病理性互联网使用者的时距估计特点研究
摘要
随着互联网不断的普及,网名人数的不断攀升,不合理的网络使用活动所产生的负面影响也随之出现。病理性互联网使用(Pathological Internet Use,PIU)行为指在互联网使用过程中不能有效控制上网时间,出现一种不由自主的强迫性互联网使用行为。研究表明：病理性互联网使者在互联网使用过程中,注意力分散,缺失对时间的感知和控制,时间、空间、现实知觉感知能力也会在互联网使用过程中发生改变。病理性互联网使用行为的出现可能与PIU个体时间认知结构改变相关,因此,考察PIU个体的时间认知加工特点很有必要。
本研究设计两个实验考察PIU个体的时距估计特点。实验一分别选取PIU和非PIU被试,采用网络游戏任务,操纵目标时距的长度,考察不同个体在互联网使用条件下的时距估计差异。实验二采用数字个数判断任务考察不同个体在非互联网使用条件下的时距估计差异。研究得到如下结果：
(1)在互联网使用条件下,目标时距分别为12s、48s时,PIU个体估计的时距显著短于非PIU个体估计的时距。
(2)在非互联网使用条件下,目标时距分别为12s、48s时,PIU组的时距估计成绩与非PIU组之间差异不显著。
(3)实验二结果显示了在非互联网使用条件下,PIU组和非PIU组对时距估计的不同趋势,PIU组估计的时距略长于目标时距,这可能是由于,PIU个体在非互联网使用条件下情绪上的波动及高无聊倾向等影响了对时间信息的加工,导致其估计的时距偏长。非PIU组估计的时距略短于目标时距,这可能是由于,非PIU个体对数字个数判断任务投入的注意资源比对时距估计任务投入的注意资源偏多。
上述研究结果表明,PIU个体在互联网使用条件下具有特殊的时间认知加工特点。在非互联网使用条件下,PIU个体与非PIU个体存有相同的时间认知加工过程。这就说明了,网络游戏情境影响了PIU个体对时间信息的加工,从而导致其时间认知加工发生了情境状态性的改变,但是,长期的病理性互联网使用行为并未改变PIU个体的时间认知结构。
With the popularity of internet and the rising of the number of internet users, the negative effects of internet abuse had been resulted gradually. The pathological internet users fail to control the time during online, a tendency of compulsive internet use behavior has showed. Some Studies suggested that while online, the sensation ability of time space reality perception of those pathological internet users would be changed. The behavior of pathological internet use seems related to the change of time cognitive structure with PIU individuals. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the traits of time cognitive structure of pathological internet users.
Two experiments are quoted in this thesis. PIU and non-PIU Participants are selected at random in both experiments. In experimentⅠ, we use network game task, operate the length of target duration, and investigate the difference of duration estimation between different individuals during online. In experimentⅡ, we use digit number judging task, investigate the difference of duration estimation between different individuals while no online.
The results as followed:
(1)While online, when the target duration is 12s and 48s respectively, the duration estimation value of PIU significantly shorter than of non-PIU.
(2)While not online, when the target duration is 12s and 48s respectively, the difference of the duration estimation value between PIU and non-PIU is not obvious.
(3)The result of the experiment II demonstrated that the different tendency of duration estimation between PIU and non-PIU while not online. The duration estimation of PIU is slightly longer than the target duration, this may be due to the characteristics of emotional fluctuation and high level of boredom tendency of PIU individuals while not online. The duration estimation of non-PIU is slightly shorter than the target duration, this is because non-PIU'attention resources during the digit number judging task are more than the duration estimation task.
The results of the study indicated that PIU individual has the special time cognition processing characteristic while online. While not online, the PIU individuals have the same time cognition processing process with the non-PIU individual. All of these demonstrate that the time information processing of PIU individual is affected by the situation of network game, with resulting situation condition change of its time cognition processing, however, the time cognitive structure of the PIU individuals will not be changed by the long-term pathological internet use behavior.
本研究设计两个实验考察PIU个体的时距估计特点。实验一分别选取PIU和非PIU被试,采用网络游戏任务,操纵目标时距的长度,考察不同个体在互联网使用条件下的时距估计差异。实验二采用数字个数判断任务考察不同个体在非互联网使用条件下的时距估计差异。研究得到如下结果：
(1)在互联网使用条件下,目标时距分别为12s、48s时,PIU个体估计的时距显著短于非PIU个体估计的时距。
(2)在非互联网使用条件下,目标时距分别为12s、48s时,PIU组的时距估计成绩与非PIU组之间差异不显著。
(3)实验二结果显示了在非互联网使用条件下,PIU组和非PIU组对时距估计的不同趋势,PIU组估计的时距略长于目标时距,这可能是由于,PIU个体在非互联网使用条件下情绪上的波动及高无聊倾向等影响了对时间信息的加工,导致其估计的时距偏长。非PIU组估计的时距略短于目标时距,这可能是由于,非PIU个体对数字个数判断任务投入的注意资源比对时距估计任务投入的注意资源偏多。
上述研究结果表明,PIU个体在互联网使用条件下具有特殊的时间认知加工特点。在非互联网使用条件下,PIU个体与非PIU个体存有相同的时间认知加工过程。这就说明了,网络游戏情境影响了PIU个体对时间信息的加工,从而导致其时间认知加工发生了情境状态性的改变,但是,长期的病理性互联网使用行为并未改变PIU个体的时间认知结构。
With the popularity of internet and the rising of the number of internet users, the negative effects of internet abuse had been resulted gradually. The pathological internet users fail to control the time during online, a tendency of compulsive internet use behavior has showed. Some Studies suggested that while online, the sensation ability of time space reality perception of those pathological internet users would be changed. The behavior of pathological internet use seems related to the change of time cognitive structure with PIU individuals. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the traits of time cognitive structure of pathological internet users.
Two experiments are quoted in this thesis. PIU and non-PIU Participants are selected at random in both experiments. In experimentⅠ, we use network game task, operate the length of target duration, and investigate the difference of duration estimation between different individuals during online. In experimentⅡ, we use digit number judging task, investigate the difference of duration estimation between different individuals while no online.
The results as followed:
(1)While online, when the target duration is 12s and 48s respectively, the duration estimation value of PIU significantly shorter than of non-PIU.
(2)While not online, when the target duration is 12s and 48s respectively, the difference of the duration estimation value between PIU and non-PIU is not obvious.
(3)The result of the experiment II demonstrated that the different tendency of duration estimation between PIU and non-PIU while not online. The duration estimation of PIU is slightly longer than the target duration, this may be due to the characteristics of emotional fluctuation and high level of boredom tendency of PIU individuals while not online. The duration estimation of non-PIU is slightly shorter than the target duration, this is because non-PIU'attention resources during the digit number judging task are more than the duration estimation task.
The results of the study indicated that PIU individual has the special time cognition processing characteristic while online. While not online, the PIU individuals have the same time cognition processing process with the non-PIU individual. All of these demonstrate that the time information processing of PIU individual is affected by the situation of network game, with resulting situation condition change of its time cognition processing, however, the time cognitive structure of the PIU individuals will not be changed by the long-term pathological internet use behavior.
引文
①Patricia Wallace著、谢影等译.互联网心理学[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2001：1
②中国互联网信息中心http://www.cnnic.net.cn/dtygg/dtgg/201007/t20100715_13699.html 2007
[1]Patricia Wallace著、谢影等译.互联网心理学[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2001：1
[2]中国互联网信息中心[EB]http://www.cnnic.net.cn/dtygg/dtgg/201007/t20100715_13699.html 2010
[3]陶然,应力, 岳晓东,郝向宏著.网络成瘾探析与干预[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2007：5-9
[4]王澄华.网络人际互动特质与依附型态对网络成瘾的影响[D].台湾：台湾大学心理学系,2001
[5]欧居湖青少年网络成瘾问题研究[D].重庆：西南师范大学教育科学研究所,2003
[6]丁道群.网络空间的心理与行为研究[M]湖南：湖南人民出版社.2009,83-93
[7]Young, K. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder [N]. Paper presented at the lo4thAnnual Convention of American Psychological Association,1996.
[8]Davis R A, et al. A validation of a new scale of measuring problematic internet use: implications of pre-employments screening [J]. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 2002,5 (4):331-345.
[9]Cheng, S. H, et al. Development of a Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and its Psychometric study [J].Chinese Journal of Psychology,2003,45:279-294.
[10]张兰君.大学生网路成瘾倾向多因素研究[J].健康心理学杂志,2003,11(4)：279-280
[11]罗天玉,丁道群.人格特质、网络使用动机与网络成瘾倾向的关系[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2006(14)：365-367.
[12]李宁梁宁建大学生网络行为的元认知研究[J].心理科学2004,27(6)：1356-1359
[13]罗庆华.网络成瘾者的认知功能测评[D].重庆：重庆医科大学,2005
[14]刘树娟.过度网络使用者的认知偏向研究[D].杭州：浙江大学理学院,2005：1-9.
[15]张锋,沈模卫,徐梅.互联网使用动机、行为与其社会—心理健康的模型构建[J].心理学报,2006,38(3)：407-413
[16]王智.网络成瘾大学生的社会认知加工特点[D].重庆：西南大学教育科学研所,2006：1-15.
[17]郑希付.网络成瘾者不同情绪状态下的认知加工特征[J].心理学报,2009(41)：630-638.
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[19]Davis,R.A..Internet addicts think differently: An inventory of online cognitions., http://www Internet addiction.cal/scale.htm,2001
[20]Morahan-Martin J, Schumacher P. Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college student [J]. Computers in human behavior,2000, (16):13-39
[21]Egger O.Internet and addiction. http//www.Ifap beprethz,ch/egger/ibq/iddres.Htm,1996
[22]Rau, P-L. P, Shu-yun peng.,&Chin-chow yang, Time distortion for expert and novice online game players [J]. Cyber Psychology and Behavior,2006 (9):396-403
[23]Wood, R. T. A., M D. Griffiths, & A. Parke. Experience of time loss among video game players:An empirical study [J]. Cyber Psychology and Behavior,2007,10(1),38 44.
[24]Wood, R. T. A. & M D. Griffiths. Time loss whilst playing video games: Is there a relationship to addictive behaviors? [J]. Internet Journal Ment Health Addiction,2007, (5):141 149
[25]Tobin,S & S. Grondin Video games and the perception of very long durations by adolescents[J]. Computers in Human Behavior,2009,25,554 559
[26]雷历、李宏利.青少年的时间透视、人际卷入与互联网使用的关系[J].心理学报,2004,36(3)：335-339
[27]曹枫林.苏林雁.高雪屏,刘军.中学生互联网过度使用与时间管理倾向的关系[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2006(20)：441-443.
[28]尹华站,黄希庭,李丹,大学生网络成瘾者在互联网使用条件下的时间记忆特点[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology,2006,14 (4):362-267
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[36]Boltz,M. Time estimation and attentional perspective[J]. Perception & Psychophysics,1991, (38):115-124
[37]Zakay, D. & R. A Block. Temporal cognition[J]. Current Directions in Psychological Science,1997, (6):12-16
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②中国互联网信息中心http://www.cnnic.net.cn/dtygg/dtgg/201007/t20100715_13699.html 2007
[1]Patricia Wallace著、谢影等译.互联网心理学[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2001：1
[2]中国互联网信息中心[EB]http://www.cnnic.net.cn/dtygg/dtgg/201007/t20100715_13699.html 2010
[3]陶然,应力, 岳晓东,郝向宏著.网络成瘾探析与干预[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2007：5-9
[4]王澄华.网络人际互动特质与依附型态对网络成瘾的影响[D].台湾：台湾大学心理学系,2001
[5]欧居湖青少年网络成瘾问题研究[D].重庆：西南师范大学教育科学研究所,2003
[6]丁道群.网络空间的心理与行为研究[M]湖南：湖南人民出版社.2009,83-93
[7]Young, K. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder [N]. Paper presented at the lo4thAnnual Convention of American Psychological Association,1996.
[8]Davis R A, et al. A validation of a new scale of measuring problematic internet use: implications of pre-employments screening [J]. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 2002,5 (4):331-345.
[9]Cheng, S. H, et al. Development of a Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and its Psychometric study [J].Chinese Journal of Psychology,2003,45:279-294.
[10]张兰君.大学生网路成瘾倾向多因素研究[J].健康心理学杂志,2003,11(4)：279-280
[11]罗天玉,丁道群.人格特质、网络使用动机与网络成瘾倾向的关系[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2006(14)：365-367.
[12]李宁梁宁建大学生网络行为的元认知研究[J].心理科学2004,27(6)：1356-1359
[13]罗庆华.网络成瘾者的认知功能测评[D].重庆：重庆医科大学,2005
[14]刘树娟.过度网络使用者的认知偏向研究[D].杭州：浙江大学理学院,2005：1-9.
[15]张锋,沈模卫,徐梅.互联网使用动机、行为与其社会—心理健康的模型构建[J].心理学报,2006,38(3)：407-413
[16]王智.网络成瘾大学生的社会认知加工特点[D].重庆：西南大学教育科学研所,2006：1-15.
[17]郑希付.网络成瘾者不同情绪状态下的认知加工特征[J].心理学报,2009(41)：630-638.
[18]Griffiths M. Internet addiction: time to be taken seriously? [J] Addiction Research,2000, (8):413 418.
[19]Davis,R.A..Internet addicts think differently: An inventory of online cognitions., http://www Internet addiction.cal/scale.htm,2001
[20]Morahan-Martin J, Schumacher P. Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college student [J]. Computers in human behavior,2000, (16):13-39
[21]Egger O.Internet and addiction. http//www.Ifap beprethz,ch/egger/ibq/iddres.Htm,1996
[22]Rau, P-L. P, Shu-yun peng.,&Chin-chow yang, Time distortion for expert and novice online game players [J]. Cyber Psychology and Behavior,2006 (9):396-403
[23]Wood, R. T. A., M D. Griffiths, & A. Parke. Experience of time loss among video game players:An empirical study [J]. Cyber Psychology and Behavior,2007,10(1),38 44.
[24]Wood, R. T. A. & M D. Griffiths. Time loss whilst playing video games: Is there a relationship to addictive behaviors? [J]. Internet Journal Ment Health Addiction,2007, (5):141 149
[25]Tobin,S & S. Grondin Video games and the perception of very long durations by adolescents[J]. Computers in Human Behavior,2009,25,554 559
[26]雷历、李宏利.青少年的时间透视、人际卷入与互联网使用的关系[J].心理学报,2004,36(3)：335-339
[27]曹枫林.苏林雁.高雪屏,刘军.中学生互联网过度使用与时间管理倾向的关系[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2006(20)：441-443.
[28]尹华站,黄希庭,李丹,大学生网络成瘾者在互联网使用条件下的时间记忆特点[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology,2006,14 (4):362-267
[29]Block, R. A. & D. Zakay. Psychological time: memory, attention, and consciousness. In R. Buccheri,V, di Gesu, & M.. Saniga (Eds), Studies on the structure of time: From Physics to psychology.2000: (pp.59-76)Dordrecht, Netherlands:Kluwer Academic
[30]Block, R. A.,&Zakay D. Retrospective and prospective timing: Memory, attention and consciousness. In C. Hoerl & T. McCormack (Eds), Time and memory: Issues in philosophy and psychology.2001:(pp.59-76). Oxford, England; Oxford University Press
[31]Omstein, R. E.. On the experience of time. Middlesex, England: penguin books, 1969:104
[32]Block,R. A.,&Zakay, D. Prospective and retrospective duration judgements:A meta-analytic review. Psychonamic Bulletin&Review.1997, (4):184-197
[33]Fraisse,P.Psychology of time. New York:HarperRow.1963
[34]Thomas, E. A., & W. R Weaver,Cognitive Processing and time perception[J]. Perception&Psychophysics,1975, (7):363-367
[35]Zakay,D. Subjective and attentional resource allocation: an integrated model of time estimation. In: Levin, Zakay, D. (Eds.),Time and human cognition, Elsevier Science:North-Holland 1989:365-397
[36]Boltz,M. Time estimation and attentional perspective[J]. Perception & Psychophysics,1991, (38):115-124
[37]Zakay, D. & R. A Block. Temporal cognition[J]. Current Directions in Psychological Science,1997, (6):12-16
[38]柳学智.多种因素对时间连续闽限的影响[J].心理学报,1993.26(3)：226-231
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