同轴三反空间相机结构稳定性研究
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摘要
空间相机的结构稳定性是空间科学仪器结构设计中的重要问题，历来受到结构设计工作人员的高度重视。近几十年来，随着空间相机在大口径、轻量化方向的发展，为减轻结构重量，增强结构刚度和稳定性，相机的支撑结构和光学元件在材料应用和结构形式上都必须做出相应调整。受重量和发射成本的限制，空间相机结构件的剖面尺寸相对减小，结构刚度和安全裕度相对降低，结构稳定问题变得尤为突出。另外，空间相机从研制、发射到在轨运行，会遭受到振动、冲击、噪声、空间热环境、真空环境、微重力和特殊空间环境等外界载荷和环境因素的考验，这都对结构提出了更高的要求。空间相机的光学性能在很大程度上决定于相机结构在外界载荷和环境影响下的稳定性，因此，对相机结构的稳定性进行深入研究具有重要意义。
本文结合项目研制进程，根据相机光学结构特点和项目需求，主要对大口径主反射镜和调焦镜的柔性支撑、主镜和次镜间的薄壁连接筒、碳纤维复合材料相机支架和活动部件等关键结构进行了研究。
首先，介绍了空间相机结构稳定性问题的研究方法。从理论研究出发，分析了空间相机的力学环境，载荷特征和结构响应的评价依据。讨论了有限元分析法的原理、分析过程和分析精度。
其次，结合课题情况阐述了空间相机光学结构的设计依据、对结构加工装配误差的要求以及研制过程中相机的像质检测方法。然后，介绍了空间相机反射镜材料的性能和选择依据。通过对反射镜支撑理论的分析完成了主镜和调焦镜的支撑结构设计，并进行了相应的工程分析和试验。结果表明，柔性支撑结构具有合理的刚度、环境适应性和结构稳定性，反射镜及其支撑结构的设计比较合理。
然后，对薄壁圆筒的加强筋结构参数进行了研究，发现了加强筋参数的影响规律。对中筒结构进行了设计、分析和优化，工程分析表明中筒稳定性较好。接着介绍了相机支架和调焦组件的结构特点，以及它们在结构稳定性方面采取的保证措施，通过分析和试验验证了设计的合理性和结构可靠性。
最后，对整机进行了有限元工程分析和环境试验。并且在研究的同轴光学系统基础上，对第一像面后的光路在垂直主次镜光轴方向上进行了折叠，分析了折轴结构的特征频率和结构稳定性。结果表明，折轴结构相机的特征频率较高，轴向尺寸较短，但径向尺寸较大；空间相机的结构稳定性较好，能够满足指标要求。
The stability of space camera is an important issue in structure design of spacescience instruments, which has aroused the attention of researchers. With thedevelopment of space camera in the direction of large aperture and lightweight, thematerials and form of camera structure must be adjusted accordingly to reduce theweight and enhance the rigidity and stability. Due to the limits of weight and launchcosts, the structure cross-section size, the stiffness and reliability of the space cameraneed to be relatively reduced. The stability of space camera has become aparticularly important research problem. What's more, Space camera has to undergoexternal loads, temperature and other environment influences in the wholetransporting and working process. As the imaging performance is largely determinedby the camera's structure stability, the stability is of great importance.
According to the camera’s optical structure characteristics, studies/experimentshave been conducted on the flexible support of large-aperture primary mirror andfocusing mirror, the thin-walled cylinder between primary and secondary mirror, thecarbon fiber composite mount, and the moving parts.
Firstly, the research method of space camera structure stability was introduced.The mechanical environment, the load characteristics and the evaluation of structureresponse were analyzed theoretically. The theory, processing and accuracy of finiteelement analysis were discussed.
Secondly, the theoretical basis of optical structure design, the assemblytolerances, the imaging quality testing methods and the material of mirrors weredescribed.The support structure of primary mirror and focusing mirror were designed.Flexible support structure has a reasonable stiffness, environment adaptability andstructure stability. The structure design of mirrors and its support is reasonable.
Thirdly, the Stiffener parameters of thin-walled cylinder were studied. Thedesign, analysis and optimization of the cylinder structure have been carried out.Theanalysis results show that the cylinder structure is stable. The structurecharacteristics, assurance measures, analysis and testing of camera mount andfocusing mechanism have been carried out. The testing results show that the designof camera mount and focusing mechanism is reasonable and reliable.
Lastly, the finite element analysis and space camera structure test have beencarried out. The optical path after the first image plane was fold back on the basis ofthe coaxial optical system. The natural frequency analysis and structural stabilityevaluation of the folding space camera have also been carried out.The results haveproved that the space camera meets the customer’s requirements and is of goodstructure stability.
本文结合项目研制进程，根据相机光学结构特点和项目需求，主要对大口径主反射镜和调焦镜的柔性支撑、主镜和次镜间的薄壁连接筒、碳纤维复合材料相机支架和活动部件等关键结构进行了研究。
首先，介绍了空间相机结构稳定性问题的研究方法。从理论研究出发，分析了空间相机的力学环境，载荷特征和结构响应的评价依据。讨论了有限元分析法的原理、分析过程和分析精度。
其次，结合课题情况阐述了空间相机光学结构的设计依据、对结构加工装配误差的要求以及研制过程中相机的像质检测方法。然后，介绍了空间相机反射镜材料的性能和选择依据。通过对反射镜支撑理论的分析完成了主镜和调焦镜的支撑结构设计，并进行了相应的工程分析和试验。结果表明，柔性支撑结构具有合理的刚度、环境适应性和结构稳定性，反射镜及其支撑结构的设计比较合理。
然后，对薄壁圆筒的加强筋结构参数进行了研究，发现了加强筋参数的影响规律。对中筒结构进行了设计、分析和优化，工程分析表明中筒稳定性较好。接着介绍了相机支架和调焦组件的结构特点，以及它们在结构稳定性方面采取的保证措施，通过分析和试验验证了设计的合理性和结构可靠性。
最后，对整机进行了有限元工程分析和环境试验。并且在研究的同轴光学系统基础上，对第一像面后的光路在垂直主次镜光轴方向上进行了折叠，分析了折轴结构的特征频率和结构稳定性。结果表明，折轴结构相机的特征频率较高，轴向尺寸较短，但径向尺寸较大；空间相机的结构稳定性较好，能够满足指标要求。
The stability of space camera is an important issue in structure design of spacescience instruments, which has aroused the attention of researchers. With thedevelopment of space camera in the direction of large aperture and lightweight, thematerials and form of camera structure must be adjusted accordingly to reduce theweight and enhance the rigidity and stability. Due to the limits of weight and launchcosts, the structure cross-section size, the stiffness and reliability of the space cameraneed to be relatively reduced. The stability of space camera has become aparticularly important research problem. What's more, Space camera has to undergoexternal loads, temperature and other environment influences in the wholetransporting and working process. As the imaging performance is largely determinedby the camera's structure stability, the stability is of great importance.
According to the camera’s optical structure characteristics, studies/experimentshave been conducted on the flexible support of large-aperture primary mirror andfocusing mirror, the thin-walled cylinder between primary and secondary mirror, thecarbon fiber composite mount, and the moving parts.
Firstly, the research method of space camera structure stability was introduced.The mechanical environment, the load characteristics and the evaluation of structureresponse were analyzed theoretically. The theory, processing and accuracy of finiteelement analysis were discussed.
Secondly, the theoretical basis of optical structure design, the assemblytolerances, the imaging quality testing methods and the material of mirrors weredescribed.The support structure of primary mirror and focusing mirror were designed.Flexible support structure has a reasonable stiffness, environment adaptability andstructure stability. The structure design of mirrors and its support is reasonable.
Thirdly, the Stiffener parameters of thin-walled cylinder were studied. Thedesign, analysis and optimization of the cylinder structure have been carried out.Theanalysis results show that the cylinder structure is stable. The structurecharacteristics, assurance measures, analysis and testing of camera mount andfocusing mechanism have been carried out. The testing results show that the designof camera mount and focusing mechanism is reasonable and reliable.
Lastly, the finite element analysis and space camera structure test have beencarried out. The optical path after the first image plane was fold back on the basis ofthe coaxial optical system. The natural frequency analysis and structural stabilityevaluation of the folding space camera have also been carried out.The results haveproved that the space camera meets the customer’s requirements and is of goodstructure stability.
引文
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