自动谈判的协议及策略问题研究
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摘要
谈判是商务活动中的一个关键环节,其结果直接影响企业的交易成本和采购效率。随着计算机和网络技术的不断发展,网络上的商务行为越来越普遍。传统的人与人谈判的方式已经不能满足实际应用的需要,而Agent可以代替人进行自主的网上谈判,并且能够取得更满意的谈判效果。这样,人与人的谈判就演化成为多个Agent软件实体之间的谈判。在现实生活中,多属性的1-多谈判经常发生。为了适应电子商务的快速发展,必然要求对电子谈判过程,尤其是1-多谈判过程实现自动化处理。本文研究了1-多自动谈判的协议及策略,主要研究内容及成果如下:
第一,研究了一个买方Agent和多个卖方Agent的谈判框架问题。首先对本文研究的1-多自动谈判的概念和所要研究的关键技术进行了界定。在此基础上,构建了一个买方Agent和多个卖方Agent的谈判框架,并进一步对买方Agent和卖方Agent的体系结构以及它们之间的通信方式进行了阐述。
第二,研究了利用OWL描述交互谈判协议本体的问题。考虑到共享与重用以及谈判过程的动态性,提出了一种谈判协议过程本体(NPPO),并利用其对1-多自动谈判所遵守的合同网交互协议进行了描述,得到合同网交互协议本体。由于描述逻辑SHOIN~+(D)与OWL DL之间存在对应关系,利用它对合同网交互协议本体进行描述,并使用本体编辑器得到了相应的OWL类文件。
第三,研究了时间约束条件下的1-多多属性谈判策略问题。根据不同谈判属性的出价规律,将其分为两种谈判区间,并通过引入谈判决策函数,分析了时间约束与谈判属性出价之间的关系,建立了基于时间约束的1-1多属性谈判策略。在上述分析的基础上,考虑1-多谈判中卖方之间在不同谈判区间的报价博弈,分别给出了买方和卖方的基于时间约束的多属性谈判策略。
第四,研究了谈判主体之间相互学习的1-多多属性谈判策略问题。在既定谈判协议和谈判策略的基础上,通过对对方出价的学习修改其对对方的谈判可接受区间的信念的估计,根据主体的谈判属性在相应谈判区间各出价阶段的平均期望Q值和谈判双方的出价序列,给出了具有学习能力的多属性谈判策略。
第五,应用实例研究。在1-多自动谈判协议及策略研究的基础上,结合某国防重点实验室的采购,给出了一个应用实例,验证了本文所提出的理论方法的可行性和有效性。
Negotiation is the key tache in commerce activities,and its result directly affects the transaction cost and purchase efficiency.With the development of computer and network technology,commerce action on the Internet becomes more and more pervasive,and traditional negotiation of face-to-face style has already been not able to meet the practical need of applications.Agents can negotiate on the Internet autonomously on behalf of humans and obtain more satisfying negotiation effect.So, the negotiation style of face-to-face are growingly evolved in the negotiation between software agents.In real life,the one-to-many negotiation with multi-attribute happens frequently,and the rapid development of E-Commerce therefore will necessarily call for the automation of the electronic negotiation process,especially the process of the one-to-many negotiation.The main contents and fruits of this thesis are outlined as follows:
Firstly,the negotiation framework of one buyer agent and many seller agents is studied.The concept of the one-to-many automated negotiation and related key technology is outlined first,and then a negotiation framework of one buyer agent and many seller agents is defined,furthermore the architecture of buyer agent and seller agent as well as the communication form between them are proposed.
Secondly,the problem of the description of the interaction negotiation protocol ontology using OWL is studied.Considering the characteristics of share and reuse and the dynamic of the negotiation process,a Negotiation Protocol Process Ontology (NPPO) is proposed,NPPO is used to describe the contract net interaction protocol with which the one-to-many automated negotiation conformed,and therefore the contract net interaction protocol ontology is gained.Due to the corresponding relationship between SHOIN~+(D) and OWL DL,SHOIN~+(D) is used to describe the contract net interaction protocol ontology and the related OWL class file is gained by using the ontology editor.
Thirdly,the one-to-many negotiation strategy with multi-attributes under time constrains is studied.According to the offer law of different negotiation attributes,the negotiation intervals are divided into two kinds.Through the introduced negotiation decision function,the relationship between time constrains and the offer of negotiation attributes is analyzed.As a result,the one-to-one negotiation strategy with multi-attributes under time constrains is established.Based on the analysis,considering the offer game of different negotiation intervals of the sellers in the one-to-many negotiation,the negotiation strategy with multi-attributes under time constrains of buyer and seller is presented respectively.
Fourthly,the one-to-many negotiation strategy with multi-attributes considering the alternation learning among agents is studied.On the basis of the established negotiation protocol and the negotiation strategy,through learning form the offer of the opponent,the agent modifies the belief estimate of its acceptable intervals.Then, according to the average expectation of Q at each offer phase of negotiation attributes of the agent and the offer sequences of both negotiators,the multi-attributes negotiation strategy with learning abilities is given.
Fifthly,an applicable instance is studied.Based on the above research on the one-to-many automated negotiation protocol and negotiation strategy,under the background of the acquisition of a certain defense key lab,an applicable instance is given,upon which validates the feasibility and validity of theory and methodology of this thesis is validated.
第一,研究了一个买方Agent和多个卖方Agent的谈判框架问题。首先对本文研究的1-多自动谈判的概念和所要研究的关键技术进行了界定。在此基础上,构建了一个买方Agent和多个卖方Agent的谈判框架,并进一步对买方Agent和卖方Agent的体系结构以及它们之间的通信方式进行了阐述。
第二,研究了利用OWL描述交互谈判协议本体的问题。考虑到共享与重用以及谈判过程的动态性,提出了一种谈判协议过程本体(NPPO),并利用其对1-多自动谈判所遵守的合同网交互协议进行了描述,得到合同网交互协议本体。由于描述逻辑SHOIN~+(D)与OWL DL之间存在对应关系,利用它对合同网交互协议本体进行描述,并使用本体编辑器得到了相应的OWL类文件。
第三,研究了时间约束条件下的1-多多属性谈判策略问题。根据不同谈判属性的出价规律,将其分为两种谈判区间,并通过引入谈判决策函数,分析了时间约束与谈判属性出价之间的关系,建立了基于时间约束的1-1多属性谈判策略。在上述分析的基础上,考虑1-多谈判中卖方之间在不同谈判区间的报价博弈,分别给出了买方和卖方的基于时间约束的多属性谈判策略。
第四,研究了谈判主体之间相互学习的1-多多属性谈判策略问题。在既定谈判协议和谈判策略的基础上,通过对对方出价的学习修改其对对方的谈判可接受区间的信念的估计,根据主体的谈判属性在相应谈判区间各出价阶段的平均期望Q值和谈判双方的出价序列,给出了具有学习能力的多属性谈判策略。
第五,应用实例研究。在1-多自动谈判协议及策略研究的基础上,结合某国防重点实验室的采购,给出了一个应用实例,验证了本文所提出的理论方法的可行性和有效性。
Negotiation is the key tache in commerce activities,and its result directly affects the transaction cost and purchase efficiency.With the development of computer and network technology,commerce action on the Internet becomes more and more pervasive,and traditional negotiation of face-to-face style has already been not able to meet the practical need of applications.Agents can negotiate on the Internet autonomously on behalf of humans and obtain more satisfying negotiation effect.So, the negotiation style of face-to-face are growingly evolved in the negotiation between software agents.In real life,the one-to-many negotiation with multi-attribute happens frequently,and the rapid development of E-Commerce therefore will necessarily call for the automation of the electronic negotiation process,especially the process of the one-to-many negotiation.The main contents and fruits of this thesis are outlined as follows:
Firstly,the negotiation framework of one buyer agent and many seller agents is studied.The concept of the one-to-many automated negotiation and related key technology is outlined first,and then a negotiation framework of one buyer agent and many seller agents is defined,furthermore the architecture of buyer agent and seller agent as well as the communication form between them are proposed.
Secondly,the problem of the description of the interaction negotiation protocol ontology using OWL is studied.Considering the characteristics of share and reuse and the dynamic of the negotiation process,a Negotiation Protocol Process Ontology (NPPO) is proposed,NPPO is used to describe the contract net interaction protocol with which the one-to-many automated negotiation conformed,and therefore the contract net interaction protocol ontology is gained.Due to the corresponding relationship between SHOIN~+(D) and OWL DL,SHOIN~+(D) is used to describe the contract net interaction protocol ontology and the related OWL class file is gained by using the ontology editor.
Thirdly,the one-to-many negotiation strategy with multi-attributes under time constrains is studied.According to the offer law of different negotiation attributes,the negotiation intervals are divided into two kinds.Through the introduced negotiation decision function,the relationship between time constrains and the offer of negotiation attributes is analyzed.As a result,the one-to-one negotiation strategy with multi-attributes under time constrains is established.Based on the analysis,considering the offer game of different negotiation intervals of the sellers in the one-to-many negotiation,the negotiation strategy with multi-attributes under time constrains of buyer and seller is presented respectively.
Fourthly,the one-to-many negotiation strategy with multi-attributes considering the alternation learning among agents is studied.On the basis of the established negotiation protocol and the negotiation strategy,through learning form the offer of the opponent,the agent modifies the belief estimate of its acceptable intervals.Then, according to the average expectation of Q at each offer phase of negotiation attributes of the agent and the offer sequences of both negotiators,the multi-attributes negotiation strategy with learning abilities is given.
Fifthly,an applicable instance is studied.Based on the above research on the one-to-many automated negotiation protocol and negotiation strategy,under the background of the acquisition of a certain defense key lab,an applicable instance is given,upon which validates the feasibility and validity of theory and methodology of this thesis is validated.
引文
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