卫星导航接收机载波同步系统研究与实现
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摘要
在卫星导航接收机中,系统的解调性能直接影响到接收机是否正常工作。系统解调性能的关键因素是参考载波信号同步提取。在同步通信系统中,“同步”是进行信息传输的前提。为了保证信息的可靠传输,同步系统应该有更高的可靠性。性能较差的同步系统,将影响整个通信系统的正常工作。所以研究影响载波同步性能的因素、实现性能优良的载波同步系统,具有重要的意义。
本文对载波同步系统性能进行了分析,并研究了适合卫星导航接收机载波同步系统的具体结构。考虑到载波同步系统的运算精度,硬件资源的使用,功耗以及运算速度等方面的性能,本文对载波同步系统中的数控振荡器(NCO)和低通滤波器进行了改进。NCO采用坐标旋转数字计算(CORDIC)算法,可有效地提高同步系统的运算精度,减少使用资源。混频器采用Booth乘法器实现,在保证了运算速度的同时减少了占用的硬件资源。低通滤波器采用具有抽取和低通功能的级联积分梳状(CIC)抽取滤波器,引入非递归结构和COSINE滤波器来改善其旁瓣抑制比并具有较低的硬件结构复杂度。该系统已通过前期仿真,并用VerilogHDL语言设计和实现。
In the satellite navigation receiver, the system's demodulation performance directly affects the receiver normal working. In demodulation system, the reference carrier synchronization performance affects the demodulation system's. In synchronization communication system, synchronization is the premise of information transmission. In order to ensure the information transmit reliably, synchronization system should have a higher reliability, and the poor performance synchronization system will make the entire communication system work not well. So it is important to research and realize the excellent performance carrier synchronization system.
Though anglicizing the carrier synchronization system theory, researching the structure that is suitable to Satellite Navigation Receiver. The paper mainly improves the NCO (Numerically Controlled Oscillator) and CIC (Cascaded Integrator Comb) Low-Pass Filter's structure to make the carrier synchronization system have better performance. NCO is designed using CORDIC(Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer)algorithm, and a narrow angle mapping technique has been proposed and described concisely. In contrast with the NCO based only on look-up table, its advantage is much less resource consumption; In contrast with the NCO based only on CORDIC algorithm, its advantage is shorter pipeline. The NCO design using Narrow Angle Mapping Technique could enhance operational precision, provides higher speed operation, lower power waste. Booth multiplier is used to ensure the high operation speed while reducing the consumption of hardware resources. A modified CIC decimator filter structure is proposed. The magnitude response of the filter is improved by using cosine prefilters, the complexity of the filter is reduced by using non-recursive parallel structure and it is steady. At last, the system is designed by VerilogHDL.
本文对载波同步系统性能进行了分析,并研究了适合卫星导航接收机载波同步系统的具体结构。考虑到载波同步系统的运算精度,硬件资源的使用,功耗以及运算速度等方面的性能,本文对载波同步系统中的数控振荡器(NCO)和低通滤波器进行了改进。NCO采用坐标旋转数字计算(CORDIC)算法,可有效地提高同步系统的运算精度,减少使用资源。混频器采用Booth乘法器实现,在保证了运算速度的同时减少了占用的硬件资源。低通滤波器采用具有抽取和低通功能的级联积分梳状(CIC)抽取滤波器,引入非递归结构和COSINE滤波器来改善其旁瓣抑制比并具有较低的硬件结构复杂度。该系统已通过前期仿真,并用VerilogHDL语言设计和实现。
In the satellite navigation receiver, the system's demodulation performance directly affects the receiver normal working. In demodulation system, the reference carrier synchronization performance affects the demodulation system's. In synchronization communication system, synchronization is the premise of information transmission. In order to ensure the information transmit reliably, synchronization system should have a higher reliability, and the poor performance synchronization system will make the entire communication system work not well. So it is important to research and realize the excellent performance carrier synchronization system.
Though anglicizing the carrier synchronization system theory, researching the structure that is suitable to Satellite Navigation Receiver. The paper mainly improves the NCO (Numerically Controlled Oscillator) and CIC (Cascaded Integrator Comb) Low-Pass Filter's structure to make the carrier synchronization system have better performance. NCO is designed using CORDIC(Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer)algorithm, and a narrow angle mapping technique has been proposed and described concisely. In contrast with the NCO based only on look-up table, its advantage is much less resource consumption; In contrast with the NCO based only on CORDIC algorithm, its advantage is shorter pipeline. The NCO design using Narrow Angle Mapping Technique could enhance operational precision, provides higher speed operation, lower power waste. Booth multiplier is used to ensure the high operation speed while reducing the consumption of hardware resources. A modified CIC decimator filter structure is proposed. The magnitude response of the filter is improved by using cosine prefilters, the complexity of the filter is reduced by using non-recursive parallel structure and it is steady. At last, the system is designed by VerilogHDL.
引文
[1]Hongwei Sun,Li Zhigang,Feng Ping.Development of Satellite Navigation in China[J].Frequency Control Symposium IEEE International,2007,297-300.
[2]刘殿敏,李科杰.基于FPGA的数字Costas锁相环路的设计.小型微型计算机系统[J],2005年5月,第26卷第5期:877-880.
[3]张安安,杜勇,韩方景.全数字Costas环在FPGA上的设计与实现[J].电子工程师,2006年1月,第32卷第1期:18-20.
[4]Vejrazka,F.Present satellite radio navigation systems,their performance and user receiver concepts[J].Electronics in Marine,2004.
[5]Javier valls.Evaluation of CORDIC algorithms for FPGA design[J].Journal of VLSI signal processing,2002,32:207-222.
[6]Richard Herveille.Cordic Core Specification[Z].2001,13:9-11.
[7]De Aquino F J A,Da Rocha C A F,Resende L S.Design of cic filters for software radio system[J].2006 IEEE Interbational Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing.2006,Volume 3:14-19.
[8]Lian Y,Lim Y C.New prefilter structure for designing FIR filters[J].Electronics Letters,Volume 29:1034-1036.
[9]Dolecek G J,Mitra S K.Stepped Triangular CIC-Cosine Decimation Filter[J].Signal Processing Symposium,2006,26-29.
[10]Dolecek G J,Carmona J D.A new cascaded modified CIC-cosine decimation filter[J].IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2005,3733-3736.
[11]Losada R A,Lyons R.Reducing CIC filter complexity[J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2006,Volume 23:124-126.
[12]Dia,S.M.F.,Thibeault,C.,Gagnon,F.A Very High Speed and Efficient CIC Decimation Filter Core.2006 IEEE North-East Workshop Circuits and Systems,2006,61-64.
[13]邱致和译.GPS原理与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002.75-131.
[14]张欣.扩频通信数字基带信号处理算法及其VLSI实现[M],北京:科学出版社,2004.43-65
[15]杨小牛.软件无线电原理与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2001.21-53.
[16]张雅绮译.VerilogHDL高级数字设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.113-125.
[17]丁玉美.数字信号处理[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2006.151-221.
[18]刘基余.GPS卫星导航定位原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.24-62.
[19]刘会杰,张乃通.基于双星系统的单向授时技术研究[J],遥测遥控,2002,23卷3期:21-26
[20]羽佳,双星定位法与北斗1号卫星导航系统[J],航天返回与遥感,2004
[21]边少锋.卫星导航系统概论[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.1-15.
[22]袁建平,罗建军等.卫星导航原理与应用[M].北京:中国宇航出版社,2003.6-22.
[23]Huan Qi,Shuang Xia,Yingchun Chen.Passive Positioning Algorithm Based on Beidou Double-star[J].Intelligent Control and Automation,2006,Volume 1:1791-1794.
[24]Xueyuan,Lin.Effect of Digital Map on Active Beidou Position System[J].Electronic Measurement and Instruments,2007,228-231.
[25]Wang Yang,Zhu Kejia,Min Hao.A Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer based on CORDIC algorithm Implemented with FPGA[A].Proceedings of 5th International Conference on ASIC,2006,203-206.
[26]Kandom S.Comparison of various numerically controlled oscillators[J].The 2002 45th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2002,Volume3:4-7.
[27]Jinchen Wei,Dingjie Xu.Synchronization for "beidou" satellite terrestrial improvement radio navigation system[J].Intelligent Mechatronics and Automation,Proceedings,2004.672-676.
[28]Nagvajara,P.,Damarla,T.R.,Wang,J.,Chansilp,S..A phase-coherent numerically controlled oscillator based on pipeline architecture[J].Eleventh Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference,1998,355-358.
[29]Vollmer,J..Time-Frequency and Time-Scale Analysis[J].Proceedings of the IEEE-SP International Symposium,1998,453-456.
[30]Sameer Kadam,Dhinesh Sasidaran,Amjad Awawdeh,Louis Johnson.Michael Soderstrand,Comparision of Various Numberically Controlled Oscillators[J].Circuits and Systems,2002,Volume 3:200-202.
[31]Hormigo,J.,Villalba,J.,Zapata,E.L..Interval sine and cosine functions computation based on variable-precision CORDIC algorithm[J].Computer Arithmetic Proceedings,1999,186-193.
[32]Shi Yunhua,Sheng Shimin,Liu Yue Ji Lijiu.Implementation of a 6.5 MHz 34-B NCO[numerically controlled oscillator][J].1995 4th International Conference Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology,1995,205-207.
[33]Jurgen Vollmer.Analysis and design of numerically controlled oscillators based on linear time-variant systems[J].Time-Frequency and Time-Scale Analysis,1998,453-456.
[34]Pomalaza-Raez,C.,McGillem,C..Digital Phase-Locked Loop Behavior with Clock and Sampler Quantization[J].IEEE Transactions on Communications,1985,753-759.
[35]Menon,S.,Cho,G.,Soderstrand,M..An improved numerically controlled digital oscillator[J].Computers and signal Processing 2003 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications,2003,Volume 2:1040-1044.
[36]Gunnam,K.,Chadha,K.,Yeary,M..New optimizations for carrier synchronization in single carrier systems[J].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,2005,Volume 5:v/661-v/664.
[37]Hogenauer,E..An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation[J].IEEE Transactions on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,1981,Volume 29:155-162.
[38]Youngbeom Jang,Sejung Yang.Non-recursive cascaded integrator-comb decimation filters with integer multiple factors[J].Proceedings of the 44th IEEE 2001 Midwest Symposium,2001,Volume 1:130-133.
[39]de Aquino,F.J.A.,da Rocha,C.A.F.,Resende,L.S..Design of CIC Filters for Software Radio System[J].2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing,2006,Volume 3:Ⅲ-Ⅲ.
[40]Kaiser,J.,Hamming,R..Sharpening the response of a symmetric nonrecursive filter by multiple use of the same filter[J].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,1977,Volume 2:82-85.
[41]罗轶,邵玉斌,张剑等.AWGN下平方环和科斯塔斯环的性能仿真分析[J].昆明理工大学学报(理工版),2005年2月,第30卷第1期:40-44.
[42]宋建材,赵小明,杨兴文等.Costas环在无线扩频定位系统中的应用技术研究[J].中国惯性技术学报,2006年4月,第14卷第2期:56-68.
[43]周坤芳,周湘蓉,余军浩.GPS接收机码/载波跟踪环技术及其抗干扰能力分析[J].电子信息对抗技术,2006年3月,第21卷第2期:36-39.
[44]Janiszewski I.Precision and performance of numerically controlled oscillators with Hybrid Function Generators[J].Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition,2001,744-752.
[45]王中将,王华.基于CORDIC算法的NCO设计[J].现代电子技术,2005.
[46]郑晋军,张乃通.相干载波存在情况下的Costas环性能[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2001年10月,第33卷第5期:632-636.
[47]王诺,戴逸民.用于卫星通信的一类UQPSK载波恢复算法及其性能的研究[J].电子学报,2004年7月,第7期:1219-1222.
[48]吴永波,韩莉,宋建材等.直接序列扩频系统中数字Costas环的设计与实现[J].中国惯性技术学报,2006年12月,第14卷第6期:5-7.
[49]应征,吴金,常昌远等.高速乘法器的性能比较[J].电子器件,2003年3月,第26卷第1期:42-45.
[2]刘殿敏,李科杰.基于FPGA的数字Costas锁相环路的设计.小型微型计算机系统[J],2005年5月,第26卷第5期:877-880.
[3]张安安,杜勇,韩方景.全数字Costas环在FPGA上的设计与实现[J].电子工程师,2006年1月,第32卷第1期:18-20.
[4]Vejrazka,F.Present satellite radio navigation systems,their performance and user receiver concepts[J].Electronics in Marine,2004.
[5]Javier valls.Evaluation of CORDIC algorithms for FPGA design[J].Journal of VLSI signal processing,2002,32:207-222.
[6]Richard Herveille.Cordic Core Specification[Z].2001,13:9-11.
[7]De Aquino F J A,Da Rocha C A F,Resende L S.Design of cic filters for software radio system[J].2006 IEEE Interbational Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing.2006,Volume 3:14-19.
[8]Lian Y,Lim Y C.New prefilter structure for designing FIR filters[J].Electronics Letters,Volume 29:1034-1036.
[9]Dolecek G J,Mitra S K.Stepped Triangular CIC-Cosine Decimation Filter[J].Signal Processing Symposium,2006,26-29.
[10]Dolecek G J,Carmona J D.A new cascaded modified CIC-cosine decimation filter[J].IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2005,3733-3736.
[11]Losada R A,Lyons R.Reducing CIC filter complexity[J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2006,Volume 23:124-126.
[12]Dia,S.M.F.,Thibeault,C.,Gagnon,F.A Very High Speed and Efficient CIC Decimation Filter Core.2006 IEEE North-East Workshop Circuits and Systems,2006,61-64.
[13]邱致和译.GPS原理与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002.75-131.
[14]张欣.扩频通信数字基带信号处理算法及其VLSI实现[M],北京:科学出版社,2004.43-65
[15]杨小牛.软件无线电原理与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2001.21-53.
[16]张雅绮译.VerilogHDL高级数字设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.113-125.
[17]丁玉美.数字信号处理[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2006.151-221.
[18]刘基余.GPS卫星导航定位原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.24-62.
[19]刘会杰,张乃通.基于双星系统的单向授时技术研究[J],遥测遥控,2002,23卷3期:21-26
[20]羽佳,双星定位法与北斗1号卫星导航系统[J],航天返回与遥感,2004
[21]边少锋.卫星导航系统概论[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.1-15.
[22]袁建平,罗建军等.卫星导航原理与应用[M].北京:中国宇航出版社,2003.6-22.
[23]Huan Qi,Shuang Xia,Yingchun Chen.Passive Positioning Algorithm Based on Beidou Double-star[J].Intelligent Control and Automation,2006,Volume 1:1791-1794.
[24]Xueyuan,Lin.Effect of Digital Map on Active Beidou Position System[J].Electronic Measurement and Instruments,2007,228-231.
[25]Wang Yang,Zhu Kejia,Min Hao.A Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer based on CORDIC algorithm Implemented with FPGA[A].Proceedings of 5th International Conference on ASIC,2006,203-206.
[26]Kandom S.Comparison of various numerically controlled oscillators[J].The 2002 45th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2002,Volume3:4-7.
[27]Jinchen Wei,Dingjie Xu.Synchronization for "beidou" satellite terrestrial improvement radio navigation system[J].Intelligent Mechatronics and Automation,Proceedings,2004.672-676.
[28]Nagvajara,P.,Damarla,T.R.,Wang,J.,Chansilp,S..A phase-coherent numerically controlled oscillator based on pipeline architecture[J].Eleventh Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference,1998,355-358.
[29]Vollmer,J..Time-Frequency and Time-Scale Analysis[J].Proceedings of the IEEE-SP International Symposium,1998,453-456.
[30]Sameer Kadam,Dhinesh Sasidaran,Amjad Awawdeh,Louis Johnson.Michael Soderstrand,Comparision of Various Numberically Controlled Oscillators[J].Circuits and Systems,2002,Volume 3:200-202.
[31]Hormigo,J.,Villalba,J.,Zapata,E.L..Interval sine and cosine functions computation based on variable-precision CORDIC algorithm[J].Computer Arithmetic Proceedings,1999,186-193.
[32]Shi Yunhua,Sheng Shimin,Liu Yue Ji Lijiu.Implementation of a 6.5 MHz 34-B NCO[numerically controlled oscillator][J].1995 4th International Conference Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology,1995,205-207.
[33]Jurgen Vollmer.Analysis and design of numerically controlled oscillators based on linear time-variant systems[J].Time-Frequency and Time-Scale Analysis,1998,453-456.
[34]Pomalaza-Raez,C.,McGillem,C..Digital Phase-Locked Loop Behavior with Clock and Sampler Quantization[J].IEEE Transactions on Communications,1985,753-759.
[35]Menon,S.,Cho,G.,Soderstrand,M..An improved numerically controlled digital oscillator[J].Computers and signal Processing 2003 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications,2003,Volume 2:1040-1044.
[36]Gunnam,K.,Chadha,K.,Yeary,M..New optimizations for carrier synchronization in single carrier systems[J].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,2005,Volume 5:v/661-v/664.
[37]Hogenauer,E..An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation[J].IEEE Transactions on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,1981,Volume 29:155-162.
[38]Youngbeom Jang,Sejung Yang.Non-recursive cascaded integrator-comb decimation filters with integer multiple factors[J].Proceedings of the 44th IEEE 2001 Midwest Symposium,2001,Volume 1:130-133.
[39]de Aquino,F.J.A.,da Rocha,C.A.F.,Resende,L.S..Design of CIC Filters for Software Radio System[J].2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing,2006,Volume 3:Ⅲ-Ⅲ.
[40]Kaiser,J.,Hamming,R..Sharpening the response of a symmetric nonrecursive filter by multiple use of the same filter[J].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,1977,Volume 2:82-85.
[41]罗轶,邵玉斌,张剑等.AWGN下平方环和科斯塔斯环的性能仿真分析[J].昆明理工大学学报(理工版),2005年2月,第30卷第1期:40-44.
[42]宋建材,赵小明,杨兴文等.Costas环在无线扩频定位系统中的应用技术研究[J].中国惯性技术学报,2006年4月,第14卷第2期:56-68.
[43]周坤芳,周湘蓉,余军浩.GPS接收机码/载波跟踪环技术及其抗干扰能力分析[J].电子信息对抗技术,2006年3月,第21卷第2期:36-39.
[44]Janiszewski I.Precision and performance of numerically controlled oscillators with Hybrid Function Generators[J].Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition,2001,744-752.
[45]王中将,王华.基于CORDIC算法的NCO设计[J].现代电子技术,2005.
[46]郑晋军,张乃通.相干载波存在情况下的Costas环性能[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2001年10月,第33卷第5期:632-636.
[47]王诺,戴逸民.用于卫星通信的一类UQPSK载波恢复算法及其性能的研究[J].电子学报,2004年7月,第7期:1219-1222.
[48]吴永波,韩莉,宋建材等.直接序列扩频系统中数字Costas环的设计与实现[J].中国惯性技术学报,2006年12月,第14卷第6期:5-7.
[49]应征,吴金,常昌远等.高速乘法器的性能比较[J].电子器件,2003年3月,第26卷第1期:42-45.