mutant of Newcastle disease virus with an altered cleavage site for proteolytic activation of the F protein. Virus Research,15: 237-242.
172.Promega Corporation. Promega protocols and applications guide, 2nd ed, 1992:125-130
173.Qian Z C, Wang D J, Jin C G, 1992, A comparative study on the active immunophylactic effect of various L615 tumor cell vaccines(TCV)and the possible mechanisms of immune protection. Biotherapy, 6:504
174.Rakhmilevich AL et al, 1996, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93(13): 6291-6296
175.Ray N B, Ewalt L C, Lodmell D L. 1997, Nanogram quantities of plasmid DNA encoding the rabiescoprotein protect mice against lethal rabies virus infection. Vaccine,15:892-895
176.Redelman D et al. 1983, J Immunol Methods, 56:359-370
177.Rene Devos et al. 1983, Nucleic Acids Research, 4307-4322
178.Robb. R.I. et al. 1981, J Exp Med, 154:1455-1474
179.Roberrson J S et al, 1994, Vaccine, 12(16): 1526-1528
180.Robertsm J S et al, 1994, Safty considerations for nucleic acid vaccines, Vaccine, 2:59-62
181.Robinson H L, Hunt L A, Webster R G, 1993, Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a haemagghitinin-expressing plasmid DNA, Vaccine, 11:957
182.Robison H L, Hunt L A, Webster R G, 1993, Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immu-nimuon with a haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA, Vaccine, 11:9
183.Ruscelli F W et al. 1977, J Immunol, 19:131-138
184.Russell P H, 1984, Newcastle disease virus: the effect of monoclonal antibody in the overlay on virus penetration and immunoselection of variant. J. Gen. Virol., 65:795-798.
185.Russell P H, Alexander D J, 1983, Antigenic variation of Newcastle disease virus strains detected by monoclonal antibodies. Arch. Virol., 75:243-253.
186.Russell P H, Griffiths P C, Cannon M J, 1983, A microwell immunoperoxidase test for screening hybridoms and for diagnosing Newcastle disease and Sendai virus. J. Immunological Meth., 61:165-170.
187.Russell P H, Griffiths P C, Goswami K K A et al, 1983, The characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 64:2069-2072.
188.Sakaguchi M, Nakanura H, Sonooda K, 1996, Protection of chickens from Newcastle disease by vaccination with a linear plasmid DNA expressing the F protein of Newcastle disease virus, Viccine, 14:747-752
189.Sakaguchi T, Toyoda T, Gotoh B et al, 1989, Newcastle disease virus evolution 1. Multipe lineages defined by sequence variability of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene. Virol.,169:260-272.
190.Samberg V, Hadash D V, Perelman B et al, 1989, Newcastle disease in ostriches (Structhio camelus): field case and experimental infection. Avian Path., 18:221-226.
191.Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning-A laboratory Manual, 1989
192.Samson A C R, Russell P H, Hallam S E,1985,Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants of Newcastle disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 66:357-361.
193.Samson A.C.R. and Fox C.F, 1973, A precursor protein for Newcastle disease vires. J. Virol.12:579-587.
194.Sato H, Oh-Hira M, Ishida N et al, 1987, Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of P, M and F genes of Newcastle disease virus avirulent strain D 26. Virus Res., 1:415-426.
195.Sato Y et al, 1996, Science, 273:352-354
196.Schaper U M, Fuller F J, Ward M D W et al, 1988, Nucleotide sequence of the envelope protein genes of a highly virulent, neurotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Virol.,165:291-295.
197.Scheid A, Pvenell W: Identification of Biological activities of paramyxovirus glycoprotein activation of cell fusion hemalysis and infectivity by proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor protein of Sendal virus. Virol., 1974, 578: 475-490.
198.Sehnetzler M et al. 1983, Eur J Immunol, 13:560-566
199.Seal B S, King D J, Bennett J D: Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates by reverse transcriptase PCR coupled to direct nucleotides sequencing and development of sequence database for pathotype prediction and molecular epidemiology analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1995, 33:2624-2630.
200.Seal B S, King D J, Bennett J D: Characterization of Newcastle disease virus vaccine by biological properties and sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin-nearaminidase protein gene. Vaccine, 1996, 14:761-766.
201.Seal B S: Analysis of matix protein gene nucleotide sequence diversity among Newcastle disease virus isolates demonstrates that recent disease outbreaks are caused by vires of psittacine origin. Virus Genes, 1996, 11:327-224.
202.Seal B S: Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates by reverse transcription PCR coupled to direct nucleotide sequencing and development of sequence database for pathotype prediction and molecular epidemiological analysis. J. Clin. Micobiol., 1995, 33(10):2624-2630.
203.Sedegah M et al, 1994, Protection against malaria by immunization with plasmid DNA encoding circumsporoite protein, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91:9866-9870
204.Shiver J W, Davies M E, Yasutorni Y et al. 1997, Anti-HIV env immunities elicited by nucleic acidVaccine, 15:884-887
205.Sizemore D R et al, 1995, Attenuated Shigella as a DNA delivery vehicle for DNAmediated immunization, Science, 270:299-320
206.Srinivasappa G B, Snyder D B, Marquardt W W et al: Isolation of a monoclonal antibody with speificity for commonly employed vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis.,1986, 30:562-567.
207.Stacey KJ et al, 1996, J Immunol, 157:2116-2122
208.Steven B et al. 1989, FAEBJ, 3:2379-2388
209.Stram Y, Shchori D, Chiniteh Y et al: Moltecular characterization of an unassigned israeli Newcastle disease virus isolate. Avian Dis., 1998, 42:746-751.
210.Sundick R S et al. 1997, J Immunol, 158:720-725
211.Tabeshita T et al. 1992, J Immunol, 148:2154-2158
212.Tabeshita T et al. 1992, Science, 257(17):379-382
213.Tagaya T N et al. 1996, Immunity, 4:329
214.Tang D C, De Uit M, Johnson S A, 1992, Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immuneresponse, Nature, 356:152
215.Taniguchi. T et al. 1993, Cell, 73:5-8
216.Taylor J, Christensen L, Getting R et al: Efficacy of a recombinant fowlpox-based Newcastle disease virus vaccine candidate against velogenic and respiratory challenge.Avian Disease, 1996, 40:173-180.
217.Taylor J, Edbauer C: Newcastle disease virus fu sion protein expressed in a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection in chickens. J. Gen. Virol., 1990, 64:1441-1450.
218.Tellez G I et al. 1993, Avian Dis, 37:1002-1020
219.Thompson J D et al. 1994, Nucl Acids Res, 22:4673
220.Tokota T et al. 1985, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 82:68-72
221.Tokushige K et al, 1996, Expression and immune response to hepatitis C virus core DNA-based vaccine constructs, Hepatology, 24:14-20
222.Tomar. A. et al. 1993, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 38:469-475
223.Toyoda T, Gotoh B, Sakaguchi T et al: Identification of amino acids relevant to three antigenic determinants on the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus that are involved in fusion inhibition and neutralization. Journal of Virol., 1988, 62:4427-4430.
224.Toyoda T, Hamaguchi M, Nagai Y: Detection of polycistronic transcript in Newcastle disease virus infected cells and indentification of their sequence content. Archives of General Virol., 1987, 95:97-110.
225.Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Hirota H et al: Newcastle disease virus evolution Ⅱ. Lack of gene recombination in generating virulent and avirulent strains. Virol., 1989, 169:273-282.
226.Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Imai K et al: Structural comparison the cleavage-activation site of the fusion glycoprotein between virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus.Virol., 1987, 158:242-247.
227.Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Lmai K: Structural comparison of the cleavage-activation site of the fusion glycoprotein between virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus. Virol., 1987, 158:242-247.
228.Tripatyy S K et al, 1996, Long term expression of erythropoietin in the systemic circulation of mice after intramuscular injection of a plasmid DNA vector, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93:10876-10880
229.Trueblood E S, Brown W C, Palmer G H et al, 1998, B-lymphocyte proliferation during bovine leukemia virus induced persistent lymphocytosis is enhanced by Tlymphocyte derived IL-2, J Virology, 4:3169-3177
230.Tsuji T et al, Immunology, 90:1-6
231.Ulmer J B, Donnelly J J, Parker S E et al, 1993, Heterologous protection against influenza by infection of DNA encoding a viral protein, Science, 259:174
232.Ulmer J B, Donnelly J J, Parker S E, 1993, Heterologous protection against influenza by infection of DNA en-coding a viral protein, Sicence, 259:1745-1748
233.Ulrike M S, Frederick J F, Marsha D W W et al: Nucleotide sequence of the envelope protein genes of a highly virulent, neurotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Virol., 1988,165:291-295.
234.Umino Y, Kohama T, Sato T A et al: Monoclonal antibodies to three structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus: biological characterization with particular reference to the conformational change of envelope glycoproteins associated with proteolytic cleavage. J. Gen. Virol., 1990, 71:1189-1197.
235.Vitadello M et al, 1994, Gene transfer in regenerating muscle, Hum Gene Ther, 5: 11-18
236.Wainberg M A et al. 1983, J Immunol, 130:2372-2378
237.Waine G J, Yang W. Scott J C et al, 1997, DNA-based vaccination using Schistmorna japonicumblood-fluke)genes. Vaccine, 15:846-848
238.Waiseman A et al, 1996. Suppressive vaccination with DNA encoding a vairable region gene of the T-cell receptor prevents autoimmune encephaloomyelitis and activates the immunity, Nature Med, 2:899-905
239.Walker J W, Herson B R, Mixton M A: Exotic Newcastle disease eradication program in the United States. Avian Disease, 1973:17:486-503.
240.Wang B, Boyer J, Srikantar V et al, 1993, DNA inoculation induces neutralizing immune responses againsthuman immunodeficiency virus type in mice and nonprimates, DNA Cell Biol, 12:79
241.Wang C, Peeples M E: Intracellular Maturation of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein is affected by strain differences in the predicted amphipathic α-helix adjacent to the fusion domain. Virol., 1995, 208:827-831.
242.Watson J et al. 1979, J.Exp. Med, 150:849-861
243.Weinberg A, Merigen T C, 1988, Recombinant interleukine-2 as an adjuvant for vaccine-induced protection. Immunization of guinea pigs with herpes simplex virus subunit vaccines, J Immunol, 140:294-299
244.Weinblatt A C et al. 1982, Cell Immunol, 68:332-342
245.Wemers C D, DeHenau S, Neyt C et al: The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) gene of Newcastle disease virus strain Italien (ndv Italien): comparison with HNs of other strains and expression by a vaccinia recombinant. Arch. Virol., 1987, 97:101-113.
246.Whalen R G et al, 1995, Clinical Immunol and Immunopath, 75:1-12
247.Wolff J A, Malone R W, Williams P et al, 1990, Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science, 247:1465-1468
248.Xiang Z Q, Spitalink S, M Tran et al, 1994, Vaccination with a plasmid vector carrying the rabies virus glycoprotein gene induces protective immunity against rabies virus, Virology, 199:132-140
249.XIN K Q, Hamajima, Sasaki S, et al, 1998, Intranasal administration of human immunodeficency virus type-1(HIV-1) DNA vaccine with interleukine-2 expression plasmid enhances cell-mediated immunity agaist HIV-1, Immunology, 94:438-444
250.Yang C-Y, Chang P-C, Hwang J-M et al: Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus isolates from recent outbreaks in Taiwan. Avian Disease, 1997,41:365-373.
251.Yang K, Mustafa F, Valmrnakis A et al. 1997, Early studies on DNA-based immunizations for measle virus, Vaccine, 15:888-891
252.Yosoff K. Tan W S, Lau C H et al: Sequence of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of the Newcastle disease virus oral vaccine strian V4(UPM). Avian Path.. 1996, 25:837-844.
253.Yusoff K, Nesbit M, McCartney H et al: Location of Neutralizing epitopes on the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus strian Beaudette C. J. Gen. Virol., 1989, 70:3105-3109.
254．白莲花，钱振超，1994，新城疫鸡瘟激活的巨噬细胞抗肿瘤转移作用的研究．上海免疫学杂志，14：334
255．白莲花，于春，鲍秋莉等，1998，新城疫鸡瘟病毒诱导人粘附性单个核细胞产生一氧化氮与细胞毒性．上海免疫学杂志，18(3)：160-161．
256．刘胜旺，1998，中国农业科学院博士学位论文
257．曹殿军，王莉林，1994，新城疫糖蛋白研究进展．中国免疫学会94全国兽医免疫学术讨论会论文汇编，131-133．
258．曹殿军，苑纯秀，郭鑫等：新城疫病毒F48E9株及东北地区分离株F基因遗传变异分析．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第五次代表大会暨第九次学术研讨会论文集，1998，1-3．
259．陈春花，闫玉河，卢景良等，1997，鸽新城疫病毒分离株FO裂解位点的基因克隆及序列分析．中国畜禽传染病，4：5-8．
260．陈奖励，王欢，宋英珲，1999，鸡IL-2的克隆及测序鉴定，中国兽医杂志，已接受。
261．陈奖励，1998，中国农业科学院博士后研究工作报告
262．陈洪岩，刘胜旺，陈奖励等，1998，新城疫病毒删基因免疫引起的雏鸡细胞免疫及体液免疫动态变化研究．《畜禽重大疫病生物技术防制研究》．白新盛，卢景良主编，中国农业科学技术出版社，p48-51．
263．陈嘉棣，杨惠萍，杨颐等，1993，鸽新城疫油乳化灭活疫苗研制．畜牧兽医学报，24(6)：542-549．
264．陈丽君，蔡学忠，刘秀梵，1996，新城疫病毒分子生物学研究进展．中国兽医杂志，5(22)：57—59．
265．陈丽君，吴艳涛，张如宽等，1997，新城疫病毒F48E9株cDNA文库的构建．中国兽医学报，17(2)：120—122．
266．单虎，王述柏，郭鑫等，1998，鸡胚组织中新城疫病毒滴度与毒力关系的研究．中国兽医杂志，24(10)：9-10．
267．单虎，王述柏，郭鑫等，1998，新城疫病毒在鸡胚同组织增殖的研究．中国畜禽传染病，20(3)：144-146．
268．丁铲，于圣青，1993，表达新城疫病毒致病性的分子基础．病毒学报，9(4)：397-400．
269．丁铲，于圣青，1991，新城疫病毒的分子生物学研究．中国兽医杂志，17(6)：52-53．
270．范根成，朱万光，杜元钊等，1998，鸽群和鸡群暴发典型新城疫的诊断报告．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第五次会员代表大会暨第九次学术研讨会论文集，广西南宁，p168．
271．范根成，朱万光，王永玲等，1999，新城疫病毒强毒株的分离与鉴定．中国兽医学报，3(2)：114-117．
272．房海，陈翠珍，王廷富等，1992，鹌鹑新城疫及其病原特性的研究．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第六次学术讨论会论文集，广州，303-304．
273．房海，陈翠珍，1989，鹌鹑新城疫的调查．河北禽病防治学术研讨会论文集，p70-74．
274．郭鑫，1999，中国农业科学院博士学位论文
275．郭鑫，曹殿军，闵平等，1998，新城疫病毒鹌鹑分离株F基因的克隆及鉴定．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第五次会员代表大会暨第九次学术研讨会论文集，146．
276．郭鑫，曹殿军，苑纯秀等，1998，鸽新城疫病毒分离株融合蛋白基因的克隆及鉴定．中国免疫学会第三届学术大会论文汇编，592．
277．贺东生，宋长绪，刘福安等，1997，用核酸探针检测新城疫病毒的研究．中国畜禽传染病，4：3-4．
278．候云德，1990，分子病毒学．北京，学苑出版社，310-311．
279．胡子信，乌尼，张瑞祥，1991，内蒙古地区鸡新城疫病毒分离株的研究．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第六次学术讨论会论文集，广州，56-63．
280．花群义，张晓丁，顾晓黎等，1997，鸵鸟新城疫病毒的分离与鉴定．中国兽医科技，27(10)：25-26．
281．黄祯祥，洪涛，刘崇柏，1990，医学病毒学基础及实验技术．北京，科学出版社，p155．
282．霍龙飞，王莉林，卢景良，1995，新城疫基因工程疫苗研究进展．生物技术，5(5)：1-5．
283．金伯泉主编，1995，细胞和分子免疫学，8
284．金红等，1995，中国兽医学报，15：245-248
285．卡尔尼克．B W(美)主编，高福，刘文军主译，1991，禽病学，第9版，北京，北京农业大学出版社，428-444．
286．林维庆，1992，新城疫的现状与对策．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第六次学术讨论会论文集，广州，76-83．
287．刘伟忠，姜焱，吴艳涛等，1999，新城疫病毒特异性糖蛋白基因探针的制备及应用．畜牧兽医学报，30(1)：44-49．
288．李庆章，1991，鸡马立克氏病及其疫苗免疫的分子免疫学变化，东北农业大学博士学位论文
289．刘忠贵等，1995，中国畜禽传染病，1：19-23
290．柳纪省，1990，免疫鸡群非典型新城疫概述．中国兽医科技，5：18-20．
291．卢圣栋，1993，现代分子生物学实验技术．高等教育出版社，
292．骆春阳，刘立人，1982，免疫雏鸡群新城疫流行特点与特征性病理变化的研究．江苏农学院学报，3(1)：48-50．
293．毛剑秋等，1993，国外医学预防、诊断、治疗用生物制品分册，16(3)：110-113
294．萨姆布鲁克 J，弗里奇EF，曼尼阿蒂斯T著，金冬雁，黎孟枫等译，1995，分子克隆实验指南，北京，科学出版社，
295．宋长绪，杜伟贤，贺东生等，1998，新城疫病毒融合蛋白裂解位点基因光敏生物素探针的制备及初步应用．中国兽医学报，18(3)：228-229．
296．宋长绪，刘福安，杜伟贤等，1996，新城疫病毒融合蛋白裂解位点基因的分子克隆及在原核细胞中的表达．中国兽医学报，16(6)：527-533．
297．宋长绪，刘福安，1997，新城疫病毒毒力强弱的分子生物学基础．中国兽医杂志，23(4)：7-8．
298．孙晴，王自然，郑洪云，1997，孔雀患新城疫的诊断．养禽与禽病防治，4：24．
299．王克恭，李平安，刘凤翔等，1986，免疫鸡群中非典型鸡新城疫的暴发．中国兽医杂志，12(10)：28-30．
300．王树双，孙淑华，吴时友等：新城疫病毒分子生物学水平上的致病性分析—用抗病毒囊膜蛋白特异结构多肽抗体进行强、弱毒株鉴别研究．中国兽医微生物学与病毒学学术研讨会论文集，1994，116．
301．王兴龙，金宁一，丁壮等，1999，新城疫病毒(长春株)F 蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析．中国兽医学报，19(2)：109-113．
302．韦平，1992，鹌鹑暴发新城疫的报告．中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第六次学术讨论会论文集，广州，315．
303．吴艳涛，刘秀梵，刘伟忠等，1997，应用RT-PCR扩增新城疫病毒融合蛋白基因．农业生物技术学报，5(1)：51-54．
304．肖肖，郑增忍，王树双，1997，新城疫病毒分子毒力水平研究进展．中国生物工程学会第二次代表大会暨学术讨论会论文集，503-608．
305．徐彦波等，1994，中国畜禽传染病，5：38-40
306．徐彦波，1993，东北农业大学博士学位论文
307．严元宠，1993，鸡新城疫免疫．感染与发病机理研究进展．中国兽医杂志，19(12)：39-40．
308．殷震，刘景华，1997，动物病毒学，第2版．北京，科学出版社，736-767．
309．永井美之等著，王锡坤译，1983，新城疫病毒(NDV)病原性的分子结构的发现．日本病毒学杂志，33(1)：13-23．
310．袁东辉，王秉红，武若飞等，1998，信鸽新城疫的诊断．中国畜禽传染病，20(增刊)：209．
311．张德礼，1995，新城疫病毒功能性表位多肽及其基因研究进展．中国畜禽传染病，5：60-63．
312．张则斌，罗函禄，李银等，1998，鸵鸟NDV的分离和初步鉴定．中国畜禽传染病，20(增刊)：228-229．
313．赵化民，1992，新城疫病毒分子结构与致病关系研究进展．中国兽医科技，9(22)：17-18．