地球临边环形成像仪性能评价及辐射定标研究
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摘要
天基大气临边遥感是目前最热门的探测方式，它有效地兼顾了天底观测方式的高空间覆盖范围和掩日/掩月观测方式的高精度和高垂直分辨率优点，在任务上体现出多样性，在时间上则能连续探测。地球临边环形成像仪正是这样一种遥感仪器，它能实时给出多方位的大气临边光谱散射信息，同时兼顾星下点10°视场的天底观测数据。这种多方位、双视场提供大气遥感探测数据的全新探测方式，在国际上是首创。
本文在863项目支持下，依据未来空间平台上对地球临边大气探测的应用指标要求，分别研制出140°～146°超大视场紫外临边环形成像仪和可见临边环形成像仪系统，共6个工作波段。每套环形成像仪均由光、机、电及数据处理系统组成，光学单元包括12棱锥反射器、滤光片单元、透镜单元以及CCD探测器单元。根据地球临边大气紫外-可见光谱辐射特性、紫外/可见光学元件光谱传输特性，利用Zemax软件进行光学设计及仿真计算，设计出满足技术指标要求且可实现的环形成像仪系统。根据系统结构特点，研究了系统集成方法，集成的试验样机达到了技术指标要求。
多年来，国内在空间遥感仪器研制方面蓬勃发展，相应的紫外光谱类、可见-红外成像及成像光谱类仪器检测和定标等方面基础雄厚。而紫外成像和成像光谱仪器研制尚属起步阶段，其性能评价及辐射定标国内基础比较薄弱，特别是140°～146°超大视场检测与定标成为本项目的技术难点。
本论文针对试验样机设计、性能评价及辐射定标，开展了如下的研究：
1.构建了紫外空间分辨率测试装置，验证了试验样机水平及垂直方向空间分辨率满足技术指标要求；
2.利用高稳定性、可调节式紫外积分球，配备相应设施，对仪器某一积分时间下的线性和不同积分时间下的线性关系进行研究，确定了仪器正确响应的范围以及不同积分时间下的换算公式；
3.分析并推导出遥感仪器信噪比的计算公式，基于已知太阳高度角和地球临边高度下大气光谱辐亮度以及试验样机光学系统的光谱传输特性，估算了试验样机各通道的信噪比，实际验证其大小，为后续项目设计提供了依据；
4.开展了环形成像仪极化效应的研究，发现干涉滤光片是产生该成像系统偏振效应的主要因素，对后续干涉滤光片技术指标要求提供了新的依据；
5.构建一台紫外/可见波长定标及相对光谱响应度测试装置，有效解决了传统波长定标方法对波段或者能量方面的限制，试验样机波长定标精度达到±0.5nm；
6.通过分析环形成像仪超大视场辐亮度定标的难点，提出一种视场分割的定标方式，利用开口直径Ф1.5m的可见积分球对可见环形成像仪进行全视场及分割视场光谱辐亮度响应度定标研究，验证了分割视场定标的可行性，从而利用该方法完成了紫外环形成像仪光谱辐亮度的标定；
7.研究构建了环形成像仪几何定标专用设备，确定出像面有效区域与方位角的一一对应关系。
地球临边环形成像仪的设计思想使我国天基紫外/可见临边探测在高度以及精度方面都达到国际先进水平，该试验样机的成功研制，为下一步正式样机的研制提供了重要的参考价值，填补了国内相关领域的空白。
As the most hot observation method nowadays, space-based limb remotesensing of atmosphere has effectively merits of high coverage similar to nadirviewing and high precision and vertical resolution similar to occultation, with anembodiment of multiplicity on task and continuous detection on time. The EarthLimb Annular Imager is a kind of remote sensor just like that. It theoretically givesreal time spectral scattering information in multi-directions of limb observing andnadir observing data in10degrees field too. This new detecting method is a firstinternational way which provides data for remote sensing of atmosphere based onmulti-directions and double field observing mode.
An UV/visible Limb Annular Imager system with140～160degrees wide-fieldis developed in this paper based on the application demands of the earth limbatmospheric detecting on future platform with the support of863project. It includes6wavebands, each consisting of optics unit、electronics unit and mechanical shell,while12pyramids reflector、filter、lens and CCD detector units combining to formthe whole optics unit. According to the UV/visible spectral radiometriccharacteristics of earth limb atmosphere and the optics designing and emulating withZemax software, an optics unit of the Annular Imager which satisfied the demands isdesigned finally. With configuration characteristics of the system, the integrating of system is studied and the experimental prototype gives a perfect consistency with thetechnology demands.
Over recent years, the research of space remote sensor in our country isvigorously developed, the testing and calibration of UV spectrometer、visible-infrared imager or imaging spectrometer is fully experienced. But UV imageror imaging spectrometer is just on the initial stage. Without any experiences onperformance evaluation and calibration, the huge140°～146°field test andcalibration is the biggest technical difficulty in this project.
A series research about the designing、performance evaluation and radiometriccalibration is developed on that experimental prototype system as below:
1. An UV spatial resolution testing device is designed and a feasible testing ofthe horizontal and vertical spatial resolution of the experimental prototype is made,while the results commendably meet the technical guide lines;
2. The proper response range and conversion equation among differentintegrating times of the imager is confirmed by accurately measuring the linearitywith the help of a high stable、adjustable UV integrating sphere system;
3. Signal-to-Noise calculative equation of remote sensor is analysised anddeduced. By combining with not only the atmospheric spectral radiance under aknown solar altitude angle and earth limb height but also the spectral transmissivequality of the experimental prototype’s optics system, a theoretic SNR of each bandis estimated and a real testing is made, which gives a reference to the late project;
4. Test and analysis is made on the polarization characteristics and its effectsof the prototype. Further research shows a major reason caused by the interferencefilter for that polarization effection, which gives new requirements for purchasingthe interference filter in later stages;
5. An UV/visible high precision wavelength calibration and relative spectralresponsibility testing device is designed and effectively solved the limits about theband and energy for the traditional method. The precision of wavelength calibrationfor the prototype is±0.5nm;
6. The transfer method of spectral radiance of a large aperture UV/visibleintegrating sphere is studied. A field segmental spectral radiance calibration methodis put forward by analyzing the problems of the wide-field Annular Imager. Study ofthe spectral radiance calibration of the visible Annular Imager with both full andsegmental field is made using an aperture diameter of1.5meters visible integratingsphere. Then a segmental field method which is proved to be effective is used on thespectral radiance calibration of the ultraviolet Annular Imager;
7. A special equipment for geometric calibration of the annular imager isdesigned, a corresponding relationship between effective area and the azimuth isgiven.
Thought of the UV/visible Limb Annular Imager makes an international levelachieved in height and precision of space-based limb remote sensing in our country.It is a foundation stone in technology for the next formal step since the triumphantlydesigned of the prototype, which supplies a gap in domestic related domain.
本文在863项目支持下，依据未来空间平台上对地球临边大气探测的应用指标要求，分别研制出140°～146°超大视场紫外临边环形成像仪和可见临边环形成像仪系统，共6个工作波段。每套环形成像仪均由光、机、电及数据处理系统组成，光学单元包括12棱锥反射器、滤光片单元、透镜单元以及CCD探测器单元。根据地球临边大气紫外-可见光谱辐射特性、紫外/可见光学元件光谱传输特性，利用Zemax软件进行光学设计及仿真计算，设计出满足技术指标要求且可实现的环形成像仪系统。根据系统结构特点，研究了系统集成方法，集成的试验样机达到了技术指标要求。
多年来，国内在空间遥感仪器研制方面蓬勃发展，相应的紫外光谱类、可见-红外成像及成像光谱类仪器检测和定标等方面基础雄厚。而紫外成像和成像光谱仪器研制尚属起步阶段，其性能评价及辐射定标国内基础比较薄弱，特别是140°～146°超大视场检测与定标成为本项目的技术难点。
本论文针对试验样机设计、性能评价及辐射定标，开展了如下的研究：
1.构建了紫外空间分辨率测试装置，验证了试验样机水平及垂直方向空间分辨率满足技术指标要求；
2.利用高稳定性、可调节式紫外积分球，配备相应设施，对仪器某一积分时间下的线性和不同积分时间下的线性关系进行研究，确定了仪器正确响应的范围以及不同积分时间下的换算公式；
3.分析并推导出遥感仪器信噪比的计算公式，基于已知太阳高度角和地球临边高度下大气光谱辐亮度以及试验样机光学系统的光谱传输特性，估算了试验样机各通道的信噪比，实际验证其大小，为后续项目设计提供了依据；
4.开展了环形成像仪极化效应的研究，发现干涉滤光片是产生该成像系统偏振效应的主要因素，对后续干涉滤光片技术指标要求提供了新的依据；
5.构建一台紫外/可见波长定标及相对光谱响应度测试装置，有效解决了传统波长定标方法对波段或者能量方面的限制，试验样机波长定标精度达到±0.5nm；
6.通过分析环形成像仪超大视场辐亮度定标的难点，提出一种视场分割的定标方式，利用开口直径Ф1.5m的可见积分球对可见环形成像仪进行全视场及分割视场光谱辐亮度响应度定标研究，验证了分割视场定标的可行性，从而利用该方法完成了紫外环形成像仪光谱辐亮度的标定；
7.研究构建了环形成像仪几何定标专用设备，确定出像面有效区域与方位角的一一对应关系。
地球临边环形成像仪的设计思想使我国天基紫外/可见临边探测在高度以及精度方面都达到国际先进水平，该试验样机的成功研制，为下一步正式样机的研制提供了重要的参考价值，填补了国内相关领域的空白。
As the most hot observation method nowadays, space-based limb remotesensing of atmosphere has effectively merits of high coverage similar to nadirviewing and high precision and vertical resolution similar to occultation, with anembodiment of multiplicity on task and continuous detection on time. The EarthLimb Annular Imager is a kind of remote sensor just like that. It theoretically givesreal time spectral scattering information in multi-directions of limb observing andnadir observing data in10degrees field too. This new detecting method is a firstinternational way which provides data for remote sensing of atmosphere based onmulti-directions and double field observing mode.
An UV/visible Limb Annular Imager system with140～160degrees wide-fieldis developed in this paper based on the application demands of the earth limbatmospheric detecting on future platform with the support of863project. It includes6wavebands, each consisting of optics unit、electronics unit and mechanical shell,while12pyramids reflector、filter、lens and CCD detector units combining to formthe whole optics unit. According to the UV/visible spectral radiometriccharacteristics of earth limb atmosphere and the optics designing and emulating withZemax software, an optics unit of the Annular Imager which satisfied the demands isdesigned finally. With configuration characteristics of the system, the integrating of system is studied and the experimental prototype gives a perfect consistency with thetechnology demands.
Over recent years, the research of space remote sensor in our country isvigorously developed, the testing and calibration of UV spectrometer、visible-infrared imager or imaging spectrometer is fully experienced. But UV imageror imaging spectrometer is just on the initial stage. Without any experiences onperformance evaluation and calibration, the huge140°～146°field test andcalibration is the biggest technical difficulty in this project.
A series research about the designing、performance evaluation and radiometriccalibration is developed on that experimental prototype system as below:
1. An UV spatial resolution testing device is designed and a feasible testing ofthe horizontal and vertical spatial resolution of the experimental prototype is made,while the results commendably meet the technical guide lines;
2. The proper response range and conversion equation among differentintegrating times of the imager is confirmed by accurately measuring the linearitywith the help of a high stable、adjustable UV integrating sphere system;
3. Signal-to-Noise calculative equation of remote sensor is analysised anddeduced. By combining with not only the atmospheric spectral radiance under aknown solar altitude angle and earth limb height but also the spectral transmissivequality of the experimental prototype’s optics system, a theoretic SNR of each bandis estimated and a real testing is made, which gives a reference to the late project;
4. Test and analysis is made on the polarization characteristics and its effectsof the prototype. Further research shows a major reason caused by the interferencefilter for that polarization effection, which gives new requirements for purchasingthe interference filter in later stages;
5. An UV/visible high precision wavelength calibration and relative spectralresponsibility testing device is designed and effectively solved the limits about theband and energy for the traditional method. The precision of wavelength calibrationfor the prototype is±0.5nm;
6. The transfer method of spectral radiance of a large aperture UV/visibleintegrating sphere is studied. A field segmental spectral radiance calibration methodis put forward by analyzing the problems of the wide-field Annular Imager. Study ofthe spectral radiance calibration of the visible Annular Imager with both full andsegmental field is made using an aperture diameter of1.5meters visible integratingsphere. Then a segmental field method which is proved to be effective is used on thespectral radiance calibration of the ultraviolet Annular Imager;
7. A special equipment for geometric calibration of the annular imager isdesigned, a corresponding relationship between effective area and the azimuth isgiven.
Thought of the UV/visible Limb Annular Imager makes an international levelachieved in height and precision of space-based limb remote sensing in our country.It is a foundation stone in technology for the next formal step since the triumphantlydesigned of the prototype, which supplies a gap in domestic related domain.
引文
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