新型含全氟烷基多功能整理剂的设计、合成及其在纯棉织物上的应用
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摘要
随着人们生活水平的不断提高，人们对穿着舒适和卫生健康意识日益增强，要求纺织品不仅具有透气性好，还要求具有拒水、拒油、防污和抗菌等多种功能。因此开发纺织品用多功能整理剂是非常必要的。本论文在开发新型多功能整理剂的同时，也需要考虑如何降低整理剂对环境的污染或不良影响。从合成功能性单体入手，设计和制备了几种多功能整理剂，其中就包括了含短氟链聚合物多功能整理剂，对它们的性能进行了系统深入的研究和分析，为低毒高性能的多功能整理剂的设计和研究提供了理论支持。
设计并成功合成了具有拒水拒油功能的全氟丙烯酸酯单体、具有抗菌功能的含季铵盐的短链丙烯酸酯单体（d1）和含季铵盐的长链丙烯酸酯单体（d2）、可以与棉纤维进行交联反应的双羟乙基砜丙烯酸酯单体和能改善拒水拒油性能和低成本的十八烷基丙烯酸酯单体，采用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振H谱(~1H NMR)、核磁共振F谱(~(19)F NMR)、质谱、元素分析等对中间产物和单体结构进行了表征，证实功能性单体的设计和合成方法是可行的。
将拒水拒油单体、抗菌性单体（d1、d2）、交联单体及其他辅助性单体通过乳液聚合得到了功能性乳液。探讨了乳化剂、引发剂、单体配比、反应温度和时间对聚合过程的影响，实验结果表明：m（含氟单体）：m（辅助单体）：m（交联单体）：m（抗菌单体）=55:10:10:25；乳化剂以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、TO-10、含氟表面活性剂进行复配，其比值为1:1:0.5，乳化剂占单体量的5%；以过氧化氢异丙苯/硫酸亚铁（摩尔比1:1）为引发剂，其用量为单体质量的0.6%；反应温度为40℃；反应时间为4h；得到的聚合物乳液[PFAC1（含d1）和PFAC2（含d2）]，其外观呈蓝色荧光状，单体转化率大于94%。对比实验表明，PFAC1的抑菌率和拒水拒油性能都比PFAC2要差。
对PFAC2进行了FTIR、~(19)F NMR、粒径、GPC、DSC表征，研究结果表明，PFAC2是含有交联单体、丙烯酸酯季铵盐、含氟丙烯酸酯和丙烯酸十八烷酯的共聚物；PFAC2乳液的平均粒径为54.97nm且分布窄；PFAC2的数均分子量Mn=12173.0、重均分子量Mw=13390.3、分子量分布系数d=1.10；PFAC2出现了2个玻璃化温度，其中T_(g1)=65.1℃，T_(g1)=131.7℃，表明PFAC2是以两相存在的。
通过测试PFAC2整理后织物的物理性能、力学性能和抑菌性能的变化，确定了PFAC2整理工艺和最佳条件：二浸二轧，PFAC2的浓度为40g/l，烘干温度100℃，烘干时间3min，焙烘温度170℃，焙烘时间3min。对PFAC2整理织物的拒水拒油级别分别为100分和6级，30次水洗后拒水拒油级别为80分和4级，对咖啡、葡萄酒、人造血、墨水、色拉油、酱油等均显示出排斥性。整理织物的易去污等级为4-5级，对Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC6538)和Escherichia coli.(AATCC8099)的抑制率分别为97.4%和90.5%，洗水10次后，抑菌率仍能达到94.7%和83.7%。PFAC2与能与抗皱整理剂2D树脂同浴使用，与PFAC2比较，提高了整理织物的抗皱性和耐洗性能；由于2D树脂焙烘时分解产生了微量的甲醛，提高了初期的抑菌效果。PFAC2与阳离子软片、氨基硅油、反应性硅油柔软剂同浴使用时，对整理后织物性能的影响与其种类和结构有关。
通过氟化的环氧丁烷单体开环聚合反应，设计合成了一种新的含五氟丙基短氟碳链的低聚合度聚醚二醇（PFOX）。采用FTIR、~1H NMR、~(19)F NMR、质谱和凝胶渗透色谱对PFOX的化学结构进行了表征，结果表明，目标产物符合设计要求，其分子量Mn=2419，Mw=2709；分子量分布d=1.12。
以脂肪族异氰酸酯（IPDI）、PFOX、N-甲基二乙醇胺、1，4-对二氯苄等为原料合成了无硅短氟链阳离子水性聚氨酯（Polymer1）。以IPDI、PFOX、N-甲基二乙醇胺、1，4-对二氯苄、胺基三甲氧基硅烷偶联剂等为原料合成了含硅和短氟链阳离子水性聚氨酯（Polymer2）。对整理后织物的拒水拒油、抗菌和耐洗性能的评估结果表明，Polymer2的综合性能要好于Polymer1，主要原因是Polymer2所含的-Si(OCH3)3反应性基团，在一定的条件下能与棉纤维上的羟基发生交联反应，从而提高其在棉织物上的结合牢度。
通过测试Polymer2整理后织物的物理性能、力学性能和抑菌性能的变化，确定了Polymer2整理工艺的最佳条件：二浸二轧，Polymer2的用量40－50g/l，烘干温度为80℃，焙烘温度为170℃,焙烘时间3min。整理织物的拒水拒油效果为100分和3级，对水的接触角为155o，对Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC6538)和Escherichia coli.(ATCC8099)的抑制率分别为99%和96%，折痕回复角能达到230o；30次水洗后，整理织物仍具有很好的拒水和抗菌效果，显示出了较好的耐久性。
As people‘s living standard continues to rise, the wear comfortable, sanitation and healthconsciousness for people has become increasing important.People required the textile not onlyhad good air permeability but also had multifunction such as water and oil repellent,antifouling and antibacterial properties.So the development of the multifunctional finishingagent in the textile field was very necessary. The novel multifunctonal finishing agents weredeveloped in this paper, at the same time how to reduce pollution of the finishing agent to theenvironment or adverse effects also need to be considered. We designed and prepared severalmultifunctional finishing agents began from the synthesis of functional monomers, one ofthem contained the short fluorine chain. This paper researched and analyzed deeply andsystematically their performance and provided the theoretical support for the design andresearch of the low-toxic high performance multifunctional finishing agents.
We designed and synthesized sucessfully some functional acrylate monomers includingwater and oil repellent functional monomer containing the perfluoriated acrylate, theantibacterial functional monomer acrylate d1containing short chain quaternary ammoniumsalt, the antibacterial functional monomer acrylate d2containing long chain quaternaryammonium salt, the bishydroxyethyl sulfoue-containing acrylate monomer which could becrosslinked with cotton, the octadecyl acrylate monomer which can improve water and oilrepellent property and decrease cost.The intermediate products and monomer structure werecharacterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance H spectrum (1HNMR), nuclear magnetic resonance F spectrum (~(19)F NMR), mass spectrometry, elementalanalysis and confirmed the design and synthesis method of these functional monomer wasfeasible.
Water and oil repellent monomer, antibacterial monomer (d1, d2), the crosslinkingmonomer and the auxiliary monomer were polymerized to get a functional emulsion byemulsion polymeriztion. The effects of the polymerization process are discussed fromemulsifier, initiator, monomer ratio, reaction temperature and time. The experimental resultsshow that: The appearance of the achieved emulsion polymer [PFAC1(including d1) andPFAC2(including d2)] had blue fluorescence and the monomer conversion rate was morethan94%when the mass ratios of m (fluoride monomer): m (auxiliary monomer): m(crosslinking monomer): m (antibacterial monomer) were55:10:10:25;Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, TO-10and the fluorine-containing surface ativeagent were mixed as emulsifier, the ratio of them was1:1:0.5, mass fractions of emulifier were5.0%of the total monomer; cumene hydroperoxide and ferrous sulfate were mixed asinitiator (The mole ratio was1:1), the dosage of initiatore was0.6%of the totalmonomer,there were polymerization at40℃for4h. The comparative experiments show thatthe bacteriostatic rate and water and oil repellent property is worse than that of PFAC2.
PFAC2was characterized by FTIR,~(19)F NMR, particle size, GPC and DSC, the researchresults showed PFAC2contained the crosslinking monomer, the quaternary ammonium salt-containing acrylate, the fluorine acrylate and octadecyl acrylate. The average particle size ofemulsion PFAC2was54.97and the molecular distribution is narrow; Number-averagemolecular weight and weight-average molecular weight of PFAC2were12173.0and13390.3respectively, the molecular weight distribution factor was1.10, there were two glasstransition temperature includingT_(g1)=65.1℃and Tg3=131.7℃, it showed PFAC2is twophase existed.
The optimal conditons of the finishing process for PFAC2were determined by testingthe changes of physical property, the mechanical property and antibacterial property of thetreated fabric with PFAC2: the fabric was padded through two dips and two nips, theconcentration of PFAC2was40g/l, The fabric was dried at100℃for3min and cured at170℃for3min. The water and oil repellency ratings of the cotton fabrics finished with PFAC2were100and6, respectively, The water and oil repellency rating of the fabric treated withPFAC2after30launderings was80and4, respectively, The treated cotton fabrics alsoshowed excellent repellency to the liquid such as coffee, ink, wine,synthetic blood, salad oil,sauce etc. The soil release rate of the treated fabric was4-5. The finished cotton fabricshowed a97.4%reduction in the number of Staphylococcus aureus(AATCC8099) and a90.5%reduction in the number of Escherichia coli.(AATCC6358), the treated fabric was washed for10laundering cycles, and the reduction rates of Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC6538) andEscherichia coli.(ATCC8099) were98%and94.2%respectively. PFAC2can be applied withanti-wrinkle finishing agent2D resin in single bath, The anti-wrinkle property and washingdurability of the treated fabric with PFAC2and2D resin in single bath were improvedcompared with that of the treated fabric with PFAC2, The trace of formaldehyde producedbecause2D resin was decomposed when cured, it improved the early bacteriostatic effect oftreated fabric. The performance of the treated fabric was determined by type and structure ofthe softening agents when PFAC2was applied with cationic soft flake, amino silicone oil andthe reactvie silicone oil softe agent in single bath.
A novel polyether glycol PFOX with low degree of polymeriztion which contained theshort fluorine chain pentafluoropropyl through the fluorinated oxetane opening ringpolymeriztion. The chemical structure of PFOX was characterized by FTIR,~1H NMR,~(19)FNMR, MS and GPC. The results showed the targeted product was compliance with therequirements, Number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight ofPFOX were2419and2709respectively, and the molecular weight distribution d was1.12.
The cationic water-borne no silicone polyurethane (Polymer1) which contained shortfluorine chain was synthesized with the aliphatic isocyanate (IPDI), PFOX,N-methyliminodiethanol and1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene etc. as taw materials. Thecationic water-borne silicone-containing polyurethane (Polymer2) which contained shortfluorine chain was synthesized with the aliphatic isocyanate (IPDI),PFOX,N-methyliminodiethanol,1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene and3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent etc. as raw materials. The evaluation results from water and oil repellentproperty, the antibacterial property and washing durabillity of the treated fabric with polymer1and polymer2showed the comprehensive performance of polymer2was better than that ofpolymer1, the main reason is the polymer2containing the reactive groups-Si(OCH3)3cancrosslink with hydroxyl of cotton fiber under certain conditions and then improved thecombination fastness of polymer2and cotton fiber.
The optimal conditons of the finishing process for polymer2were determined by testingthe changes of physical property, the mechanical property and antibacterial property of thetreated fabric with polymer2: the fabric was padded through two dips and two nips, thedosage of polymer2was40-50g/l, The fabric was dried at80℃and cured at170℃for3min.The water and oil repellency ratings of the cotton fabrics finished with polymer2were100and3, respectively, the contact angle of water on the treated fabric was155o, the reductionrates of Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC6538) and Escherichia coli.(AATCC8099) for treatedfabric were99%and96%respectively.The wrinkle recovery angle can reach230o, Thetreated fabric still had good effect on water and oil repellent, anti-bacterial after30launderings,it showed good washing durailbity.
设计并成功合成了具有拒水拒油功能的全氟丙烯酸酯单体、具有抗菌功能的含季铵盐的短链丙烯酸酯单体（d1）和含季铵盐的长链丙烯酸酯单体（d2）、可以与棉纤维进行交联反应的双羟乙基砜丙烯酸酯单体和能改善拒水拒油性能和低成本的十八烷基丙烯酸酯单体，采用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振H谱(~1H NMR)、核磁共振F谱(~(19)F NMR)、质谱、元素分析等对中间产物和单体结构进行了表征，证实功能性单体的设计和合成方法是可行的。
将拒水拒油单体、抗菌性单体（d1、d2）、交联单体及其他辅助性单体通过乳液聚合得到了功能性乳液。探讨了乳化剂、引发剂、单体配比、反应温度和时间对聚合过程的影响，实验结果表明：m（含氟单体）：m（辅助单体）：m（交联单体）：m（抗菌单体）=55:10:10:25；乳化剂以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、TO-10、含氟表面活性剂进行复配，其比值为1:1:0.5，乳化剂占单体量的5%；以过氧化氢异丙苯/硫酸亚铁（摩尔比1:1）为引发剂，其用量为单体质量的0.6%；反应温度为40℃；反应时间为4h；得到的聚合物乳液[PFAC1（含d1）和PFAC2（含d2）]，其外观呈蓝色荧光状，单体转化率大于94%。对比实验表明，PFAC1的抑菌率和拒水拒油性能都比PFAC2要差。
对PFAC2进行了FTIR、~(19)F NMR、粒径、GPC、DSC表征，研究结果表明，PFAC2是含有交联单体、丙烯酸酯季铵盐、含氟丙烯酸酯和丙烯酸十八烷酯的共聚物；PFAC2乳液的平均粒径为54.97nm且分布窄；PFAC2的数均分子量Mn=12173.0、重均分子量Mw=13390.3、分子量分布系数d=1.10；PFAC2出现了2个玻璃化温度，其中T_(g1)=65.1℃，T_(g1)=131.7℃，表明PFAC2是以两相存在的。
通过测试PFAC2整理后织物的物理性能、力学性能和抑菌性能的变化，确定了PFAC2整理工艺和最佳条件：二浸二轧，PFAC2的浓度为40g/l，烘干温度100℃，烘干时间3min，焙烘温度170℃，焙烘时间3min。对PFAC2整理织物的拒水拒油级别分别为100分和6级，30次水洗后拒水拒油级别为80分和4级，对咖啡、葡萄酒、人造血、墨水、色拉油、酱油等均显示出排斥性。整理织物的易去污等级为4-5级，对Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC6538)和Escherichia coli.(AATCC8099)的抑制率分别为97.4%和90.5%，洗水10次后，抑菌率仍能达到94.7%和83.7%。PFAC2与能与抗皱整理剂2D树脂同浴使用，与PFAC2比较，提高了整理织物的抗皱性和耐洗性能；由于2D树脂焙烘时分解产生了微量的甲醛，提高了初期的抑菌效果。PFAC2与阳离子软片、氨基硅油、反应性硅油柔软剂同浴使用时，对整理后织物性能的影响与其种类和结构有关。
通过氟化的环氧丁烷单体开环聚合反应，设计合成了一种新的含五氟丙基短氟碳链的低聚合度聚醚二醇（PFOX）。采用FTIR、~1H NMR、~(19)F NMR、质谱和凝胶渗透色谱对PFOX的化学结构进行了表征，结果表明，目标产物符合设计要求，其分子量Mn=2419，Mw=2709；分子量分布d=1.12。
以脂肪族异氰酸酯（IPDI）、PFOX、N-甲基二乙醇胺、1，4-对二氯苄等为原料合成了无硅短氟链阳离子水性聚氨酯（Polymer1）。以IPDI、PFOX、N-甲基二乙醇胺、1，4-对二氯苄、胺基三甲氧基硅烷偶联剂等为原料合成了含硅和短氟链阳离子水性聚氨酯（Polymer2）。对整理后织物的拒水拒油、抗菌和耐洗性能的评估结果表明，Polymer2的综合性能要好于Polymer1，主要原因是Polymer2所含的-Si(OCH3)3反应性基团，在一定的条件下能与棉纤维上的羟基发生交联反应，从而提高其在棉织物上的结合牢度。
通过测试Polymer2整理后织物的物理性能、力学性能和抑菌性能的变化，确定了Polymer2整理工艺的最佳条件：二浸二轧，Polymer2的用量40－50g/l，烘干温度为80℃，焙烘温度为170℃,焙烘时间3min。整理织物的拒水拒油效果为100分和3级，对水的接触角为155o，对Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC6538)和Escherichia coli.(ATCC8099)的抑制率分别为99%和96%，折痕回复角能达到230o；30次水洗后，整理织物仍具有很好的拒水和抗菌效果，显示出了较好的耐久性。
As people‘s living standard continues to rise, the wear comfortable, sanitation and healthconsciousness for people has become increasing important.People required the textile not onlyhad good air permeability but also had multifunction such as water and oil repellent,antifouling and antibacterial properties.So the development of the multifunctional finishingagent in the textile field was very necessary. The novel multifunctonal finishing agents weredeveloped in this paper, at the same time how to reduce pollution of the finishing agent to theenvironment or adverse effects also need to be considered. We designed and prepared severalmultifunctional finishing agents began from the synthesis of functional monomers, one ofthem contained the short fluorine chain. This paper researched and analyzed deeply andsystematically their performance and provided the theoretical support for the design andresearch of the low-toxic high performance multifunctional finishing agents.
We designed and synthesized sucessfully some functional acrylate monomers includingwater and oil repellent functional monomer containing the perfluoriated acrylate, theantibacterial functional monomer acrylate d1containing short chain quaternary ammoniumsalt, the antibacterial functional monomer acrylate d2containing long chain quaternaryammonium salt, the bishydroxyethyl sulfoue-containing acrylate monomer which could becrosslinked with cotton, the octadecyl acrylate monomer which can improve water and oilrepellent property and decrease cost.The intermediate products and monomer structure werecharacterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance H spectrum (1HNMR), nuclear magnetic resonance F spectrum (~(19)F NMR), mass spectrometry, elementalanalysis and confirmed the design and synthesis method of these functional monomer wasfeasible.
Water and oil repellent monomer, antibacterial monomer (d1, d2), the crosslinkingmonomer and the auxiliary monomer were polymerized to get a functional emulsion byemulsion polymeriztion. The effects of the polymerization process are discussed fromemulsifier, initiator, monomer ratio, reaction temperature and time. The experimental resultsshow that: The appearance of the achieved emulsion polymer [PFAC1(including d1) andPFAC2(including d2)] had blue fluorescence and the monomer conversion rate was morethan94%when the mass ratios of m (fluoride monomer): m (auxiliary monomer): m(crosslinking monomer): m (antibacterial monomer) were55:10:10:25;Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, TO-10and the fluorine-containing surface ativeagent were mixed as emulsifier, the ratio of them was1:1:0.5, mass fractions of emulifier were5.0%of the total monomer; cumene hydroperoxide and ferrous sulfate were mixed asinitiator (The mole ratio was1:1), the dosage of initiatore was0.6%of the totalmonomer,there were polymerization at40℃for4h. The comparative experiments show thatthe bacteriostatic rate and water and oil repellent property is worse than that of PFAC2.
PFAC2was characterized by FTIR,~(19)F NMR, particle size, GPC and DSC, the researchresults showed PFAC2contained the crosslinking monomer, the quaternary ammonium salt-containing acrylate, the fluorine acrylate and octadecyl acrylate. The average particle size ofemulsion PFAC2was54.97and the molecular distribution is narrow; Number-averagemolecular weight and weight-average molecular weight of PFAC2were12173.0and13390.3respectively, the molecular weight distribution factor was1.10, there were two glasstransition temperature includingT_(g1)=65.1℃and Tg3=131.7℃, it showed PFAC2is twophase existed.
The optimal conditons of the finishing process for PFAC2were determined by testingthe changes of physical property, the mechanical property and antibacterial property of thetreated fabric with PFAC2: the fabric was padded through two dips and two nips, theconcentration of PFAC2was40g/l, The fabric was dried at100℃for3min and cured at170℃for3min. The water and oil repellency ratings of the cotton fabrics finished with PFAC2were100and6, respectively, The water and oil repellency rating of the fabric treated withPFAC2after30launderings was80and4, respectively, The treated cotton fabrics alsoshowed excellent repellency to the liquid such as coffee, ink, wine,synthetic blood, salad oil,sauce etc. The soil release rate of the treated fabric was4-5. The finished cotton fabricshowed a97.4%reduction in the number of Staphylococcus aureus(AATCC8099) and a90.5%reduction in the number of Escherichia coli.(AATCC6358), the treated fabric was washed for10laundering cycles, and the reduction rates of Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC6538) andEscherichia coli.(ATCC8099) were98%and94.2%respectively. PFAC2can be applied withanti-wrinkle finishing agent2D resin in single bath, The anti-wrinkle property and washingdurability of the treated fabric with PFAC2and2D resin in single bath were improvedcompared with that of the treated fabric with PFAC2, The trace of formaldehyde producedbecause2D resin was decomposed when cured, it improved the early bacteriostatic effect oftreated fabric. The performance of the treated fabric was determined by type and structure ofthe softening agents when PFAC2was applied with cationic soft flake, amino silicone oil andthe reactvie silicone oil softe agent in single bath.
A novel polyether glycol PFOX with low degree of polymeriztion which contained theshort fluorine chain pentafluoropropyl through the fluorinated oxetane opening ringpolymeriztion. The chemical structure of PFOX was characterized by FTIR,~1H NMR,~(19)FNMR, MS and GPC. The results showed the targeted product was compliance with therequirements, Number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight ofPFOX were2419and2709respectively, and the molecular weight distribution d was1.12.
The cationic water-borne no silicone polyurethane (Polymer1) which contained shortfluorine chain was synthesized with the aliphatic isocyanate (IPDI), PFOX,N-methyliminodiethanol and1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene etc. as taw materials. Thecationic water-borne silicone-containing polyurethane (Polymer2) which contained shortfluorine chain was synthesized with the aliphatic isocyanate (IPDI),PFOX,N-methyliminodiethanol,1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene and3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent etc. as raw materials. The evaluation results from water and oil repellentproperty, the antibacterial property and washing durabillity of the treated fabric with polymer1and polymer2showed the comprehensive performance of polymer2was better than that ofpolymer1, the main reason is the polymer2containing the reactive groups-Si(OCH3)3cancrosslink with hydroxyl of cotton fiber under certain conditions and then improved thecombination fastness of polymer2and cotton fiber.
The optimal conditons of the finishing process for polymer2were determined by testingthe changes of physical property, the mechanical property and antibacterial property of thetreated fabric with polymer2: the fabric was padded through two dips and two nips, thedosage of polymer2was40-50g/l, The fabric was dried at80℃and cured at170℃for3min.The water and oil repellency ratings of the cotton fabrics finished with polymer2were100and3, respectively, the contact angle of water on the treated fabric was155o, the reductionrates of Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC6538) and Escherichia coli.(AATCC8099) for treatedfabric were99%and96%respectively.The wrinkle recovery angle can reach230o, Thetreated fabric still had good effect on water and oil repellent, anti-bacterial after30launderings,it showed good washing durailbity.
引文
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