城市轨道交通车站乘客通行服务水平的仿真评价研究
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摘要
城市轨道交通车站的乘客通行服务水平是其设计、更新改造和运营管理的理论依据和辅助决策支持,而服务水平与地域、时代、行人自身等因素有很大关联。本文以北京市轨道交通车站为研究对象,从乘客运动特性出发,结合乘客的感知判断,提出轨道交通车站内通行设施和排队通道的通行服务水平等级划分依据,研究引导标识的设置方式对乘客通行的影响,通过客流仿真的方式对车站的通行服务水平进行评价分析。
论文的主要研究内容如下：
1.选取北京市轨道交通典型的车站,进行大量实地观测和录像拍摄,系统分析了轨道交通车站乘客的基本属性,包括乘客年龄、性别、结伴比例以及对楼梯和自动扶梯的选择情况。开发了半自动行人交通数据视频分析系统,使用坐标转化算法,建立了乘客交通流“速度-密度-流量”关系模型,揭示客流运动的基本规律。为后续的轨道交通车站通行服务水平评估和车站客流仿真提供基础数据支持。
2.以乘客交通流特性为基础,以行人拥挤感受阈值为划分标准,结合SP调查结论,针对轨道交通车站内的通行设施(通道、楼梯、站台),制定了兼顾交通流特性和乘客主体的通行设施服务水平等级划分方法。
3.观测和分析轨道交通车站排队通道(售票通道、安检通道、检票通道)的通行能力和乘客通过排队通道的时间,以通过时间为服务水平等级划分标准,提出排队通道的服务水平等级划分方法。
4.针对引导标识设置方式对乘客通行能力的影响提出了四个问题：添加地标引导是否可加快乘客行走的速度、增加同一标识的布置间距值能否加快乘客的速度、设置定位标识是否有利于乘客快速找到目的地、使用“白进黄出”的进出站引导方式能否加快乘客进出站的速度。采用虚拟现实的实验方法,选取不同组别的实验人员在不同的场景下进行实验,得出这四种引导标识设置方式对乘客通行能力的量化影响。
5.以复兴门车站为例,进行车站客流仿真,分析了目前高峰时段车站的服务水平、换乘客流增加后站台上的服务水平、改进引导标识设置方式后车站的服务水平。仿真展示了大客流情况下轨道交通车站内瓶颈传播的过程,成功地再现了车站内部客流的运动特征和车站的空间利用情况,解决了实际中车站客流的运营管理问题。
Passenger access levels of service (LOS) in MTR station provide the theoretical basis and decision support for the station designing, renovating and the operation management. But LOS has great relevance with the region, era, passengers themselves and other factors. Taking Beijing MTR stations as the research object; we start with from the passenger motion characteristic; combining with the perception of passenger; principle of LOS of the traffic facilities and the queuing passages are proposed and the influence of passenger traffic by the passenger-oriented information is analyzed in this paper. Then the LOS of MTR stations is evaluated by simulation.
The main contents are as follows:
1. A large number of spot observing and video recording were taken in some typical stations of Beijing MTR, according to which, the basic properties of passengers, including passenger age, sex, party structure percent, and the choice between the stair and escalator were analyzed systematically. A semi-pedestrian traffic data video analysis system was developed. And the "speed-density-flow" model was built using the coordinate transformation algorithm to reveal the basic law of passenger movement. The results can provide the basic data support for simulating and evaluating the LOS of MTR station.
2. Based on the passenger traffic flow characteristics and using the passenger crowd perception threshold as the LOS classifying criteria, we proposed the LOS classification method considering both traffic flow and passenger perception for the passenger traffic facilities in MTR station (include passages, stair and platform) combining with SP survey result.
3. LOS classification method of queuing passages was put forward when taking queuing time as the LOS classifying criteria after the observation and analysis of the access capacity and the passenger queuing time of the queuing passages (including ticket sell passage, security passage, and ticket check passage).
4. Focusing on the influence of passenger traffic by the passenger-oriented information, four problems were put forward:whether the walking speed of passengers can be increased by adding the number of landmarks; what is the best space between the same passenger-oriented information; whether a logo can help passengers find the destination quickly; and whether the "white in and yellow out" can increase the speed of entering and exiting of passengers. Virtual reality experiments were made by different groups of experimenters in different scenarios to analyze the influence of the passenger capacity by the passenger-oriented information quantificationally.
5. Taking Fuxingmen station as the example, the passenger flow in which was simulated and the LOS in current peak time, the LOS of the platform after increasing the transfer flow and the LOS after improving the passenger-oriented information was analyzed. The simulation displayed the process of flow bottleneck spreading in the case of large passenger, reproduced the passenger motion characteristics and the space utilization of the station successfully and solved the practical operation management of passenger flow in the station.
论文的主要研究内容如下：
1.选取北京市轨道交通典型的车站,进行大量实地观测和录像拍摄,系统分析了轨道交通车站乘客的基本属性,包括乘客年龄、性别、结伴比例以及对楼梯和自动扶梯的选择情况。开发了半自动行人交通数据视频分析系统,使用坐标转化算法,建立了乘客交通流“速度-密度-流量”关系模型,揭示客流运动的基本规律。为后续的轨道交通车站通行服务水平评估和车站客流仿真提供基础数据支持。
2.以乘客交通流特性为基础,以行人拥挤感受阈值为划分标准,结合SP调查结论,针对轨道交通车站内的通行设施(通道、楼梯、站台),制定了兼顾交通流特性和乘客主体的通行设施服务水平等级划分方法。
3.观测和分析轨道交通车站排队通道(售票通道、安检通道、检票通道)的通行能力和乘客通过排队通道的时间,以通过时间为服务水平等级划分标准,提出排队通道的服务水平等级划分方法。
4.针对引导标识设置方式对乘客通行能力的影响提出了四个问题：添加地标引导是否可加快乘客行走的速度、增加同一标识的布置间距值能否加快乘客的速度、设置定位标识是否有利于乘客快速找到目的地、使用“白进黄出”的进出站引导方式能否加快乘客进出站的速度。采用虚拟现实的实验方法,选取不同组别的实验人员在不同的场景下进行实验,得出这四种引导标识设置方式对乘客通行能力的量化影响。
5.以复兴门车站为例,进行车站客流仿真,分析了目前高峰时段车站的服务水平、换乘客流增加后站台上的服务水平、改进引导标识设置方式后车站的服务水平。仿真展示了大客流情况下轨道交通车站内瓶颈传播的过程,成功地再现了车站内部客流的运动特征和车站的空间利用情况,解决了实际中车站客流的运营管理问题。
Passenger access levels of service (LOS) in MTR station provide the theoretical basis and decision support for the station designing, renovating and the operation management. But LOS has great relevance with the region, era, passengers themselves and other factors. Taking Beijing MTR stations as the research object; we start with from the passenger motion characteristic; combining with the perception of passenger; principle of LOS of the traffic facilities and the queuing passages are proposed and the influence of passenger traffic by the passenger-oriented information is analyzed in this paper. Then the LOS of MTR stations is evaluated by simulation.
The main contents are as follows:
1. A large number of spot observing and video recording were taken in some typical stations of Beijing MTR, according to which, the basic properties of passengers, including passenger age, sex, party structure percent, and the choice between the stair and escalator were analyzed systematically. A semi-pedestrian traffic data video analysis system was developed. And the "speed-density-flow" model was built using the coordinate transformation algorithm to reveal the basic law of passenger movement. The results can provide the basic data support for simulating and evaluating the LOS of MTR station.
2. Based on the passenger traffic flow characteristics and using the passenger crowd perception threshold as the LOS classifying criteria, we proposed the LOS classification method considering both traffic flow and passenger perception for the passenger traffic facilities in MTR station (include passages, stair and platform) combining with SP survey result.
3. LOS classification method of queuing passages was put forward when taking queuing time as the LOS classifying criteria after the observation and analysis of the access capacity and the passenger queuing time of the queuing passages (including ticket sell passage, security passage, and ticket check passage).
4. Focusing on the influence of passenger traffic by the passenger-oriented information, four problems were put forward:whether the walking speed of passengers can be increased by adding the number of landmarks; what is the best space between the same passenger-oriented information; whether a logo can help passengers find the destination quickly; and whether the "white in and yellow out" can increase the speed of entering and exiting of passengers. Virtual reality experiments were made by different groups of experimenters in different scenarios to analyze the influence of the passenger capacity by the passenger-oriented information quantificationally.
5. Taking Fuxingmen station as the example, the passenger flow in which was simulated and the LOS in current peak time, the LOS of the platform after increasing the transfer flow and the LOS after improving the passenger-oriented information was analyzed. The simulation displayed the process of flow bottleneck spreading in the case of large passenger, reproduced the passenger motion characteristics and the space utilization of the station successfully and solved the practical operation management of passenger flow in the station.
引文
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[2]唐寿成.地铁车站客流组织工作探讨[J].铁道运输与经济,2007,29(9)：48-50
[3]GB50157-2003.地铁设计规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2003.
[4]中国公路学会交通工程手册编委会.交通工程手册[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1998.
[5]J.J. Fruin. Designing for Pedestrians:A Level of Service Concept [J]. Highway research Record, 1971,355:1-15.
[6]Seneviratne, P.N., and Morrall, J.F. Level of service on pedestrian facilities [J]. Transp.Q.1985, 39(1):109-123.
[7]Sarker.S. Determination of service levels for pedestrians, with European examples [J]. Transportation Research Record 1405, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.,1993: 35-42.
[8]Mori, M., and Tsukaguchi, H. A new method for evaluation of level of service in pedestrian facilities [J]. Transportation Research Part A,1987,21(3):223-234.
[9]National Research Council (NRC). Highway Capacity Manual 2000[M]. Washington, D.C,2000.
[10]J.J. Fruin. Pedestrian Planning and Design [M].2nd ed. Alabama:Elevator World Inc,1987.
[11]Zupan.H.Jeffery, Pushkarer.Boris. Capacity of Walkway [J]. Transportation Research Board, 1975,538:1-15.
[12]Tananboriboon.Y, Guyano.J.A. Level-of-service Standards for Pedestrian Facilities in Bangkok: A case study [J]. ITE Journal,1989,59(11):39-41.
[13]Khisty, C, J. Evaluation of pedestrian facilities:Beyond the level-of-service concept [J]. Transportation Research Record 1438,1994:45-50.
[14]Gerilla, G. P., et al. Proposed level of service standards for courses in metro Manila [J]. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies,1995,1(3):1041-1060.
[15]Henson, C. Levels of service for pedestrians [J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering,2000, 70(9):26-30.
[16]Steer Davies Gleave. Rail Passenger Quality of Service Valuations[R]. Shadow Strategic Rail Authority,2000.08.
[17]Bruce W. Landis, Venkat R. Vattikuti, Russell M. Ottenberg, etc. Modeling the Roadside Walking Environment:A Pedestrian Level of Service [J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2001,1773:82-88.
[18]Station Planning Standards and Guidelines-Good Practice Guide. Number:G-371A (formerly 5-03001-024). Issue date:May 2006.
[19]Transportation Research Board. Special Report 215:Measuring airport landside capacity[R]. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC,1987.
[20]Airports Council International. Quality of service at airports:standards & measurements[R]. ACI World Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland,2000.
[21]Transport Canada. A discussion paper on level of service definition and methodology for calculating airport capacity[R]. Report TP 2027,1979.
[22]Anderson R C, Wirasinghe S C, Alexandre G B. Overall level of service measures for airport passenger terminals [J]. Transportation Research Part A,2008,42:330-346.
[23]黎韦利.人行道服务水准评估之研究[D].台北：国立交通大学交通运输研究所,1999.
[24]Jodie Y. S. Lee, William H. K. Lam. Levels of Service for Stairway in Hong Kong Underground Stations [J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering,2003,129(2):196-202.
[25]李得伟.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客集散模型及微观仿真理论[D].北京：北京交通大学,2006.
[26]谭丹丹,王炜,陆建,边扬.人行道行人服务水平评价方法研究[J].交通运输系统与工程,2007,7(5)：74-82.
[27]史建港.大型活动行人交通特性研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2007.
[28]吴娇蓉,叶建红,陈小鸿.大型活动场馆参观人流服务水平分级研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(6)：850-856.
[29]曹守华.城市轨道交通乘客交通特性分析及建模[D].北京：北京交通大学,2009.
[30]A Polus, JL Schofer. Pedestrian flow and level of service [J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering,1983,109(1):46-56.
[31]Linda B, Dixon. Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-service Performance Measures and Standards for Congestion Management Systems [J]. Transportation Research Record 1538, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC,1996:1-9.
[32]向兵,孙有望.城市轨道交通乘客服务水平评价方法研究[J].城市轨道交通研究,2008,9：15-18.
[33]梁科.人行道服务水平的模糊评价模式研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2006.
[34]张琦.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客与环境交互理论[D].北京：北京交通大学,2008.
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