基于H.264标准的井下数字视频技术研究
摘要
井下电视成像系统是一种专门用于获取井下直观图像资料的测井技术,近年来凭借其直观性、准确性和及时性已经成为重要的井下测井技术。目前国外对该技术的研究已经得到广泛应用,并取得巨大经济效益。而国内对该技术的研究还处于起步阶段。本文基于H.264视频压缩编码标准的核心技术特征,对井下数字视频技术进行了着重研究,主要研究内容及成果如下:
一、对井下数字视频压缩编码技术的研究
1、提出基于空间域和变换域特征的帧内编码选择算法。该算法同时考虑到空间域和变换域两种特征,利用这两种特征构成预测模式选择窗口,与简化的DCT计算方法配合。经试验证明,该算法对图像质量基本无影响,而运算复杂度大大减小,编码效率较标准方案提高10倍。
2、提出基于小菱形搜索的快速运动估计算法。该算法以运动矢量预测寻找搜索起始点,以多层多尺度小菱形模板进行矢量搜索,再利用握手搜索进行校正,有效预防搜索进入局部最优。实验证明该算法在基本不影响图像质量情况下,编码效率比全搜索算法提高约40倍,比UMHexagonS算法提高4倍。
二、对井下数字视频传输技术的研究
提出Turbo码与分层正交幅度调制技术相结合的数字视频传输方案。该方案对视频编码进行Turbo编码后,利用优先级差别分层进行正交幅度调制。实验证明该算法及提高视频图像质量又提高传输速率,可以有效保证井下电视成像系统的准确性与及时性。
Down Hole Video is a logging instrument used to obtain downhole image in oil field,and becomes an important logging technology.It developed on aboard have made successful application,and gained great commercial benefits.While it is just beginning research in downhole video logging instrument field in our country.The major purpose of this dissertation is to study digital video technology of downhole based on H.264. The major content and outcome is listed as follows.
1.Study of the downhole digital video compressed coding
a)A fast H.264 Intra-prediction mode selection scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed method uses spatial and transform domain features of the target lock jointly to filter out the majority of candidate modes.This is justified by examining the posterior error probability.For the final mode selection,only 2-3 candidate modes need cumulated.It is demonstrated by experimental results that the encoding rate of the proposed scheme is 10 times than referred in H.264
b)This paper introduces a multi-stage motion estimation algorithm.The algorithm ensures getting good video quality while decreases the motion search time efficiently.It divides the search regions into many un-overlapped small-diamond regions and forces the motion search to go outward for larger motion vectors.This method is also designed to avoid mistaking local optimal motion vectors.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a speed-up factor which is about 40 times faster than FS,and is about 4 times faster than UMHexagonS.
2.Study of the downhole digital video transmission
This paper introduces an efficient combination of turbo coding and hierarchical quadrature amplitude modulation(HQAM)to provide a high protection for the HP layer and at the same time maintaining the requisite channel coding redundancy.Simulation results show that,over a wide range of channel signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),the combined technique is superior to non-scalable transmission and outperforms UEP with turbo coding alone.
一、对井下数字视频压缩编码技术的研究
1、提出基于空间域和变换域特征的帧内编码选择算法。该算法同时考虑到空间域和变换域两种特征,利用这两种特征构成预测模式选择窗口,与简化的DCT计算方法配合。经试验证明,该算法对图像质量基本无影响,而运算复杂度大大减小,编码效率较标准方案提高10倍。
2、提出基于小菱形搜索的快速运动估计算法。该算法以运动矢量预测寻找搜索起始点,以多层多尺度小菱形模板进行矢量搜索,再利用握手搜索进行校正,有效预防搜索进入局部最优。实验证明该算法在基本不影响图像质量情况下,编码效率比全搜索算法提高约40倍,比UMHexagonS算法提高4倍。
二、对井下数字视频传输技术的研究
提出Turbo码与分层正交幅度调制技术相结合的数字视频传输方案。该方案对视频编码进行Turbo编码后,利用优先级差别分层进行正交幅度调制。实验证明该算法及提高视频图像质量又提高传输速率,可以有效保证井下电视成像系统的准确性与及时性。
Down Hole Video is a logging instrument used to obtain downhole image in oil field,and becomes an important logging technology.It developed on aboard have made successful application,and gained great commercial benefits.While it is just beginning research in downhole video logging instrument field in our country.The major purpose of this dissertation is to study digital video technology of downhole based on H.264. The major content and outcome is listed as follows.
1.Study of the downhole digital video compressed coding
a)A fast H.264 Intra-prediction mode selection scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed method uses spatial and transform domain features of the target lock jointly to filter out the majority of candidate modes.This is justified by examining the posterior error probability.For the final mode selection,only 2-3 candidate modes need cumulated.It is demonstrated by experimental results that the encoding rate of the proposed scheme is 10 times than referred in H.264
b)This paper introduces a multi-stage motion estimation algorithm.The algorithm ensures getting good video quality while decreases the motion search time efficiently.It divides the search regions into many un-overlapped small-diamond regions and forces the motion search to go outward for larger motion vectors.This method is also designed to avoid mistaking local optimal motion vectors.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a speed-up factor which is about 40 times faster than FS,and is about 4 times faster than UMHexagonS.
2.Study of the downhole digital video transmission
This paper introduces an efficient combination of turbo coding and hierarchical quadrature amplitude modulation(HQAM)to provide a high protection for the HP layer and at the same time maintaining the requisite channel coding redundancy.Simulation results show that,over a wide range of channel signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),the combined technique is superior to non-scalable transmission and outperforms UEP with turbo coding alone.
引文
[1]尹锐,井下电视测井技术的研究与应用,内江科技,第1期,2005.47
[2]陆昆江 梅启太 孙亚丽,用井下电视监测系统诊断生产问题,国外油田工程,第7期,1996.44-47
[3]戴恩汉 范建玲,鹰眼电视测井仪及其应用,石油仪器,第15卷第5期,2001.10.35-36、39
[4]赵炜,用井下电视系统诊别井下生产问题,国外油田工程,第10期,1996.36-37
[5]黄志平,井下电视测井技术的应用,断块油气田,第9卷第3期,2002.5.66-67
[6]J.L.Whittaker,D.L.Baker.Development of a Portable Down hole Camera System for Mechanical Inspection of Well bores.SPE(54105).
[7]Maddox,S.D.Application of Down hole Video Technology to Multilateral Well Completions.SPE(38546)
[8]张治华 陈照明等,鹰眼Ⅱ井下视像系统简介,油气井测试,第11卷第6期,2002.12.67-68
[9]鹰眼井下视像系统用户操作手册,美国DHV公司,1999.5
[10]乐开端 开兰秋,油田井下电视技术研究,应用光学,第19卷第3期,1998.36-38
[11]张家田 李慧,井下电视成像技术研究,石油仪器,第19卷第5期,2005.11-12
[12]毕厚杰,新一代视频压缩编码标准——H.264/AVC,北京,人民邮电出版社,2005.5
[13]Draft ITU-T Recommendation and Final Draft International Standard of Joint Video Specification(ITU-T Rec.H.264|ISO/IEC14496-10AVC),Document JVT-G050,7th Meeting:Pattaya,Thailand,March,2003
[14]Thomas Wiegand,Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,IEEE Trans CircuitsSyst.Video Technology,Vo1.13(7),July 2003
[15]蒋建飞,H.264标准中整数余弦变换和量化算法的研究与硬件实现,2007.1
[16]T.Koga,K.Linuma,A.Hirana.etal.Motion-Compensated Interframe Coding for Video Conferencing,Proceedings of the NTC81,new Orleans,IA,1981
[17]Zhu S,Ma K K.A new diamond search algorithm for fast block-matching motion estimation[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2000.9.287-290.
[18]Zhibo Ch,Peng zh,Yun H.,Fast Integer Pel and Fractional Pel Motion Estimation For JVT,Joint Video Team(JVT)of ISO/IEC MPEG&ITU-T VCEG JVT F017.doc,2002.12
[19]曾昭平 马仲华 张文军,H.26L中变换编码和量化的原理与分析,通信学报,第23卷第2期,2002.2.102-106
[20]Sullivan G.Rate Distortion Optimization for Video Compression[J].lEEE Signal Proc Magazine,1998.11.74-90
[21]Changsung Kim,Hsuan-Huei Shih,C.C.Jay Kuo,Feature-based intra-prediction mode decision for H.264,in:IEEE Proceedings of International Conference Image Processing,Singapore,vol.2,2004.10.769-772.
[22]Andy C.Yu,Ngan King Ngi,Graham R.Martin Ecient intra- and inter-mode selection algorithms for H.264.J.Vis.Commun.ImageR.17,2006,322-344
[23]Changsung Kim a,Hsuan-Huei Shih b,C.-C.Jay Kuo Fast H.264 Intra-prediction mode selection using joint spatial and transform domain features J.Vis.Commun.Image R.17(2006)291-310
[24]陈纯 杨智,一种基于H.264的可变块快速运动估计算法,中国图像图形学报,第12卷第2期,2007.2.272-276
[25]Tu Y K,Yang J F,Shen Y N,et al.Fast variable- size block motion estimation usingmerging procedure with an adaptive threshold,Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia and Expo[C],Baltimore,MD,USA,2003,2:789-792.
[26]Shen-Chuan Tai,Ying-Ru Chen.Small-diamond-based search algorithm for fast block motion estimation.Signal Processing:Image Communication 22(2007)877-890
[27]刘海峰 郭宝龙 冯宗哲,用于块匹配运动估值的正方形-菱形搜索算法,计算机学报,第25卷第7期,2002.7.747-752
[28]吕品 王晓阳 李磊,一种适于H.264/AVC标准的自适应定向菱形快速搜索算法,中国图像图形学报,第10卷第12期,2005.12.1575-1583
[29]Joint video Team Reference Software,Version9.5(JM9.5)http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml
[30]陈国瑞 成像测井系统中影响电缆传输性能因素的分析,现代电子技术,2004年第4期.40-45
[31]简宏华 马海武,一种Turbo译码算法改进研究
[32]冯玉民,通信系统原理,北京,清华大学出版社2006.2
[33]Simon Haykin著,宋铁成,徐平平译,通信系统,北京,电子工业出版社,2003.10
[34]马海武 刘毓,通信原理,北京,北京邮电大学出版社2003.12
[35]王新梅 肖国镇,纠错码—原理与方法,西安,西安电子科技大学出版社2003.5
[36]刘东华,Turbo码原理与应用技术,北京,电子工业出版社,2004.5
[37]M.M.Ghandi,M.Ghanbar,Layered H.264 video transmission with hierarchical QAM.Signal Processing:Image Communication 17(2006)451-466
[38]P.Raibroycharoen,M.M.Ghandi,M.Ghanbari,E.V.Jones,Performance analysis of H.264/AVC video transmission with unequal error protected turbo codes,IEEE 61~(st)Vehicular Technology Conference May 30-June 1,2005.
[39]ETSI Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB),Framing structure,channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television,EN 300 744,V1.4.1(2001-01).
[40]李晓蕊 李展,运用simulink实现正交幅度调制与解调,电脑知识与技术,2007.11.1357-1359
[41]陈天华,数字图像处理,北京,清华大学出版社2007.6
[42]贾永红,数字图像处理,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2003.9
[43]李雪英,蔺景龙,文慧俭,自动识别垂直裂缝的方法,大庆石油学院学报,第28卷第3期2004.6,7-9
[44]柯式镇,冯启宁,井壁成像测井资料目标体自动检测方法研究,石油大学学报第28卷第4期,2004.8,39-42
[45]爨莹,薛继军,井下电视图像定量解释,西安石油大学学报,第19卷第2期,2004.3.33-36
[2]陆昆江 梅启太 孙亚丽,用井下电视监测系统诊断生产问题,国外油田工程,第7期,1996.44-47
[3]戴恩汉 范建玲,鹰眼电视测井仪及其应用,石油仪器,第15卷第5期,2001.10.35-36、39
[4]赵炜,用井下电视系统诊别井下生产问题,国外油田工程,第10期,1996.36-37
[5]黄志平,井下电视测井技术的应用,断块油气田,第9卷第3期,2002.5.66-67
[6]J.L.Whittaker,D.L.Baker.Development of a Portable Down hole Camera System for Mechanical Inspection of Well bores.SPE(54105).
[7]Maddox,S.D.Application of Down hole Video Technology to Multilateral Well Completions.SPE(38546)
[8]张治华 陈照明等,鹰眼Ⅱ井下视像系统简介,油气井测试,第11卷第6期,2002.12.67-68
[9]鹰眼井下视像系统用户操作手册,美国DHV公司,1999.5
[10]乐开端 开兰秋,油田井下电视技术研究,应用光学,第19卷第3期,1998.36-38
[11]张家田 李慧,井下电视成像技术研究,石油仪器,第19卷第5期,2005.11-12
[12]毕厚杰,新一代视频压缩编码标准——H.264/AVC,北京,人民邮电出版社,2005.5
[13]Draft ITU-T Recommendation and Final Draft International Standard of Joint Video Specification(ITU-T Rec.H.264|ISO/IEC14496-10AVC),Document JVT-G050,7th Meeting:Pattaya,Thailand,March,2003
[14]Thomas Wiegand,Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,IEEE Trans CircuitsSyst.Video Technology,Vo1.13(7),July 2003
[15]蒋建飞,H.264标准中整数余弦变换和量化算法的研究与硬件实现,2007.1
[16]T.Koga,K.Linuma,A.Hirana.etal.Motion-Compensated Interframe Coding for Video Conferencing,Proceedings of the NTC81,new Orleans,IA,1981
[17]Zhu S,Ma K K.A new diamond search algorithm for fast block-matching motion estimation[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2000.9.287-290.
[18]Zhibo Ch,Peng zh,Yun H.,Fast Integer Pel and Fractional Pel Motion Estimation For JVT,Joint Video Team(JVT)of ISO/IEC MPEG&ITU-T VCEG JVT F017.doc,2002.12
[19]曾昭平 马仲华 张文军,H.26L中变换编码和量化的原理与分析,通信学报,第23卷第2期,2002.2.102-106
[20]Sullivan G.Rate Distortion Optimization for Video Compression[J].lEEE Signal Proc Magazine,1998.11.74-90
[21]Changsung Kim,Hsuan-Huei Shih,C.C.Jay Kuo,Feature-based intra-prediction mode decision for H.264,in:IEEE Proceedings of International Conference Image Processing,Singapore,vol.2,2004.10.769-772.
[22]Andy C.Yu,Ngan King Ngi,Graham R.Martin Ecient intra- and inter-mode selection algorithms for H.264.J.Vis.Commun.ImageR.17,2006,322-344
[23]Changsung Kim a,Hsuan-Huei Shih b,C.-C.Jay Kuo Fast H.264 Intra-prediction mode selection using joint spatial and transform domain features J.Vis.Commun.Image R.17(2006)291-310
[24]陈纯 杨智,一种基于H.264的可变块快速运动估计算法,中国图像图形学报,第12卷第2期,2007.2.272-276
[25]Tu Y K,Yang J F,Shen Y N,et al.Fast variable- size block motion estimation usingmerging procedure with an adaptive threshold,Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia and Expo[C],Baltimore,MD,USA,2003,2:789-792.
[26]Shen-Chuan Tai,Ying-Ru Chen.Small-diamond-based search algorithm for fast block motion estimation.Signal Processing:Image Communication 22(2007)877-890
[27]刘海峰 郭宝龙 冯宗哲,用于块匹配运动估值的正方形-菱形搜索算法,计算机学报,第25卷第7期,2002.7.747-752
[28]吕品 王晓阳 李磊,一种适于H.264/AVC标准的自适应定向菱形快速搜索算法,中国图像图形学报,第10卷第12期,2005.12.1575-1583
[29]Joint video Team Reference Software,Version9.5(JM9.5)http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml
[30]陈国瑞 成像测井系统中影响电缆传输性能因素的分析,现代电子技术,2004年第4期.40-45
[31]简宏华 马海武,一种Turbo译码算法改进研究
[32]冯玉民,通信系统原理,北京,清华大学出版社2006.2
[33]Simon Haykin著,宋铁成,徐平平译,通信系统,北京,电子工业出版社,2003.10
[34]马海武 刘毓,通信原理,北京,北京邮电大学出版社2003.12
[35]王新梅 肖国镇,纠错码—原理与方法,西安,西安电子科技大学出版社2003.5
[36]刘东华,Turbo码原理与应用技术,北京,电子工业出版社,2004.5
[37]M.M.Ghandi,M.Ghanbar,Layered H.264 video transmission with hierarchical QAM.Signal Processing:Image Communication 17(2006)451-466
[38]P.Raibroycharoen,M.M.Ghandi,M.Ghanbari,E.V.Jones,Performance analysis of H.264/AVC video transmission with unequal error protected turbo codes,IEEE 61~(st)Vehicular Technology Conference May 30-June 1,2005.
[39]ETSI Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB),Framing structure,channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television,EN 300 744,V1.4.1(2001-01).
[40]李晓蕊 李展,运用simulink实现正交幅度调制与解调,电脑知识与技术,2007.11.1357-1359
[41]陈天华,数字图像处理,北京,清华大学出版社2007.6
[42]贾永红,数字图像处理,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2003.9
[43]李雪英,蔺景龙,文慧俭,自动识别垂直裂缝的方法,大庆石油学院学报,第28卷第3期2004.6,7-9
[44]柯式镇,冯启宁,井壁成像测井资料目标体自动检测方法研究,石油大学学报第28卷第4期,2004.8,39-42
[45]爨莹,薛继军,井下电视图像定量解释,西安石油大学学报,第19卷第2期,2004.3.33-36