多模发射机中的可变增益模拟低通滤波器设计
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摘要
无线通信技术和CMOS工艺的迅速发展使得单片集成多模通信系统成为可能。在多标准无线收发系统设计中最大化硬件重用率可以降低芯片制造成本,这成为当今重要的研究课题之一,因此,可配置是无线通信系统中模拟基带电路设计的关键。另外,便携式通信终端还要求功耗低,片外元器件少。本文研究了多模发射机中模拟基带滤波器的电路理论和实现方法,针对关键性能指标提出优化方案。
首先,本文从GSM, TD-SCDMA和WCDMA多模发射机系统架构的角度分析了系统的性能要求。
接着,分析了模拟滤波器的基本类型和各自的优缺点,并阐述模拟滤波器的设计流程,并分析了Tow-Thomas两种双二阶单元(Biquad)在线性度方面的差异。
随后,本文设计了一款应用于GSM, TD-SCDMA和WCDMA多模发射机中,具备增益及带宽可调和自动频率校准功能的四阶切比雪夫Active-RC型低通模拟滤波器。并就滤波器的噪声和线性度提出优化方法。
最后,介绍了芯片版图设计考虑,通过一次流片测试验证了电路的基本理论和设计方法的正确性,并就关注的性能进一步提出优化思路。测试结果显示芯片各项指标基本满足多模发射机的系统要求。
With the development of wireless communication and CMOS technology, it becomes realistic to integrate different communication protocols on single chip. Realizing multi-standard transceivers with maximum hardware reuse is of great importance to minimize the manufacturing cost. Therefore, reconfigurability is a key point in the design of the analog baseband circuits. In addition, the reduction of power consumption and off-chip components is also a key design issue in enhancing portability and battery operation. This work focuses on the circuit theory and implementation method of baseband filter in multi-mode transmitters. Circuit optimization methods are presented in this thesis to improve some key performances of baseband filter.
Firstly, this work analyses the performance requirements of GSM, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA multi-mode transmitters.
Secondly, different types of analog filters are compared and the design flow of analog filters is presented. The linearity performance of Tow-Thomas biquad is analysed.
Further, this paper describes a low-pass reconfigurable baseband filter for GSM, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA multi-mode transmitters. The baseband filter incorporates -40 to 0 dB programmable gain control. An automatic frequency tuning (AFT) circuit is adopted to compensate the cut-off frequency variation. The filter's cut-off frequency can be reconfigured for GSM/TD-SCDMA/WCDMA multi-mode transmitter. The out-of-band noise performance and in-band linearity performance are optimized.
Finally, the layout considerations are presented. The basic circuit theory and design method are verified. An optimization design is put forward to improve the filter's concerned performance. Measurement results show that the design meets demands of the system.
首先,本文从GSM, TD-SCDMA和WCDMA多模发射机系统架构的角度分析了系统的性能要求。
接着,分析了模拟滤波器的基本类型和各自的优缺点,并阐述模拟滤波器的设计流程,并分析了Tow-Thomas两种双二阶单元(Biquad)在线性度方面的差异。
随后,本文设计了一款应用于GSM, TD-SCDMA和WCDMA多模发射机中,具备增益及带宽可调和自动频率校准功能的四阶切比雪夫Active-RC型低通模拟滤波器。并就滤波器的噪声和线性度提出优化方法。
最后,介绍了芯片版图设计考虑,通过一次流片测试验证了电路的基本理论和设计方法的正确性,并就关注的性能进一步提出优化思路。测试结果显示芯片各项指标基本满足多模发射机的系统要求。
With the development of wireless communication and CMOS technology, it becomes realistic to integrate different communication protocols on single chip. Realizing multi-standard transceivers with maximum hardware reuse is of great importance to minimize the manufacturing cost. Therefore, reconfigurability is a key point in the design of the analog baseband circuits. In addition, the reduction of power consumption and off-chip components is also a key design issue in enhancing portability and battery operation. This work focuses on the circuit theory and implementation method of baseband filter in multi-mode transmitters. Circuit optimization methods are presented in this thesis to improve some key performances of baseband filter.
Firstly, this work analyses the performance requirements of GSM, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA multi-mode transmitters.
Secondly, different types of analog filters are compared and the design flow of analog filters is presented. The linearity performance of Tow-Thomas biquad is analysed.
Further, this paper describes a low-pass reconfigurable baseband filter for GSM, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA multi-mode transmitters. The baseband filter incorporates -40 to 0 dB programmable gain control. An automatic frequency tuning (AFT) circuit is adopted to compensate the cut-off frequency variation. The filter's cut-off frequency can be reconfigured for GSM/TD-SCDMA/WCDMA multi-mode transmitter. The out-of-band noise performance and in-band linearity performance are optimized.
Finally, the layout considerations are presented. The basic circuit theory and design method are verified. An optimization design is put forward to improve the filter's concerned performance. Measurement results show that the design meets demands of the system.
引文
[1]. Pui-In Mak, Seng-Pan U, Rui P. Martins, "Transceiver Architecture Selection:Review, State-of-the-Art Survey and Case Study",!EEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol.7, issue 2, pp.6-25, Second Quarter 2007.
[2]. Zhenbiao Li, Ming Li, Dong Zhao, Dequn Ma, Wenhai Ni, and Zhongming Ouyang, "TD-SCDMA/HSDPA Transceiver and Analog Baseband Chipset in 0.18-μm CMOS Process", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.57, no.2, pp. 90-94, Feb.2010.
[3]. Peng-Un Su, Yen-Horng Chen, and Tzu-Yi Yang, "A 0.35-μm SiGe WCDMA Direct Conversion Transmitter with DC Offset Compensation for Carrier Leakage Reduction", IEEE VLSI-TSA International Symposium on, pp.149-152, April 2005.
[4]. Behzad Razavi, "RF Transmitter Architectures and Circuits", pp.197-204, IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf. (CICC), May 1999.
[5]. See Taur Lee, Sher Jiun Fang, David J. Allst, Abdellatif Bellaouar, Ahmed R. Fridi and Paul A. Fontaine, "A Quad-Band GSM-GPRS Transmitter With Digital Auto-Calibration", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.12, pp. 2200-2214, Dec.2004.
[6]. Gu Q. "RF system design of transceivers for wireless communications" New York:Springer,2005.
[7]. UE Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD) Technical Specifications 25.101,V8.5.1.3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),2009.
[8]. Behzad Razavi, "RF Microelectronics",清华大学出版社,北京,2004.
[9]. A. V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky, "Signals and systems (second edition)",刘树棠译,西安：西安交通大学出版社,2007.
[10].Seyeob Kim, Bonkee Kim, Min-Su Jeong, Jung-Hwan Lee, Youngho Cho, Tae Wook Kim and Bo-Eun Kim, "A 43dB ACR Low-pass Filter with Automatic Tuning for Low-IF Conversion DAB/T-DMB Tuner IC", IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ESSCC), pp.319-322, September 2005.
[11].Gabriel Brenna, David Tschopp, Juergen Rogin, Ilian Kouchev, Qiuting Huang, "A 2-GHz Carrier Leakage Calibrated Direct-Conversion WCDMA Transmitter in 0.13μm CMOS", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.8, pp.1253-1262, Aug.2004.
[12].如何估算ACPR指标与交叉调制产,http://www. hksunsun. com:8050/ Information/Document/max/maxim/pdf/an/AN3737C. pdf
[13].T. Deliyannis, Yichuang Sun, J.k. Fidler, "Continuous-Time Active Filter Design", CRC Press,1999.
[14].Amir-Aslanzadeh H, Pankratz E, Sanchez-Sinencio E., "A 1-V+31 dBm IIP3, Reconfigurable, Continuously Tunable, Power-Adjustable Active-RC LPF",. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.2, pp.495-508, Feb.2009.
[15].R. P. Sallen and E. L. Key, "A practical method of designing RC active filters", IRE Trans. on Circuit Theory CT-2, pp.74-85,1955.
[16].J. Tow, "Active RC filters-A state-space realization", Proc. IEEE 56, pp. 1137-1139,1968.
[17].L. C. Thomas, "The biquad:Part Ⅰ-some practical design considerations", IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory, no.3, CT-18, pp.350-357.
[18].L. C. Thomas, "The biquad:Part Ⅱ-a multipurpose active filtering system", IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory, no.3, CT-18, pp.358-361.
[19].Seoung Jae Yoo, "Design of Analog Baseband Circuits for Wireless Communication Receivers", P.H.D Dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004.
[20]. Rolf schaumann, "Design of Analog Filter",Oxford University Press,2001.
[21].Athanasios Vasilopoulos, Georgios Vitzilaios, Gerasimos Theodoratos and Yannis Papananos, "A low-power wideband reconfigurable, integrated active-RC filter with 73 dB SFDR", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.41, no.9, pp.1997-2008, Sept.2006.
[22].Gabriel Brenna, David Tschopp, Juergen Rogin, Ilian Kouchev, Qiuting Huang, "A 2-GHz Carrier Leakage Calibrated Direct-Conversion WCDMA Transmitter in 0.13μm CMOS", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.8, pp.1253-1262, Aug.2004.
[23].Tirdad Sowlati, Dmitriy Rozenblit, Raja Pullela, Morten Damgaard, Evan McCarthy, Dongsoo Koh, David Ripley, Florinel Balteanu, and lonel Gheorghe, "Quad-Band GSM/GPRS/EDGE Polar Loop Transmitter", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.12, pp.2179-2189, Feb.2004.
[24].Xin He and Jan van Sinderen, "A Low-Power, Low-EVM, SAW-less WCDMA Transmitter Using Direct Quadrature Voltage Modulation", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.12, pp.3448-3458, Dec.2009.
[25]. UE Radio Transmission and Reception Technical Specifications 45.005, V8.3.0.3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),2009.
[26].Cheng-Chung Hsu and Jieh-Tsorng Wu, "A 125 MHz-86 dB IM3 Programmable-Gain Amplifier", IEEE VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers,2002. Symposium on,2002.
[27]. Yu Yongchang, Han Kefeng, Wang Lifang, Tanxi and Min Hao, "A baseband LPF for GSM, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA multi-mode transmitters", Journal of Semiconductors, vol.32, no.2, pp. 025003-1-025003-6, Feb.2011.
[28].Behzad Razavi, "Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits",西安交通大学出版社,2004.
[29].Willy M. C. Sansen, Analog Design Essentials, Springer,2006.
[30]. Du D, Li Y, Wang Z, "An active-RC complex filter with mixed signal tuning system for low-IF receiver", IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, pp.1031-1034,2006.
[31]. Jarkko Jussila, "Analog Baseband Circuits for WCDMA Direct Conversion Receivers", P.H.D Dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology,2003.
[32]. S. Lindfors, "CMOS baseband integrated circuit techniques for radio receivers", Ph.D. dissertation, Helsinki Univ. Technol., Espoo, Finland, 2000.
[33].Haideh Khorramabadi and Paul R. Gray, "High-Frequency CMOS Continuous-Time Filters", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. sc-19, no.8, pp. 3448-3458, Dec.1984.
[34].Mo M. Zhang and Paul J. Hurst, "Effect of Nonlinearity in the CMFB Circuit that Uses the Differential-Difference Amplifier", IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp.1390-1393,2006.
[35].Waleed Khalil, Tsung-Yuan Chang, Xuewen Jiang, Syed R. Naqvi, Babak Nikjou and James Tseng, "A Highly integrated analog front-end for 3G", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.38, no.5, pp.774-781, May 2003.
[36].Marco Cassia, Aristotele Hadjichristos, Hong Sun Kim, Jin-Su Ko, Jeongsik Yang, Sang-Oh Lee and Gurkanwal (Kamal) Sahota, "A Low-Power CMOS SAW-less Quad Band WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+/1X/ EGPRS Transmitter", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.7, pp. 1897-1906, July 2009.
[37].Pei-Wei Chen, Tser-Yu Lin, Ling-Wei Ke, Rickey Yu, Ming-Da Tsai, Stanley (Chih-Wei) Yen, Yi-Bin Lee, Bosen Tzeng, Yen-Horng Chen, Sheng-Jui Huang, Yu-Hsin Lin, and Guang-Kaai Dehng, "A 0.13μm CMOS Quad-Band GSM/GPRS/EDGE RF Transceiver Using a Low-Noise Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer and Direct-Conversion Architecture", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.5, pp.1454-1463, May 2009.
[38].Kousai S, Hamada M, Ito R, et al, "A 19.7 MHz, fifth-order active-RC Chebyshev LPF fo draft IEEE802.11n with automatic quality-factor tuning scheme", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.42, no.11, pp.2326-2337, Nov.2007.
[39].Amir-Aslanzadeh H, Pankratz E, Sanchez-Sinencio E, "A 1-V+31 dBm IIP3, reconfigurable, continuously tunable, power-adjustable active-RC LPF", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.2, pp.495-508, Feb.2009.
[40].Vasilopoulos A, Vitzilaios G, Theodoratos G, et al, "A low-power wideband reconfigurable, integrated active-RC filter with 73 dB SFDR", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.41, no.9, pp.1997-2008, Sept.2009.
[41].Mukhopadhyay S, Raychowdhury A, Roy K, "Accurate estimation of total leakage in nanometer-scale bulk CMOS circuit based on device geometry and doping profile", IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits And System, vol.24, no.3, pp.363-381, Mar.2005.
[2]. Zhenbiao Li, Ming Li, Dong Zhao, Dequn Ma, Wenhai Ni, and Zhongming Ouyang, "TD-SCDMA/HSDPA Transceiver and Analog Baseband Chipset in 0.18-μm CMOS Process", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.57, no.2, pp. 90-94, Feb.2010.
[3]. Peng-Un Su, Yen-Horng Chen, and Tzu-Yi Yang, "A 0.35-μm SiGe WCDMA Direct Conversion Transmitter with DC Offset Compensation for Carrier Leakage Reduction", IEEE VLSI-TSA International Symposium on, pp.149-152, April 2005.
[4]. Behzad Razavi, "RF Transmitter Architectures and Circuits", pp.197-204, IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf. (CICC), May 1999.
[5]. See Taur Lee, Sher Jiun Fang, David J. Allst, Abdellatif Bellaouar, Ahmed R. Fridi and Paul A. Fontaine, "A Quad-Band GSM-GPRS Transmitter With Digital Auto-Calibration", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.12, pp. 2200-2214, Dec.2004.
[6]. Gu Q. "RF system design of transceivers for wireless communications" New York:Springer,2005.
[7]. UE Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD) Technical Specifications 25.101,V8.5.1.3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),2009.
[8]. Behzad Razavi, "RF Microelectronics",清华大学出版社,北京,2004.
[9]. A. V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky, "Signals and systems (second edition)",刘树棠译,西安：西安交通大学出版社,2007.
[10].Seyeob Kim, Bonkee Kim, Min-Su Jeong, Jung-Hwan Lee, Youngho Cho, Tae Wook Kim and Bo-Eun Kim, "A 43dB ACR Low-pass Filter with Automatic Tuning for Low-IF Conversion DAB/T-DMB Tuner IC", IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ESSCC), pp.319-322, September 2005.
[11].Gabriel Brenna, David Tschopp, Juergen Rogin, Ilian Kouchev, Qiuting Huang, "A 2-GHz Carrier Leakage Calibrated Direct-Conversion WCDMA Transmitter in 0.13μm CMOS", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.8, pp.1253-1262, Aug.2004.
[12].如何估算ACPR指标与交叉调制产,http://www. hksunsun. com:8050/ Information/Document/max/maxim/pdf/an/AN3737C. pdf
[13].T. Deliyannis, Yichuang Sun, J.k. Fidler, "Continuous-Time Active Filter Design", CRC Press,1999.
[14].Amir-Aslanzadeh H, Pankratz E, Sanchez-Sinencio E., "A 1-V+31 dBm IIP3, Reconfigurable, Continuously Tunable, Power-Adjustable Active-RC LPF",. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.2, pp.495-508, Feb.2009.
[15].R. P. Sallen and E. L. Key, "A practical method of designing RC active filters", IRE Trans. on Circuit Theory CT-2, pp.74-85,1955.
[16].J. Tow, "Active RC filters-A state-space realization", Proc. IEEE 56, pp. 1137-1139,1968.
[17].L. C. Thomas, "The biquad:Part Ⅰ-some practical design considerations", IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory, no.3, CT-18, pp.350-357.
[18].L. C. Thomas, "The biquad:Part Ⅱ-a multipurpose active filtering system", IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory, no.3, CT-18, pp.358-361.
[19].Seoung Jae Yoo, "Design of Analog Baseband Circuits for Wireless Communication Receivers", P.H.D Dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004.
[20]. Rolf schaumann, "Design of Analog Filter",Oxford University Press,2001.
[21].Athanasios Vasilopoulos, Georgios Vitzilaios, Gerasimos Theodoratos and Yannis Papananos, "A low-power wideband reconfigurable, integrated active-RC filter with 73 dB SFDR", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.41, no.9, pp.1997-2008, Sept.2006.
[22].Gabriel Brenna, David Tschopp, Juergen Rogin, Ilian Kouchev, Qiuting Huang, "A 2-GHz Carrier Leakage Calibrated Direct-Conversion WCDMA Transmitter in 0.13μm CMOS", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.8, pp.1253-1262, Aug.2004.
[23].Tirdad Sowlati, Dmitriy Rozenblit, Raja Pullela, Morten Damgaard, Evan McCarthy, Dongsoo Koh, David Ripley, Florinel Balteanu, and lonel Gheorghe, "Quad-Band GSM/GPRS/EDGE Polar Loop Transmitter", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.12, pp.2179-2189, Feb.2004.
[24].Xin He and Jan van Sinderen, "A Low-Power, Low-EVM, SAW-less WCDMA Transmitter Using Direct Quadrature Voltage Modulation", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.12, pp.3448-3458, Dec.2009.
[25]. UE Radio Transmission and Reception Technical Specifications 45.005, V8.3.0.3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),2009.
[26].Cheng-Chung Hsu and Jieh-Tsorng Wu, "A 125 MHz-86 dB IM3 Programmable-Gain Amplifier", IEEE VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers,2002. Symposium on,2002.
[27]. Yu Yongchang, Han Kefeng, Wang Lifang, Tanxi and Min Hao, "A baseband LPF for GSM, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA multi-mode transmitters", Journal of Semiconductors, vol.32, no.2, pp. 025003-1-025003-6, Feb.2011.
[28].Behzad Razavi, "Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits",西安交通大学出版社,2004.
[29].Willy M. C. Sansen, Analog Design Essentials, Springer,2006.
[30]. Du D, Li Y, Wang Z, "An active-RC complex filter with mixed signal tuning system for low-IF receiver", IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, pp.1031-1034,2006.
[31]. Jarkko Jussila, "Analog Baseband Circuits for WCDMA Direct Conversion Receivers", P.H.D Dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology,2003.
[32]. S. Lindfors, "CMOS baseband integrated circuit techniques for radio receivers", Ph.D. dissertation, Helsinki Univ. Technol., Espoo, Finland, 2000.
[33].Haideh Khorramabadi and Paul R. Gray, "High-Frequency CMOS Continuous-Time Filters", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. sc-19, no.8, pp. 3448-3458, Dec.1984.
[34].Mo M. Zhang and Paul J. Hurst, "Effect of Nonlinearity in the CMFB Circuit that Uses the Differential-Difference Amplifier", IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp.1390-1393,2006.
[35].Waleed Khalil, Tsung-Yuan Chang, Xuewen Jiang, Syed R. Naqvi, Babak Nikjou and James Tseng, "A Highly integrated analog front-end for 3G", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.38, no.5, pp.774-781, May 2003.
[36].Marco Cassia, Aristotele Hadjichristos, Hong Sun Kim, Jin-Su Ko, Jeongsik Yang, Sang-Oh Lee and Gurkanwal (Kamal) Sahota, "A Low-Power CMOS SAW-less Quad Band WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+/1X/ EGPRS Transmitter", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.7, pp. 1897-1906, July 2009.
[37].Pei-Wei Chen, Tser-Yu Lin, Ling-Wei Ke, Rickey Yu, Ming-Da Tsai, Stanley (Chih-Wei) Yen, Yi-Bin Lee, Bosen Tzeng, Yen-Horng Chen, Sheng-Jui Huang, Yu-Hsin Lin, and Guang-Kaai Dehng, "A 0.13μm CMOS Quad-Band GSM/GPRS/EDGE RF Transceiver Using a Low-Noise Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer and Direct-Conversion Architecture", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.5, pp.1454-1463, May 2009.
[38].Kousai S, Hamada M, Ito R, et al, "A 19.7 MHz, fifth-order active-RC Chebyshev LPF fo draft IEEE802.11n with automatic quality-factor tuning scheme", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.42, no.11, pp.2326-2337, Nov.2007.
[39].Amir-Aslanzadeh H, Pankratz E, Sanchez-Sinencio E, "A 1-V+31 dBm IIP3, reconfigurable, continuously tunable, power-adjustable active-RC LPF", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, no.2, pp.495-508, Feb.2009.
[40].Vasilopoulos A, Vitzilaios G, Theodoratos G, et al, "A low-power wideband reconfigurable, integrated active-RC filter with 73 dB SFDR", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.41, no.9, pp.1997-2008, Sept.2009.
[41].Mukhopadhyay S, Raychowdhury A, Roy K, "Accurate estimation of total leakage in nanometer-scale bulk CMOS circuit based on device geometry and doping profile", IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits And System, vol.24, no.3, pp.363-381, Mar.2005.