近地湍流风场的CFD模拟研究
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摘要
近地的湍流风场是结构风工程的主要研究对象,CFD数值模拟方法具有费用少、周期短、结果丰富、便于参数分析的优势,是一种正处于成长期的风工程研究方法。现有下击暴流风场的经验模型精度不高且适用范围有限,而移动型下击暴流中的非平稳荷载也一直没有得到较好的模拟。山地地形风场研究对结构抗风设计荷载的确定,风机的微观选址和风资源评估都具有重要的意义。阵风的影响在行人风环境评估中不容忽略,而基于CFD评估行人风环境的研究还较少。局部脉动风压峰值数倍于平均风压,能够成倍的放大结构响应,而在CFD中实现脉动风压的模拟是目前的难点。针对风工程中存在以上问题,本文的工作主要包括以下几个部分:
提出了新的三维稳态轴对称静止型下击暴流和壁面冲击射流风场中径向速度的竖向形状函数,并改进了现有径向速度的径向形状函数的可调节性和精度。基于流体力学质量守恒方程,提炼了由径向速度形状函数推导竖向速度的形状函数的通用方法。引入边界层厚度特征尺度相关的变量: z_m (r) (δ(r)),r_m (z), u_m (r)和u_m (z),使经验模型能够考虑下击暴流边界层的非线性发展。通过与CFD结果的对比分析,验证了改进模型的适用范围和精度。在CFD中引入大气边界层风场,再现了著名的AFB移动下击暴流事件,与实测数据在风速、风向两方面均有较好的吻合,并揭示了移动下击暴流中初始阶段,成熟阶段,及在FFD(Front Flank Downburst)和RFD(Rear Flank Downburst)中长度尺度Rc的差异。
使用风洞试验方法研究了六种典型地形(15°,30°,45°的山坡和山脊)在草地和森林植被覆盖下的风场特征,得到了坡顶和背风坡的风速比分布,并归纳了坡度、山体形状和地表粗糙度对地形中风速比的影响,在与多国荷载规范对比后,对我国荷载规范的地形修正条文提出了5点修改建议。CFD模拟了某真实复杂山地地形在两次强风过程中的风场分布,通过与9个观测站上的实测数据的对比和误差分析,得到了CFD模拟复杂地形风场的最佳湍流模型和网格尺度。综合CFD模拟的风速比分布与当地常年气象资料,提出了复杂地形全风向风资源评估方法。
提出了综合考虑平均风和阵风影响的评估标准。结合某半开敞式的大跨空间建筑,统计了该地区44个气象观测站点连续3年逐小时的平均风速观测资料,估计了不同风向的平均风速概率分布参数。使用CFD数值风洞技术,获得了8个风向行人高度的风场分布;基于行人风环境评估的超越阈值概率方法,给出了场地全风向超越不舒适风速阈值的概率分布图,结合评估标准评价了该建筑的行人风环境。
采用大涡模拟结合一种新的湍流脉动流场产生方法DSRFG(discretizing and synthesizing random flow generation),实现了风洞入口实际的湍流边界输入。结合实际大跨度屋盖结构,通过大涡模拟能够获得的脉动风荷载特性与风洞试验结果的对比分析发现:大涡模拟在分离区的结果更合理,脉动风压系数比风洞试验稍大,较好的再现了屋盖前檐、中部和后部的风压力谱和概率分布特征,捕捉到了分离区压力脉动的非高斯特性及间歇现象,脉动压力横风向和顺风向的空间相关性也与试验一致。
The turbulence wind field near ground is the main subject of wind engineering. CFD simulation approach is economic both in time and expenses, able to provide comprehensive information or results, and convenient for parameter analysis. It also is a growing approach for wind engineering. The existing empirical models of downbursts is low accuracy and only applicable for limited region, furthermore, the non-stationary wind loads generated in moving downbursts are difficult to be reproduced. Studies on wind field in hilly terrain are meaningful for determining wind loads on structures, micro-siting wind turbines and evaluating wind resources. The gust effects on pedestrian comfort cannot be ignored, and researches on evaluation of pedestrian wind environment using CFD is scared. Peak local fluctuating pressure is several times larger than mean pressure and able to magnify responses of structures, however, it is hard to simulate fluctuating pressure in CFD for present. For the issues addressed above, the main contents of this dissertation including 4 parts:
A simple and novel vertical shaping function of radial velocities and a revision to radial shaping function of radial velocities are proposed to improve the simplicity and accuracy of the existing model for 3-D axisymmetric steady-state flows of downbursts and impinging jets. From the mass conservation equation of fluid mechanics, a general method is refined to derive vertical velocities from radial velocities. By incorporating varying characteristic lengths related functions: z_m(r)(δ(r)), r_m (z), u_m (r)和u_m (z), the revised model is able to compute the nonlinear developments of downburst boundary layer. Through comparing with CFD simulation results, the applicable region and precision of revised model are validated and verified. By imposing an atmospheric boundary layer wind, the famous Andrews AFB moving downburst was reproduced in CFD simulation and the results is consistent in both wind velocities and directions with field data. The computational results also revealed that the length scale Rc which influences the horizontal profiles of radial velocity should take different values for the initial and mature stage, and for the location of FFD (Front Flank Downburst) and RFD (Rear Flank Downburst).
The wind characteristics of 6 typical hills (15°, 30°, 45°escarpments and ridges) covered by grass and forest vegetation were investigated by wind tunnel test. The velocity ratio distribution on the crest and downwind slope were obtained, and the effects of slopes, hill shapes and ground roughness on the wind velocity ratios were summarized. Through comparison with Codes from several countries, 5 recommended revisions were proposed for the current Chinese loadings Codes. Two strong wind events over a real complex terrain were simulated using CFD. Based on the comparison with field data from 9 observation towers and error analysis, the best turbulence model and grid size for complex terrain simulation is obtained. Using wind velocity ratios from CFD simulation and longtime meteorology statistical data from ambient flat terrain, a composite full-direction wind resources evaluation method aim for complex hilly terrain was proposed.
A criterion that takes into account both mean and gust wind effects on people was proposed. Combined with the wind environment problems emerged from a semi-open type large-span building, 3-years long hour by hour wind records from 44 meteorological stations around the site were collected, and the CDFs parameters of mean wind speeds in 8 directions were estimated. The distribution of wind velocity ratios at pedestrian level was obtained using CFD simulation. Using the approach of threshold exceedance probability, the map of wind discomfort threshold exceedance probabilities for full directions was present, and the pedestrian wind environment around this building is evaluated.
The discretizing and synthesizing of random flow generation technique (DSRFG) incorporated with large eddy simulation was adopted to produce a spatially correlated turbulent inflow for the simulation study. With regard to the 486m-long roof of Shenzhen Citizens Centre, its mean, fluctuating and peak pressure coefficient distributions, and spectra, spatial correlation coefficients and probability characteristics of pressure fluctuations were simulated in CFD and wind tunnel. The comparative study demonstrated that the LES integrated with the DSRFG technique could provide satisfactory prediction of wind effects on the long-span roof with complex shape, especially on separation zones along leading eaves where the worst negative wind-induced pressures commonly occur. The probabilities and spectra of pressure at roof eave, middle and rear sections were well generated. The non-gaussian characteristics and intermittence phenomenon in flow separation region were also captured. The space correlation of fluctuating pressure for longitudinal and lateral directions is agreed well with experimental data.
提出了新的三维稳态轴对称静止型下击暴流和壁面冲击射流风场中径向速度的竖向形状函数,并改进了现有径向速度的径向形状函数的可调节性和精度。基于流体力学质量守恒方程,提炼了由径向速度形状函数推导竖向速度的形状函数的通用方法。引入边界层厚度特征尺度相关的变量: z_m (r) (δ(r)),r_m (z), u_m (r)和u_m (z),使经验模型能够考虑下击暴流边界层的非线性发展。通过与CFD结果的对比分析,验证了改进模型的适用范围和精度。在CFD中引入大气边界层风场,再现了著名的AFB移动下击暴流事件,与实测数据在风速、风向两方面均有较好的吻合,并揭示了移动下击暴流中初始阶段,成熟阶段,及在FFD(Front Flank Downburst)和RFD(Rear Flank Downburst)中长度尺度Rc的差异。
使用风洞试验方法研究了六种典型地形(15°,30°,45°的山坡和山脊)在草地和森林植被覆盖下的风场特征,得到了坡顶和背风坡的风速比分布,并归纳了坡度、山体形状和地表粗糙度对地形中风速比的影响,在与多国荷载规范对比后,对我国荷载规范的地形修正条文提出了5点修改建议。CFD模拟了某真实复杂山地地形在两次强风过程中的风场分布,通过与9个观测站上的实测数据的对比和误差分析,得到了CFD模拟复杂地形风场的最佳湍流模型和网格尺度。综合CFD模拟的风速比分布与当地常年气象资料,提出了复杂地形全风向风资源评估方法。
提出了综合考虑平均风和阵风影响的评估标准。结合某半开敞式的大跨空间建筑,统计了该地区44个气象观测站点连续3年逐小时的平均风速观测资料,估计了不同风向的平均风速概率分布参数。使用CFD数值风洞技术,获得了8个风向行人高度的风场分布;基于行人风环境评估的超越阈值概率方法,给出了场地全风向超越不舒适风速阈值的概率分布图,结合评估标准评价了该建筑的行人风环境。
采用大涡模拟结合一种新的湍流脉动流场产生方法DSRFG(discretizing and synthesizing random flow generation),实现了风洞入口实际的湍流边界输入。结合实际大跨度屋盖结构,通过大涡模拟能够获得的脉动风荷载特性与风洞试验结果的对比分析发现:大涡模拟在分离区的结果更合理,脉动风压系数比风洞试验稍大,较好的再现了屋盖前檐、中部和后部的风压力谱和概率分布特征,捕捉到了分离区压力脉动的非高斯特性及间歇现象,脉动压力横风向和顺风向的空间相关性也与试验一致。
The turbulence wind field near ground is the main subject of wind engineering. CFD simulation approach is economic both in time and expenses, able to provide comprehensive information or results, and convenient for parameter analysis. It also is a growing approach for wind engineering. The existing empirical models of downbursts is low accuracy and only applicable for limited region, furthermore, the non-stationary wind loads generated in moving downbursts are difficult to be reproduced. Studies on wind field in hilly terrain are meaningful for determining wind loads on structures, micro-siting wind turbines and evaluating wind resources. The gust effects on pedestrian comfort cannot be ignored, and researches on evaluation of pedestrian wind environment using CFD is scared. Peak local fluctuating pressure is several times larger than mean pressure and able to magnify responses of structures, however, it is hard to simulate fluctuating pressure in CFD for present. For the issues addressed above, the main contents of this dissertation including 4 parts:
A simple and novel vertical shaping function of radial velocities and a revision to radial shaping function of radial velocities are proposed to improve the simplicity and accuracy of the existing model for 3-D axisymmetric steady-state flows of downbursts and impinging jets. From the mass conservation equation of fluid mechanics, a general method is refined to derive vertical velocities from radial velocities. By incorporating varying characteristic lengths related functions: z_m(r)(δ(r)), r_m (z), u_m (r)和u_m (z), the revised model is able to compute the nonlinear developments of downburst boundary layer. Through comparing with CFD simulation results, the applicable region and precision of revised model are validated and verified. By imposing an atmospheric boundary layer wind, the famous Andrews AFB moving downburst was reproduced in CFD simulation and the results is consistent in both wind velocities and directions with field data. The computational results also revealed that the length scale Rc which influences the horizontal profiles of radial velocity should take different values for the initial and mature stage, and for the location of FFD (Front Flank Downburst) and RFD (Rear Flank Downburst).
The wind characteristics of 6 typical hills (15°, 30°, 45°escarpments and ridges) covered by grass and forest vegetation were investigated by wind tunnel test. The velocity ratio distribution on the crest and downwind slope were obtained, and the effects of slopes, hill shapes and ground roughness on the wind velocity ratios were summarized. Through comparison with Codes from several countries, 5 recommended revisions were proposed for the current Chinese loadings Codes. Two strong wind events over a real complex terrain were simulated using CFD. Based on the comparison with field data from 9 observation towers and error analysis, the best turbulence model and grid size for complex terrain simulation is obtained. Using wind velocity ratios from CFD simulation and longtime meteorology statistical data from ambient flat terrain, a composite full-direction wind resources evaluation method aim for complex hilly terrain was proposed.
A criterion that takes into account both mean and gust wind effects on people was proposed. Combined with the wind environment problems emerged from a semi-open type large-span building, 3-years long hour by hour wind records from 44 meteorological stations around the site were collected, and the CDFs parameters of mean wind speeds in 8 directions were estimated. The distribution of wind velocity ratios at pedestrian level was obtained using CFD simulation. Using the approach of threshold exceedance probability, the map of wind discomfort threshold exceedance probabilities for full directions was present, and the pedestrian wind environment around this building is evaluated.
The discretizing and synthesizing of random flow generation technique (DSRFG) incorporated with large eddy simulation was adopted to produce a spatially correlated turbulent inflow for the simulation study. With regard to the 486m-long roof of Shenzhen Citizens Centre, its mean, fluctuating and peak pressure coefficient distributions, and spectra, spatial correlation coefficients and probability characteristics of pressure fluctuations were simulated in CFD and wind tunnel. The comparative study demonstrated that the LES integrated with the DSRFG technique could provide satisfactory prediction of wind effects on the long-span roof with complex shape, especially on separation zones along leading eaves where the worst negative wind-induced pressures commonly occur. The probabilities and spectra of pressure at roof eave, middle and rear sections were well generated. The non-gaussian characteristics and intermittence phenomenon in flow separation region were also captured. The space correlation of fluctuating pressure for longitudinal and lateral directions is agreed well with experimental data.
引文
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